At the moment, the creation of a fully eco-friendly city is not available to humanity. If you try to imagine how the city was eco-friendly written in nature, it should be used to build only 100% harmless materials there, according to its properties like a tree and stone.

Naturally, such a city should be much more reminding the park or the reserve than the industrial megalopolis, and the houses in it should be sinking in the trees, and animals and birds should be quietly clocked through the streets. But the creation of such a megapolis is a complex process.

It's easier, on the contrary, dispersal in the settlement of people and start sharing on the natural landscapes practically not touched by the human hand. Distributed in the settlement space reduce the burden on the biosphere in separate places. Naturally, life in new places should include compliance with environmental safety techniques.

Biocenosis Holzer

The possibility of such natural almost paradise without loss of comfort, which gives the achievements of modern civilization, proved the famous Austrian farmer ZEPP Holzer. In his farm, it does not use either watering, no amelioration, no pesticides, nor herbicides. It has only one hired employee (despite the scale of farm in 45 hectares), just one tractor and its own power plant.

Holzer created natural biocenosis, where, in addition to grown plants, animals, birds, fish, insects live. Almost the only work that the owner is engaged in and the hostess is sowing and harvesting.

Everything else does nature, with the right organization of natural environmental conditions. Holzera managed to grow even rare species of plants that do not grow in high mountain alpine areas, as well as plants characteristic of much warmer countries (Kiwi, lemon, cherry, orange, cherry, grapes).

All Austria is built in the queue for vegetables, fruits, fish, holzer meat. The farmer believes that today's food production is completely meaningless, because it is spent on it exorbitantly a lot of energy. It is enough to simply study natural patterns and create the most natural conditions of existence for plants and animals.

Environmental problems can be called a number of factors meaning the degradation of the environment of us. Often they are caused by direct human activity. As the industry has developed, there are problems directly related to the equilibrium impaired, which was previously established in an environmental environment, which are difficult to compensate.

Mira are diverse. To date, the situation in the world is such that we are in close to the collapse. Among the ecology can be noted such as:

The destruction of thousands of animal and plants, an increase in the number of disappearing species;

Reducing the reserve of minerals and other vital resources;

Extermination of the forest massif;

Pollution and drainage of the World Ocean;

Violation of the ozone layer, which protects us from radiation from space;

Pollution of the atmosphere, lack of clean air in some areas;

Pollution of natural landscape.

Today, there is practically no surface left on which the elements are not artificially created by man. Unsuburning and indulgence of human influence as a consumer in nature. The error is that the world around us is not only the source of wealth and various resources. A person is lost philosophical attitude towards nature as a mother of all alive.

The problems of modernity consist in the fact that we do not educate the concern for her. A person as a creature in itself is selfish, creates conditions for his own comfort, breaking and licking nature. We do not think about what they harm themselves. It is for this reason that today it is necessary to pay attention not to so much with the solution of environmental problems, how much to educate a person as part of nature.

Environmental problems are initially divided by the level of their scale to regional, local and global. An example of a local problem can be called a factory that does not clean the drains before making a reset to the river, and thus pollutes water and destroys living organisms living in this water. Speaking of regional issues, as an example, you can cite the well-known situation in Chernobyl. The tragedy touched on thousands of people's lives, as well as animals and other biological organisms that previously lived in this territory. And finally, global problems are those critical situations that are reflected in the population of the entire planet and can be fatally dangerous for millions of us.

The ecological problems of the world today require an immediate decision. First of all, as mentioned above, it is worth paying attention to coming to harmony with nature, people will cease to treat it exclusively consumer. Next, it is necessary to take a number of measures for general environmentalization. To do this, we will need to develop new environmentalizing technologies at work and in everyday life, the environmental expertise of all new projects is needed, a closed cycle is required.

Returning to the human factor, it is worth mentioning that it does not hurt and the ability to save, limit yourself. Reasonable spending of resources such as energy, water, gas, etc. can save the planet from their shortage. It is worth knowing and remember that at that time, while you in the crane flows net, some countries suffer from drought, and the population of these countries dies from a lack of fluid.

The environmental problems of the world can and need to be solved. Remember that the safety of nature and the healthy future of the planet depends exclusively from ourselves! Of course, well-being is impossible without the use of resources, but it is worth thinking about the fact that oil and gas can end in several decades. The ecological problems of the world affect everyone and everyone, do not stay indifferent!

The right to a favorable environment is enshrined by the Constitution of the Russian Federation. For compliance with this norm, a number of bodies are followed:

• Ministry of Environment of Russia;
• Rosprirodnadzor and its territorial management;
• environmental prosecutor's office;
• executive authorities of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in the field of ecology;
• a number of other departments.

But it would be more logical to consolidate the obligation of each to preserve natural resources, minimizing consumption waste, respect for nature. A person has a lot of rights. And what is nature? Nothing. Only the duty to satisfy all the growing needs of a person. And such consumer attitude leads to environmental problems. Let's wonder what it is and how to improve the existing position of things.

The concept and types of environmental problems

Ecology problems are interpreted differently. But the essence of the concept is reduced to one: this is the result of the mindless, soulless anthropogenic environmental impact, which leads to a change in the properties of landscapes, depletion or loss of natural wealth (minerals, animal and plant world). And boomerang is reflected in human life and health.

Environmental problems affect the entire natural system. Based on this, several types of this problem stand out:

• Atmospheric. In atmospheric air, most often urban areas, an increased concentration of pollutants is observed, including solid particles, sulfur dioxide, dioxide and nitrogen oxide, carbon oxide. Sources - road transport and stationary facilities (industrial enterprises). Although, according to the state report, "on the state and environmental protection of the Russian Federation in 2014", the total amount of emissions decreased from 35 million tons / year in 2007 to 31 million tons / year in 2014, the air does not become cleaner. The most dirtiest Russian cities in this indicator - Birobidzhan, Blagoveshchensk, Bratsk, Dzerzhinsk, Yekaterinburg, and the cleanest - Salekhard, Volgograd, Orenburg, Krasnodar, Bryansk, Belgorod, Kyzyl, Murmansk, Yaroslavl, Kazan.
• Water. There is no depletion and contamination of not only surface, but also groundwater. Take, for example, the "Great Russian" River Volga. Water in it is characterized as "dirty". The rate of copper, iron, phenol, sulfates, organic substances is exceeded. This is due to the work of industrial facilities that emit crude or insufficiently purified drains into the river, urbanization of the population - the proportion of household wastewater through biological treatment facilities is large. The decrease in fish resources was influenced not only to the pollution of the rivers, but also the construction of a cascade of hydroelectric power plants. Another 30 years ago, even near the city of Cheboksary, it was possible to catch the Caspian Belugu, now nothing larger Soma will come. It is possible that the annual shares of hydropower on the launch of fry of valuable rocks of fish, such as a sterlet, will someday bring a tangible result.
• Biological. Degrads such resources as forests, pastures. About fish resources mentioned. As for the forest, we have the right to name our country in the largest forest power: a quarter of the area of \u200b\u200ball forests in the world grows with us, half the territory of the country is engaged in woody vegetation. We need to learn more careful to treat this wealth to preserve it from fires, timely identify and punish the "black" lumberjacks.

Fires most often - the work of human hands. It is possible that thus someone is trying to hide traces of illegal use of forest resources. Perhaps it is not by chance that the most "horrible" districts of Rosleshoz include the Zabaykalsky, Khabarovsky, Primorsky, Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Republic of Tyva, Khakassia, Buryatia, Yakutia, Irkutsk, Amur Region, the Jewish Autonomous Region. At the same time, huge funds are spent on fire elimination: for example, in 2015, over 1.5 billion rubles spent. There are good examples. Thus, the Republic of Tatarstan and Chuvashia in 2015 did not allow a single forest fire. There is someone to take an example!

• Land. We are talking about the depletion of subsoil, about the development of minerals. To save at least part of these resources, it is sufficient to recycle waste and direct them to reuse. Thus, we will facilitate the decrease in landfill areas, and enterprises can save on the development of quarries, applying recycling in the production.
• Soil - geomorphological. Active management of agriculture and cutting down of forests lead to rag-formation, soil erosion, their salinization. According to the Ministry of Agriculture of Russia, on January 1, 2014, degradation is subject to nearly 9 million hectares of farmland, of which more than 2 million hectares of land are degraded. If erosion occurs as a result of land use, then it is possible to help the soil: due to the terracement, creating a forest belt to protect against wind, changes in type, density and age of vegetation.
• Landscape. The deterioration of the state of separately taken natural-territorial complexes.

Modern World Environmental Problems

Local and global environmental problems are closely interrelated. What happens in a separate region, as a result, it is reflected in the overall situation throughout the world. Therefore, to solve environmental issues, it is necessary to approach comprehensively. To begin with, we highlight the main global environmental problems:

• The destruction of the ozone layer. As a result, protection against ultraviolet radiation is reduced, which leads to various diseases of the population, including skin cancer.
• Global warming climate. Over the past 100 years, there has been an increase in the temperature of the surface layer of the atmosphere by 0.3-0.8 ° C. The area of \u200b\u200bsnow in the north has become less than 8%. The rise in the world's ocean occurred to 20 cm. In 10 years, the rate of average annual temperature in Russia was 0.42 ° C. This is twice as bigger than the growth rate of the global earth temperature.
• Air pollution. Every day we inhale about 20 thousand liters of air, saturated not only by oxygen, but also containing harmful suspended particles and gases. So, if we consider that there are 600 million cars in the world, each of which daily throws up to 4 kg of carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, soot and zinc, then by unacceptable mathematical counts we come to the conclusion that the fleet throws into the air 2.4 billion kg of harmful substances. We must not forget about emissions from stationary sources. Therefore, it is not surprising that annually over 12.5 million people (and this is the population of the whole Moscow!) Dies from diseases associated with a bad environment.

• Acid rains. This problem leads to contamination of water bodies and soils with nitric and sulfuric acid, cobalt and aluminum compounds. As a result, the yield falls, the forest is dying. Toxic metals I get into drinking water and poison us.
• Soil pollution. 85 billion tons of waste per year should be stored somewhere. As a result, the soil under authorized and unauthorized landfills is polluted by solid and liquid industrial waste, eudochimikats, household garbage.
• Water pollution. Major pollutants - oil and petroleum products, heavy metals and complex organic compounds. In Russia, river ecosystems, lakes, reservoirs are preserved at a stable level. The taxonomic composition and the community structure do not undergo significant changes.

Environmental Improvement Ways

How deeply will the modern environmental problems be penetrated, their solution depends on each of us. So what can we do to help nature?

• Use an alternative type of fuel or an alternative vehicle. To reduce harmful emissions into atmospheric air, it is enough to translate a car for gas or transfer to the electrocar. Very environmentally friendly way of moving by bike.
• Separate collection. It is enough to install at home two delicate delicate to effectively implement a separate collection. The first - for waste, non-recycling, and the second - for subsequent transmission to the recycling. The cost of plastic bottles, waste paper becomes more expensive, so a separate collection is not only eco-friendly, but also economically. By the way, while in Russia the volume of waste generation is two times higher than the use of waste. As a result, over five years, the volume of waste in landfills is tripled.
• Moderation. In all and everywhere. Effective decision of environmental problems implies a refusal to model consumption society. A person for life does not need 10 boots, 5 coats, 3 cars, etc. With plastic bags, it's easy to switch to eco-paper: they are stronger, the service life is much longer, and the cost of about 20 rubles. The ecosumums under their own brand offer many hypermarkets: magnet, ashan, ribbon, carousel, etc. Everyone can appreciate yourself, from which it can easily refuse.
• Environmental education. Participate in environmental promotions: put a tree in the yard, take a trip to the restoration of forests affected by fires. Take part in the Saturday. And nature will thank you by the rustle of the leaves, a light blow of the breeze ... Erip the love in children to everything alive and teach competent behavior on a walk in the woods on the street.
• Join the ranks of ecological organizations. Do not know how to help nature and keep a favorable environment? Join the ranks of environmental organizations! It can be global environmental movements Greenpeace, wildlife fund, green cross; Russian: All-Russian Society for Nature Protection, Russian Geographical Society, Eca, Separate Collection, Green Patrol, Roseko, Non-Governmental Ecological Fund named after V.I. Vernadsky, Movement of Druzhin Protection of Nature and others. A creative approach to preserving a favorable environment and a new circle of communication is waiting you!

Nature is one, the other will never be. Already today, starting together to solve environmental issues, uniting the efforts of citizens, states, public organizations and commercial enterprises, you can improve the world around us. The issues of nature conservation are worried about many, because from how we treat them today depends on what conditions our children will live tomorrow.

Global environmental problems and ways to solve them

Introduction …………………………………………………………………….3

Chapter 1. Home Environmental Problems ……………………………5

1.1. Putting the atmosphere ............................................. ..... 5

1.2. Global climate change .......................................... ... 14

1.3. The solution of global problems .................................... .... 17

1.4. Ensuring environmental problems on the economy ......... ... ............ .18

Chapter 2. Ecological problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan …………………………………...21

2.1. Sourcing soils ......................................................................... 21

2.2.Rodioactive contamination of the Republic of Kazakhstan ........................... ... .............................25

Conclusion ………………………………………...………………………....27

Bibliography ……..………………………………………………...31

Humanity is too slow to understand the scope of the danger, which creates a frivolous attitude towards the environment. Meanwhile, the solution (if it is still possible) such terrible global problems as environmental, requires urgent energetic joint efforts of international organizations, states, regions, the public.
During its existence, and especially in the 20th century, humanity managed to destroy about 70 percent of all natural ecological (biological) systems on the planet, which are able to recycle waste of human life, and continues their "successful" destruction. The volume of permissible impact on the biosphere is generally exceeded now several times. Moreover, a person throws thousands of tons into the environment, which never contained in it and which often do not succumb to or weakly recyclable. All this leads to the fact that biological microorganisms that act as a regulator of the environment are no longer capable of performing this function.
According to experts, in 30-50 years old, an irreversible process will begin, which at the turn of the XXI - XXII will lead to a global ecological catastrophe.

The effects of environmental problems cost an expensive generation of society - the environmental crisis turns into a deterioration in the state of health, rivers, reducing the level of life expectancy. Especially in environmental disaster zones. Environmental problems occupy one of the first places in the public consciousness, growing anxiety for the state of the environment. Environmental problems are not only a disaster of the catastrophe and cataclysms, but the events are not morally tolerant, since they are threatening the health and well-being of people.

The state of the environment of the natural environment is one of the most relevant global problems of modernity. The problems of ecology, the world's state of the environment studied many. Among them Albert Mountains, V.I. Vernadsky, E.Gekkel, Bjorn Lyborg and others.

The goal of the course work is to consider the most important environmental problems and explore the programs of their decision.

The task of the course is the disclosure of all the most relevant environmental problems, their causes, consequences, environmental impact and on human health and the ways to solve them.

Course consists of 31 pages, contains two chapters. The first chapter consists of 4 sublab, the second is from 2 sublap.

Chapter 1 Basic Environmental Problems

1.1. Air pollution

Initially, we must say a few words about the concept of "ecology".

Ecology was born as a purely biological science on the relationship between the "Organism - Wednesday" relationship. However, with the enhancement of anthropogenic and technogenic pressure on the environment, the insufficiency of this approach became an obvious. After all, there are currently no phenomena, processes and territories unaffected by this powerful pressure. And there is no science that could eliminate the search for exit from the environmental crisis. The circle of science involved in environmental issues is unusually expanded. Now, along with biology, this is an economic and geographic science, medical and sociological research, atmospheric physics and mathematics and many other sciences.

The environmental problems of modernity in their scale can be conditionally divided into local, regional and global and require different solutions for their solutions to their solution to the nature of scientific research.

An example of a local environmental problem is a plant that is dropping its promotions, harmful to people's health without cleaning into the river. This is a violation of the law. Nature Protection Organs or even the public should be fined to finish such a plant and under the threat of closing to force it to build treatment facilities. Special science is not required.

An example of regional environmental problems can be dried by the Aral Sea with a sharp deterioration in the environmental situation on all its periphery (Appendix 1), or high soil radioactivity in areas adjacent to Chernobyl.

To solve such problems, scientific research is already needed. In the first case, accurate hydrological studies to develop recommendations to increase runoff in the Aral Sea, in the second - clarifying the impact on the health of the population of the long exposure to the weak doses of radiation and the development of soil deactivation methods.

To date, the largest and dangerous problem is the exhaustion and destruction of the natural environment, disruption inside it is an ecological equilibrium as a result of people growing and poorly controlled by the activities. Exceptional harm is made by industrial and transport catastrophes, which lead to the mass death of living organisms, infection and pollution of the world ocean, atmosphere, soil. But even greater negative impacts have continuous emissions of harmful substances into the environment.

First, a strong influence on the health of people, the more destructive that humanity is more stroked in cities, where the concentration of harmful substances in the air, soil, atmosphere, directly in the premises, as well as in other effects (electricity, radio wave, etc. ) very high.

Secondly, many types of animals and plants disappear, and new dangerous microorganisms appear.

Thirdly, the landscape deteriorates, the fertile lands turn into piles, rivers in the waste ditch, changes the water regime and climate. But the biggest danger is threatened with a global change (warming) of the climate, possible, for example, due to increased carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. It can lead to the melting of glaciers. As a result, underwater will be huge and densely populated areas in different regions of the world.

The atmospheric air is the most important life-supporting natural environment and is a mixture of gases and aerosols of the surface layer of the atmosphere, which prevail during the evolution of the Earth, the human activity and outside residential, industrial and other premises.

The results of environmental research, unequivocally suggest that pollution of the surface atmosphere is the most powerful, permanent factor of exposure to humans, food chain and the environment. The atmospheric air has an unlimited container and plays the role of the most mobile, chemically aggressive and all-permanting agent of interaction near the surface of the components of the biosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere.

In recent years, data on a significant role have been obtained to preserve the ohmicone layer biosphere, absorbing the diverse for living organisms ultraviolet radiation of the Sun and forming about 40 km of thermal barrier, protecting the earth's surface.

The atmosphere has an intensive impact not only on humans and biota, but also on the hydrosphere, soil-vegetation cover, geological environment, buildings, structures and other man-made objects. Therefore, the protection of atmospheric air and the ozone layer is the most priority problem of ecology and it pays close attention in all developed countries.

The contaminated surface atmosphere causes lung cancer, throat and skin, the disorder of the central nervous system, allergic and respiratory diseases, defects in newborns and many other diseases, the list of which is determined by the pollutants present in the air and their joint impact on the human body. The results of special studies have shown that there is a close positive connection between the health of the population and quality of atmospheric air.

The main agents of the impact of the atmosphere on the hydrosphere are atmospheric precipitation in the form of rain and snow, to a lesser degree of smog, fog. Sushi surface and underground waters have mainly atmospheric nutrition and as a result of this, their chemical composition depends mainly on the state of the atmosphere.

The negative effect of the contaminated atmosphere on soil-vegetable cover is associated with both acidic precipitation precipitation, leaning calcium, humus and microelements from soils, and with violation of photosynthesis processes leading to a slowdown in the growth and death of plants. High sensitivity of trees (especially birch, oak) to air pollution has been revealed for a long time. The joint action of both factors leads to a noticeable decrease in soil fertility and forest disappearance. Acid atmospheric precipitates are considered now as a powerful factor not only the weathelation of rocks and deterioration in the quality of carrying soils, but also the chemical destruction of man-made facilities, including cultural monuments and ground lines. In many economically developed countries, programs are currently being implemented to solve acid atmospheric precipitation. Within the framework of the national program to assess the influence of acid atmospheric precipitation established in 1980, many US federal departments have begun to finance the study of atmospheric processes causing acid rains in order to assess the influence of the latter on the ecosystems and the development of relevant environmental measures. It turned out that acid rains have a multifaceted environmental impact and are the result of self-cleaning (washing) of the atmosphere. The main acid agents are diluted sulfuric and nitric acids formed in the oxidation reactions of sulfur oxides and nitrogen with the participation of hydrogen peroxide.

Natural sources of pollution include: volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires, dust of cosmic origin, sea salt dust, vegetable, animal and microbiological products. The level of such pollution is considered as a background that changes little over time.

The main natural process of pollution of the surface atmosphere is volcanic and fluid activity of the Earth. Large volcanic eruptions lead to global and long-term contamination of the atmosphere, as evidenced by the chronicles and modern observational data (the eruption of the Pinatubo volcano in the Philippines in 1991). This is due to the fact that in high layers of the atmosphere, huge amounts of gases are instantly thrown out, which at high height picked up with high-speed air flows and quickly spread over the entire globe.

The duration of the contaminated state of the atmosphere after large volcanic eruptions reaches several years.

Anthropogenic sources of pollution are due to the economic activity of man. These include:

1. The combustion of combustible fossils, which is accompanied by an emission of 5 billion tons of carbon dioxide per year. As a result of this, for 100 years (1860 - 1960), the content of CO2 increased by 18% (from 0.027 to 0.032%). Over the past three decades, the pace of these emissions has increased significantly. Under such rates by 2000, the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere will be at least 0.05%.

2. The work of thermal power plants, when, when burning high-continuous coal, acid rains are formed as a result of the separation of sulfur gas and fuel oil.

3. Exhausts of modern turbojet aircraft with nitrogen oxides and gaseous fluorocrums from aerosols, which can damage the ozone layer of the atmosphere (ozoneosphere).

4. Production activities.

5. Contamination with suspended particles (when grinding, packing and loading, from boilers, power plants, mine stems, quarries when burning garbage).

6. Emissions by enterprises of various gases.

7. Fuel combustion in flare furnaces, as a result of which the most massive contaminant is formed - carbon monoxide.

8. Fuel combustion in boilers and vehicle engines, accompanied by the formation of nitrogen oxides, which caused smoking.

9. Ventilation emissions (shaft trunks).

10. Ventilation emissions with excessive ozone concentration from rooms with high-energy installations (accelerators, ultraviolet sources and atomic reactors). In large quantities, ozone is highly toxic gas.

In the combustion processes of the fuel, the most intensive contamination of the surface layer of the atmosphere occurs in megalopolis and major cities, industrial centers due to the widespread distribution of motor vehicles, CHP, boiler houses and other energy plants operating on the corner, fuel oil, diesel fuel, natural gas and gasoline. The contribution of vehicles in total air pollution reaches 40-50% here. The powerful and extremely dangerous factor of the atmosphere pollution are catastrophes at NPPs (Chernobyl accident) and testing nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. This is due to both the rapid separation of radionuclides over long distances, and with the long-term nature of the pollution of the territory.

The high risk of chemical and biochemical industries is the potential possibility of emergency emissions into the atmosphere of extremely toxic substances, as well as microbes and viruses that can cause epidemics among the population and animals.

Currently, in the surface atmosphere, many tens of thousands of pollutants of anthropogenic origin are located. In view of the continuing growth of industrial and agricultural production, new chemical compounds appear, including strongly toxic. The main anthropogenic pollutants of atmospheric air except the large-tonnant oxides of sulfur, nitrogen, carbon, dust and soot are complex organic, chlororganic and nitro compounds, technogenic radionuclides, viruses and microbes. Dioxin, Fenola, Formaldehyde, Seroublerod, and Seroublerod, are most dangerous widespread in the air pool. Solid suspended particles are represented mainly by soot, calcite, quartz, hydroellud, kaolinite, fieldspap, less often with sulfates, chlorides. Oxides, sulfates and sulfites, sulphides of heavy metals, as well as alloys and metals in native metals, were detected in the snow dust specially developed methods.

In Western Europe, the priority is given to 28 particularly dangerous chemical elements, compounds and their groups. The group of organic substances includes acrylic, nitrile, benzene, formaldehyde, styrene, toluene, vinyl chloride, and inorganic - heavy metals (AS, CD, CR, PB, MN, HG, Ni, V), gases

(carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulfide, nitrogen and sulfur oxides, radon, ozone), asbestos.

Predest toxic action is given lead, cadmium. Intense unpleasant smell have serow carbon, hydrogen sulfide, styrene, tetrachloroethane, toluene. The halo effects of sulfur oxides and nitrogen spreads over long distances. The above 28 air pollutants are included in the international register of potentially toxic chemicals.

The main air pollutants of residential premises - dust and tobacco smoke, cut-iron and carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, radon and heavy metals, insecticides, deodorants, synthetic deterges, aerosols of drugs, microbes and bacteria. Japanese researchers have shown that bronchial asthma may be associated with the presence of home ticks in the air.

The atmosphere is characterized by extremely high dynamism, due to both the rapid movement of air masses in the lateral and vertical directions, and high speeds, a variety of physicochemical reactions occurring in it. The atmosphere is being considered now as a huge "chemical boiler", which is under the influence of numerous and variable anthropogenic and natural factors. Gases and aerosols emitted into the atmosphere are characterized by a high reactivity. Dust and soot arising from combustion of fuel, forest fires are sorbed by heavy metals and radionuclides and during deposition to the surface can contaminate extensive areas, penetrate the human body through the respiratory organs.

The time of "life" of gases and aerosols in the atmosphere fluctuates in a very wide range (from 1 to 3 minutes to several months) and depends mainly on their chemical resistance of size (for aerosols) and the presence of reactive components (ozone, hydrogen peroxide, etc. .).

Evaluation and the more prognosis of the state of the surface atmosphere is a very difficult problem. Currently, its condition is assessed mainly on the regulatory approach. The magnitudes of toxic chemicals and other regulatory indicators of air quality are given in many reference books and manuals. In such a guide for Europe, in addition to the toxicity of pollutants (carcinogenic, mutagenic, allergenic and other impacts), their prevalence and ability to accumulate in the human body and the food chain are taken into account. The disadvantages of the regulatory approach are the unreliability of the values \u200b\u200bof the indicators due to the weak development of their empirical observational base, the lack of accounting for the joint impact of pollutants and sharp changes in the state of the surface layer of the atmosphere in time and space. Stationary post engagement for the air pool is not enough, and they do not allow adequate to assess its condition in large industrial-urbanized centers. As indicators of the chemical composition of the surface atmosphere, you can use quiet, lichens, mosses. At the initial stage of identifying foci of radioactive contamination associated with the Chernobyl accident, the needles of pine were studied, which has the ability to accumulate radionuclides in the air. Redness of the needles of coniferous trees is widely known during the periods of Smya in the cities.

The most sensitive and reliable indicator of the state of the surface atmosphere is snow cover deplorable pollutants for a relatively long period of time and allows you to establish the location of the sources of dusty-bosses on the set of indicators. In the snow dropouts, pollutants are recorded, which are not tracked with direct measurements or calculated data on dust-free.

For promising areas of assessing the state of the surface atmosphere of large industrial-urbanized territories include multichannel remote sensing. The advantage of this method is the ability to quickly, repeatedly and in the "one vein" characterize large areas. Currently developed methods for assessing content in the aerosol atmosphere. The development of scientific and technological progress allows us to hope for the production of such methods and with respect to other pollutants.

The forecast of the state of the surface atmosphere is carried out according to comprehensive data. These are primarily among the results of monitoring observations, the patterns of migration and transformation of pollutants in the atmosphere, the features of the anthropogenic and natural processes of air pollution of the territory under study, the influence of meteoparameters, relief and other factors for the distribution of pollutants in the environment. To do this, with respect to a specific region, heuristic models of changes in the surface atmosphere in time and space are developed. The greatest successes in solving this complex problem were achieved for the location of the NPP. The final result of the use of such models is a quantitative assessment of the risk of air pollution and an assessment of its acceptability from a socio-economic point of view.

The main air pollutants include carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, sulfur and nitrogen dioxide, as well as small gas components that can influence the temperature of the troposphere: nitrogen dioxide, halo carbon (freons), methane and tropospheric ozone.

The main contribution to the high level of air pollution includes enterprises of black and non-ferrous metallurgy, chemistry and petrochemistry, construction industry, energy, pulp and paper industry, and in some cities and boiler rooms.

Sources of pollution - thermal power plants, which, together with smoke, emit sulfur and carbonate gas into air, metallurgical enterprises, especially non-ferrous metallurgy, which are emitted into the air of nitrogen oxides, hydrogen sulfide, chlorine, fluorine, ammonia, phosphorus compounds, particles and compounds of mercury and arsenic; Chemical and cement plants. Harmful gases fall into the air as a result of fuel combustion for the needs of industry, housing heating, transport, burning and processing of household and industrial waste.

Atmospheric pollutants are divided into primary coming directly into the atmosphere, and secondary, which are the result of the transformation of the latter. Thus, the sulfuric gas entering the atmosphere is oxidized to a sulfur anhydride, which interacts with water vapor and forms sulfuric acid droplets. In the interaction of sulfur anhydride with ammonia, ammonium sulfate crystals are formed. Similarly, as a result of chemical, photochemical, physicochemical reactions between polluting substances and atmospheric components, other secondary signs are formed. The main source of pyrogen pollution on the planet is thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler installations that consume more than 170% annually produced solid and liquid fuel.

The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin are the following:

a) carbon oxide. It turns out in case of incomplete combustion of carbon substances. It falls into the air as a result of burning solid waste, with exhaust gases and emissions of industrial enterprises. This gas comes into atmosphere at least 250 million tons. Carbon oxide is a compound that is actively reacting with the components of the atmosphere and helps increase the temperature on the planet, and the creation of a greenhouse effect.

b) Sulfurian anhydride. It is released in the process of combustion of gray-containing fuel or processing of sulfur ores (up to 70 million tons per year). Part of the sulfur compounds is highlighted when combusthing organic residues in mining dumps. Only in the United States, the total number of sulfurized anhydride thrown into the atmosphere amounted to 85 percent of global emission.

c) sulfuric anhydride. It is formed when oxidizing sulfur anhydride.

The final product of the reaction is an aerosol or solution of sulfuric acid in rainwater, which acidifies the soil, exacerbates the diseases of the respiratory tract of man. The loss of sulfuric acid aerosol from the flue torches of chemical enterprises is noted with low cloudiness and high humidity. Pyrometallurgical enterprises of color and ferrous metallurgy, as well as TPPs annually throw tens of millions of tons of sulfur anhydride into the atmosphere.

d) hydrogen sulfide and surgel. Enter into the atmosphere separately or together with other sulfur connections. The main sources of emissions are enterprises for the manufacture of artificial fiber, sugar, coke-chemical, oil refinery, as well as oilfields. In the atmosphere, when interacting with other pollutants, slow oxidation to sulfur anhydride is subjected.

e) nitrogen oxides. The main sources of emissions are enterprises producing; Nitrogen fertilizers, nitric acid and nitrates, aniline dyes, nitro compounds, viscose silk, celluloid. The number of nitrogen oxides entering the atmosphere is 20 million tons per year.

e) fluorine compounds. Sources of pollution are enterprises for the production of aluminum, enamel, glass, ceramics. Steel, phosphoric fertilizers. Fluoro-containing substances come to the atmosphere in the form of gaseous compounds - fluoride hydrogen or dust of sodium fluoride and calcium.

Compounds are characterized by toxic effect. Fluorous derivatives are strong insecticides.

g) chlorine compounds. Enter into the atmosphere from chemical enterprises producing hydrochloric acid, chlorine-containing pesticides, organic dyes, hydrolyzed alcohol, chlorine lime, soda. The atmosphere is found as an admixture of chlorine molecule and hydrochloric acid vapor. Chlorine toxicity is determined by the type of compounds and their concentration.

In the metallurgical industry during the smelting of the cast iron and when it is recycling, it will be released into the atmosphere of various heavy metals and poisonous gases. So, per 1 t. The limit cast iron is distinguished except 2.7 kg of sulfur gas and 4.5 kg of dust particles, which determine the number of mysteria compounds, phosphorus, antimony, lead, mercury vapor and rare metals, resin substances and cyanide hydrogen.

The most common atmospheric pollutants enter the atmosphere mainly in two types: either in the form of suspended particles or in the form of gases. Consider each of them individually.

Carbon dioxide. As a result of fuel combustion, and the production of cement in the atmosphere comes with a huge amount of this gas. This gas itself is not poisons.

Carbon monoxide. The burning of fuel that creates most of the gaseous, and the aerosol contaminants of the atmosphere, serves as a source of other carbon compound - carbon monoxide. He is poisonous, and his danger is exacerbated by the fact that he has no color, no smell, and poisoning them can occur completely unnoticed.

Currently, as a result of human activity, about 300 million tons of carbon monoxide flows into the atmosphere.

Hydrocarbons entering the atmosphere as a result of human activity make up a small proportion of hydrocarbons of natural origin, but pollution is very important. Their receipt to the atmosphere can occur at any stage of production, processing, storage, transportation and use of substances and materials containing hydrocarbon. More than half of the hydrocarbons produced by a person enters the air as a result of incomplete combustion of gasoline and diesel fuel when operating cars and other means of transport.

Sulphur dioxide. Pollution of the atmosphere of sulfur compounds has important environmental consequences. The main sources of sulfur gas are volcanic activity, as well as the processes of hydrogen sulfide and other sulfur compounds.

Surnese sources of sulfur gas in the intensity have long surpassed volcanoes and now they are equal to the total intensity of all natural sources.

Aerosole particles enter the atmosphere from natural sources.

The processes for formation of aerosols are very diverse. This is primarily fragmentation, grinding and spraying, solids. In nature, such origin has mineral dust, raised from the surface of the desert during the dusty storms. The source of the atmosphere of aerosols is of global importance, since the deserts occupy about a third of the sushi surface, and there is still a tendency and their increased share due to the unreasonable, human activity. Mineral dust from the desert surface is transferred to the wind for many thousands of kilometers.

A similar manifestation of a volcanic ash, falling into the atmosphere during the eruption occurs relatively rarely and irregularly, as a result of which this source of aerosol by mass is significantly inferior to dusty beams, its value is very large, since this aerosol is thrown into the upper layers of the atmosphere - to the stratosphere. It remains there for several years, it reflects or absorbs a portion of solar energy, which could in its absence to achieve the surface of the Earth.

The source of aerosols is also technological processes of the economic activity of people.

Powerful source of mineral dust - industrial building materials. Mining and crushing of rocks in careers, their transportation, cement production, the construction itself - all this pollutes the atmosphere of mineral particles. A powerful source of solid aerosol is a mining industry, especially when mining coal and ore in open careers.

Aerosols fall into the atmosphere when spraying solutions. The natural source of such aerosols - the ocean supplying chloride and sulfate aerosols is formed as a result of the evaporation of sea splashes. Another powerful formation mechanism, aerosols is condensation of substances during combustion or incomplete combustion due to lack of oxygen or low combustion temperature. Aerosols are removed from the atmosphere in three ways: dry precipitation under the action of gravity (main path for large particles), precipitation on obstacles and disposition of precipitation. Aerosol pollution affect the weather and climate. Chemical inactive aerosols accumulate in the lungs and lead to damage. Conventional quartz sand and other silicates - mica, clay, asbestos, etc. It accumulates in the lungs and penetrates into the shelter, leads to a disease of the cardiovascular system and liver disease.

1.2. Global climate change

The enormous power of nature: flood, elements, storms, rise in the sea level. Climate change changes the image of our planet. The faders of the weather are no longer unusual, it becomes the norm. The ice on our planet melts and it changes everything. The seas will rise, cities can be flooded and millions of people can die. No coastal area will run away from terrible consequences.

Global warming, we constantly hear this expression, but behind the familiar words is a frightening reality. Our planet is heated and it has a catastrophic effect on the Ice Caps of Earth. The temperature rises, the ice begins to melt, the sea begins to rise. Worldwide, the ocean level rises 2 times faster than 150 years ago. In 2005, 315 cubic meters of ice from Greenland and Antarctica melted in the sea, for comparison in the city of Moscow, 6 cm of water is used in the city - this is a global melting. In 2001, scientists predicted that by the end of the century the sea level would rise by 0.9 meters. This increase in water level is sufficient to influence more than 100 million people around the world, but now many experts fear that their forecasts may be incorrect. Even on conservative calculations, it is predicted that during the next 60 years, an increase in sea level will destroy a quarter of all houses located in 150 meters from the coast. Recent studies draw a more disturbing picture. By the end of the century, the sea level can rise by as much as 6 meters and it can all happen with all of us due to melting.

To understand what happens when the ice is melted, scientists need to study the processes that cause melting. Modern advanced technologies are able to open an ancient history of our planet, studying the changes that took place in the past and they hope to predict our future.

The cause of global warming can serve different factors, however, many scientists bind it to the greenhouse effect.

Perennial observations show that the gas composition and dusting of the lower layers of the atmosphere varies as a result of economic activity. With plowed lands during dust storms rise into the air millions of tons of soil particles. In the development of minerals, in the production of cement, when making fertilizers and friction of automotive tires about the road, a large amount of suspended particles of various gases fall into the atmosphere of fuel and emissions of industrial production waste into the atmosphere. The determination of the composition of the air shows that now in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide, it has become 25% more than 200 years ago. This is definitely the result of man's economic activity, as well as cutting down forests, green leaves of which absorb carbon dioxide. With an increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the air, a greenhouse effect is associated, which is manifested in the heating of the inner layers of the Earth's atmosphere. This is because the atmosphere passes the bulk of the radiation of the Sun. Part of the rays is absorbed and heats up the ground surface, and the atmosphere is heated from it.

The other part of the rays is reflected from the surface of the planet and this radiation is absorbed by carbon dioxide molecules, which helps to increase the average temperature of the planet. The action of the greenhouse effect is analogically with the action of glass in a greenhouse or a greenhouse (the name "Greenhouse Effect" originated).

Consider what happens with bodies in a glass greenhouse. Radiation of high energy penetrates the greenhouse through the glass. It is absorbed by the bodies inside the greenhouse. Then they themselves emit lowered radiation of lower energy absorbed by glass. The glass sends a part of this energy back, providing objects inside with additional heat. In the same way, the earth's surface receives additional heat as the "greenhouse" gases are absorbed, and then emissions to lower energy. Gases causing their increased concentration of greenhouse effect are called greenhouse gases. It is mainly carbon dioxide and water vapor, but there are other gases that absorb energy emanating from the Earth. For example, chlorofer containing hydrocarbon gases, for example, freons or chladones. The concentration of these gases in the atmosphere also increases.

The consequences of global warming:

1. If the temperature on Earth continues to rise, it will have a serious impact on the global climate.

2. More precipitation will fall in the tropics, since additional heat will increase the content of water vapor in the air.

3. In arid areas, rain will become even more rare and they will turn into the desert with the result that people and animals will have to leave them.

4. The temperature of the seas will also increase, which will lead to the flooding of low-rise areas of the coast and to an increase in the number of strong storms.

5. Increased temperature on Earth can cause raising the sea level since:

a) Water, heating becomes less dense and expanded, the expansion of sea water will lead to a general increase in sea level.

b) The temperature increase can melt a part of the perennial ice covering some areas of sushi, for example, Antarctica or high mountain chains. The resulting water ultimately stalks into the sea, increasing their level. However, it should be noted that the melting of ice floating in the seas will not cause an increase in sea level. The Arctic Ice Packs is a huge layer of floating ice. Like Antarctica, the Arctic is also surrounded by a lot of icebergs. Climatologists calculated that if the Greenland and Antarctic glaciers are melted, the world's ocean level will rise by 70-80 m.

6. Residents of residential land will be reduced.

7. Wriven the water-based balance of the oceans.

8. The trajectories of the movement of cyclones and anticyclones will change.

9. If the temperature on Earth rises, many animals will not be able to adapt to climate change. Many plants will die from lack of moisture and animals will have to move into other places in search of food and water. If the temperature rise will lead to the death of many plants, then many species of animals will be cleaned after them.

Global warning measures.

The main measure to prevent global warming can be formulated as follows: find a new type of fuel or change the technology of using the current fuels. This means that it is necessary:

1. Reduce the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere.

2. In boiler rooms, plants and factories, establish structures for cleaning emissions into the atmosphere.

3. Refuse traditional fuels in favor of more environmentally friendly.

4. Reduce forest cutting and ensure their reproduction.

5. Create laws providing global warning.

6. Detect the causes of global warming, watch them and eliminate their consequences.

Fully destroy the greenhouse effect is impossible. It is believed that if it were not for the greenhouse effect, the average temperature on the earth's surface would be 15 degrees Celsius.

1.3. Ways to solve global problems

Speaking about the possible options for the development of the environmental situation on the planet, the most grateful and, by itself, the most meaningful, it seems to be a conversation about some of the existing areas of environmental activities. Otherwise, it would be necessary to speak exclusively about the horrors of exhaustion of natural resources, etc.

Despite the fact that each of the global problems discussed here has its own options for a partial or more complete solution, there is a set of common approaches to solving environmental issues. In addition, in the last century, humanity has developed a number of original ways to combat their own, gripping nature of the disadvantages.

In such ways (or possible ways to solve the problem) include the emergence and activities of various kinds of "green" movements and organizations. In addition to the "Green Pea", which is not only a scope of its activities, but also, sometimes noticeable extremism of actions, as well as similar organizations directly conducting environmental action, there is another type of environmental organization - structures, environmental activities incentives and sponsoring - type of fund Wildlife, for example. All environmental organizations exist in one of the forms: public, private government or mixed type organizations.

In addition to the various types of associations, defending the right to the civilization, gradually destroyed by nature, in the field of environmental solutions there are a number of state or public environmental initiatives. For example, environmental legislation of countries of the world, various international agreements or the "Red Books" system.

The international "Red Book" is a list of rare and endangered animal and plants - currently includes 5 volume volumes. In addition, there are national and even regional "red books".

Among the most important ways to solve environmental problems, most researchers also identifies the introduction of environmentally friendly, small and waste-free technologies, the construction of wastewater treatment facilities, the rational placement of production and the use of natural resources.

Although, undoubtedly, this proves the entire course of human history - the most important direction of solving the civilization of environmental problems should be called an increase in human environmental culture, serious environmental education and education, all that the main environmental conflict is eradicated - the conflict between the savage by the consumer and the sensible inhabitant fragile world existing in human consciousness.

1.4. The impact of environmental problems on the economy

Politician Gas Emission Reduction Policy Measures should not be a brake for the economy.

Solving the problem of climate change and economic damage, which he, in all likelihood, will apply, puts a dilemma to the directive bodies. The benefits of politics measures are indefinitely and, most likely, will be obtained by future generations, while the costs of policies are likely to be required in closer time and will be considerable. At the same time, the costs of inaction have irreversible and, possibly catastrophic, and, apparently, hit the poor countries more than in developed. Moreover, even if greenhouse gas emissions (PG) accumulated in the atmosphere and climate warming will be immediately discontinued, temperatures will increase over several decades due to already accumulated emissions.

For these reasons, economic policy makers increasingly recognize that it is necessary to take policies to mitigate the impact of global warming due to slowdown and, ultimately, reducing harmful emissions and adapt to the effects of emissions that have already occurred or will occur in The coming decades. They also agree that, in particular, policy mitigation policies may have quick and far-reaching results. In order to shed light on how measures to mitigate the impact may affect the economy of countries, a study was conducted comparing alternative policies measures - taxes on emissions, trade permissions and hybrid schemes combining the elements of these two options. The results of the analysis showing that with climate change can be struggling, without undermining macroeconomic stability and growth and not creating an unjustified burden for countries that are less capable of carrying costs for relevant policies. In other words, if policies are well planned, their economic costs must be accomplished.

Base scenarios enclose the significant risk that the global climate will change dramatically by the end of the current century. According to forecasts of the intergovernmental group of experts on climate change (IPCC, 2007), in the absence of policies for emission control policies, the global temperature by 2100 will increase by an average of 2.8 ° Celsius. The probability of larger temperature increase is not negligible. In the work of Nicholas Stern (2008), it is indicated that, by the end of the century, the concentration of harmful substances under the basic scenario is stabilized at least 750 parts per million in the hydrocarbon equivalent, as expected in the latest IPCC scenarios, there are at least a 50% probability of that global temperatures will increase by more than 5 ° Celsius, with potentially catastrophic consequences for the planet. Any assessment of economic damage from climate change is conjugate with great uncertainty. In his study, Stern (United Kingdom) assesses that the reduction in GDP per capita by 2200 during its basic climate scenario (with relatively high emissions, including market and non-market effects and catastrophic risks) is a range of 3 to 35 percent (90- Percentage confidence interval) with a central estimate of 15 percent.

Uncertainty about damage from climate change stems from various sources. First, scientific knowledge of the physical and environmental processes underlying climate change continue to evolve.

For example, it is unclear how fast greenhouse gases will accumulate in an atmosphere, how sensitive climates and biological systems will be to increasing the concentration of these gases, and where will be "the last frontiers", after which there will be catastrophic climatic consequences, such as the melting of Western Ice Cover in Antarctica will occur

or permafrost, changing the nature of monsoon or turning the thermohalin circulation in the Atlantic Ocean.

Secondly, it is difficult to assess how well people will be able to adapt to new climatic conditions. Thirdly, it is difficult to give the current value estimate of the damage that future generations will suffer.

In addition, low values \u200b\u200bof global damage hide a big scatter between countries

Climate change will be felt earlier and much sharper less developed countries, at least compared with the size of their economy. Such countries depend more on the industries sensitive to climate (such as agriculture, forestry and fisheries, tourism), have a less healthy population, which is more vulnerable to environmental changes, provide less government services that are also often characterized by lower quality. To regions that are likely to suffer to the greatest extent include Africa, South and Southeast Asia and Latin America. India and Europe are subject to catastrophic risk, such as a change in the nature of monsoon and turning the thermohalin circulation in the Atlantic Ocean. Unlike them, China, North America, developed countries of Asia and countries with economies in transition are less vulnerable and can even benefit when warming for a small amount (for example, from increasing crop yields).

Chapter 2. Ecological problems of the Republic of Kazakhstan

2.1. Source of soils

In most regions of our republic, the environmental situation is not only unfavorable, but also catastrophic.

The main sources polluting the environment and causing the degradation of natural systems are industry, agriculture, automotive transport and other anthropogenic factors. Of all the components of the biosphere and the environment, the atmosphere is the most sensitive, in not only gaseous pollutants, but also liquid, as well as solids.

A person pollutes the atmosphere of thousands of years, but the consequences of the use of fire, which he used all this period was insignificant.

What is an atmosphere? The air around us is a mixture of gases or, in other words, the atmosphere enveloping our globe.

The arrival of various pollutants A atmosphere from stationary industrial sources is currently more than 4 million tons per year.

A significant amount of highly toxic gaseous and solids is distinguished into the atmosphere over Kazakhstan. If you compare the amount of emissions from various stationary sources, then approximately 50 percent is ejected by thermal power sources, and 33 percent - mining and non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises. The greatest amount of emissions of various pollutants occurs in Eastern Kazakhstan - 2231, 4 thousand tons / year, which is 43 percent of the total emissions throughout Kazakhstan. In second place in the number of emissions, Central Kazakhstan is 1868 thousand tons / year or 36 percent. The atmosphere in Northern Kazakhstan 363, 2 thousand tons / year (7 percent) and Southern Kazakhstan, 415, 1 thousand tons / year, is 815, 1 thousand tons / year, which is 8 percent, polluted. The most mobile, with an extensive radius of action, are nitrogen and sulfur oxides. They are transferred to significant considerations and have a strong influence on death, especially farm crops.

Desertification is one of the most important problems of modernity. Currently, the area of \u200b\u200bdegraded land of Kazakhstan is 179.9 million hectares or more than 66% of its territory.

Thus, in Kazakhstan, there is an urgent need to take preventive measures to prevent further land degradation and carry out measures to restore and the further rational use of the country's natural resources, including land and aquatic.

The decrease in the fertility of arable land, the degradation of pastures and the reduction of the areas of haygoes, chemical and radioactive pollution of soils and water bodies strongly worsening the states of natural land and led to a decrease in the production of agricultural products, deterioration of the livelihood and health conditions. Thus, in addition to Kazakhstan, the question of conducting preventive measures to prevent further degradation of land and conduct measures to restore and the further rational use of the country's natural resources, including land and aquatic ones, is worthwhile. Currently, when the land is transferred to private land users, an urgent need to raise public awareness about the processes of desertification in Kazakhstan, on the impact of these processes on the economic and social status of the rural population, the objectives and objectives of the Convention, has arisen.

To solve these problems, the Republic of Kazakhstan has signed the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1996, and on June 7, 1997 ratified the UN Convention on Combating Desertification and thus assumed the obligations to steadily implement the main provisions of the Convention.

In 1996, in Kazakhstan began work on the preparation of the National Program of Action. A group of scientists with the participation of all interested ministries and departments, wide public participation and under the financial support of UNEP and UNDP in December 1997, a project "National Program for Combating Desertification in Kazakhstan" (NPDBBB) was completed. In 1999, the development of a national strategy and action plan to combat desertification (NSPDBB) was launched.

With the support of the United Nations Development Program / UNO, the Republic of Kazakhstan has developed a project "Pasture", the management of pasture ecosystems. The purpose of developing this project is to organize actions together with local biodiversity conservation administrations, the fight against desertification and poverty in remote villages of the coast of the Kazakhstan part of the Aral Sea to support pasture animal husbandry. This project involves the provision of effective assistance to local communities in the restoration, improvement and sustainable use of pasture land, restoration and rational water use for the development of animal husbandry, acquiring the local population of self-sufficiency.

Strategic areas of combating desertification are developed as an integral part of the broader national policy of sustainable development of the country outlined in the Kazakhstan-2030 strategy.

During the implementation of the Convention, the following priority directions for the fight against desertification were allocated:

Desertification monitoring. A basic territorial and zonal monitoring network is formed in the republic. Currently, it is represented by 36 stationary and 16 semi-stationary ecological sites. To create a basic monitoring network covering the entire territory of the republic, it is necessary to significantly increase their number, develop and implement a set of desertification indicators. As part of the Regional Action Plan for Asia, Kazakhstan gave its proposals and entered as a member to the thematic software network "Organization of a regional network of monitoring and evaluation of desertification in Asia". Kazakhstan participates in the work carried out by the CSO Secretariat, above indicators and exposure indicators. It is necessary to note the importance of this work to assess the implementation of the CCW in the affected countries.

The ecological zoning is based on an ecosystem principle and the establishment of potential opportunities for ecosystems to self-healing is the ecological capacity of the area.

Events on the rational use of natural resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan include the main directions of combating desertification:

Pashen: conducting intensive grain farms on more fertile lands; restoration of fertility of arable land; transformation of a part of low productive arable land in fodder; The introduction of the soil protection system of agriculture, etc.

Pasture: Inventory of pastures; Flooding and superficial improvement of pastures; Development and implementation of the system of enhanced pastures, etc.

On the forest development and protection of the forest fund: holding forest-based work on the lands of the Goslasford; Organization of monitoring desert, tugai and mountain forests, etc.

By water resources: the introduction of water-saving irrigation technologies; Replacing moisthed agricultural crops on drought-resistant, less moisture.

The Convention Secretariat decided to develop a regional action program to combat desertification in Asia on the basis of regional thematic networks. As part of the strengthening of regional cooperation, Kazakhstan entered as a member state in already established thematic software networks:

1. Monitoring and evaluation assessment (responsible country - China);

2. Agrosis and maintenance of soil.

Currently, Kazakhstan is actively involved in the development of regional cooperation. Active work is underway to include Kazakhstan in the international network of combating desertification. The main actions are aimed at strengthening the role of Kazakhstan at the regional level, raising the awareness of the local population about the goals and objectives of the CCW through seminars, meetings, speeches in the media. There is great importance to the issue of the participation of non-governmental organizations in the implementation of the Convention at the local level.

Special attention is paid to the search for possible donors to attract investment and project proposals.

The fight against desertification in Kazakhstan, concern for the preservation of natural resources is the national task that can be successfully solved only with the direct and active participation of all administrative, legislative, executive bodies, public associations and the entire population as a whole.

2.2. Radioactive Pollution in the Republic of Kazakhstan

The serious real threat to the ecological safety of Kazakhstan is radioactive pollution, the sources of which are divided into four main groups:

1. Waste of non-working enterprises, the uranium and processing industry (dumps of uranium mines, self-looped wells, tailings, dismantled equipment of technological lines); territories contaminated as a result of tests of nuclear weapons; Waste oil industry and oil equipment;

2. Waste formed as a result of the operation of nuclear reactors and radioisotope products (used sources of ionizing radiation). In Kazakhstan, there are six large uranium-bearing geological provinces, many small fields and uranium ores, which determine the elevated level of natural radioactivity, waste accumulated on uranium mining enterprises and In places of nuclear explosions. On 30% of Kazakhstan's territory there is a potential possibility of increased highlighting of natural radioactive gas - radon, which represents a real threat to human health. It is dangerous to use for drinking and economic needs of water infected with radionuclides. In Kazakhstan enterprises there are more than 50 thousand spent sources of ionizing radiation, and more than 700 uncontrolled sources were found and liquidated during the radiation examination, of which 16 are deadly for humans. A comprehensive solution to the problem should include the creation of a specialized organization for the processing and disposal of radioactive waste. The result of these activities will be a decrease in the exposure of the population and radioactive environmental pollution.

Barbaric, predatory attitude of the central departments to Kazakhstan's natural resources led to the 70s-90s. To the environmental crisis in the republic, adopting in some regions a catastrophic nature.

One of the most complex environmental problems is radiation pollution of the territory of Kazakhstan. The nuclear tests conducted from 1949 at the Semipalatinian landfill, led to the infection of a huge territory in Central and Eastern Kazakhstan. In the republic there were five more polygons, where nuclear tests were conducted, in the immediate vicinity of its borders there is a Chinese Lob-Nor Polygon. The radiation background in Kazakhstan also rises as a result of the formation of ozone holes when launching spacecraft from the Baikonur cosmodrome. A huge problem for Kazakhstan represent radioactive waste. Thus, the Ulbinsky Combine has accumulated about 100 thousand tons of waste contaminated with uranium and thorium, and the waste repository is located in Ust-Kamenogorsk. In the republic there are only three burial grounds for nuclear waste and all of them are located in the aquifer. The mining of uranium ore was carried out without land reclamation, only in 1990-1991. 97 thousand tons of radioactive rocks were exported to the Myynkum district of the Zhambyl region, and in total, up to 3 million tons of contaminated waste were accumulated here.

It was the seriousness of the problem of radiation pollution that led to the fact that one of the first laws of sovereign Kazakhstan became a decree dated August 30, 1991 on the prohibition of tests at the Semipalatinsky landfill.

Another of the most serious environmental problems of Kazakhstan was the depletion of water resources. The expansion of fresh water consumption, primarily for irrigation agriculture, led to clogging and depletion of natural water sources. Especially catastrophic was the cropping of the Aral Sea due to the irrational use of Amurdary and Syrdarya waters. If in the 60s of the sea contained 1066 km3 of water, then in the late 80s its volume was only 450 km3, the salinity of water increased from 11-12 g / l to 26-27 g / l, which led to the death of many seaside species animals and fish. The sea level fell by 13 meters, the exposed seabed turned into a salt desert. Annual dust storms spread salt on the huge territories of Eurasia. At the adjacent lands, the level of salt groundwater rose to 1.5-2 meters, which led to the fall of the fertility of irrigated lands in the alarm. Reducing the sea mirror led to a change in the direction of winds and climatic characteristics of the region.

The situation was similar to Lake Balkhash, the level of which for 10-15 years decreased by 2.8-3 meters. At the same time, the rise in the level of the Caspian Sea continues, caused by an ill-conceived solution to the drainage of Kara-Boggolgol. Already flooded huge sections of coastal areas, pasture land and promising oil-bearing areas.

Zyryanovsky lead and Leninogorsk polymetallic plants caused the pollution of Irtysh, which only in 1989 895 tons of weighted, 2,139 tons of organic substances were reset, 263 tons of petroleum products. Anxious ecological situation in the valley of the rivers or both the Urals.

In the critical state there are land resources of the republic, fertile arable lands are deducted, pastures are deserted. More than 69.7 million hectares of land is subject to erosion, annually thousands of hectares are withdrawn from agricultural turnover. Serious remains the problem of air pollution, especially in large industrial centers.

Conclusion

Environmental pollution, exhaustion of natural resources and violation of environmental bonds in ecosystems has become global problems. And if humanity will continue to go on the current path of development, then his death, according to leading environmentalists of the world, in two - three generations are inevitable.

As the negative consequences of the violation of environmental equilibrium began to acquire a universal nature, there was a need to create an environmental movement. Private entrepreneurs were included in the creation of such opportunities, trying to coordinate the requirements for the protection of nature with the protection of the right to receive profit and the possibility of its implementation. These requirements, they seek to be implemented in two ways: the orientation of production on the creation of means of production and work in order to protect the natural environment and the restriction of economic growth.

In recent years, monopolists are increasingly talking about production in order to protect the environment. Monopolies are struggling for the primacy over the environmental movement, since the protection of the medium is a new area, the costs of which entails raising prices or direct public deposits, i.e. From the budget or through sharp relaxation (benefits). In fact, the mechanism of market relations during capitalist industries allows enterprises to even contribute to the environmental protection business to obtain constantly increasing profits.

Finally, enterprises polluting the natural environment are obliged to make a great contribution to its protection, try to raise the price of their products. But it is not easy to implement, since all other enterprises that pollute the natural environment (manufacturers of cement, metal, etc.), also want to sell their products to finite producers more expensive. Accounting for environmental requirements in the final will have such a result: there is a trend of price increases faster than the workflow fee (rent), the purchasing power of the people decreases, and it will develop in such a way that the cost of protection of the environment will come to the amount of money that people have To buy goods. But since then this amount of money will decrease, the trend of stagnation or decrease in the production of goods will appear. The trend of regression or crisis is obvious. Such a slowdown in industrial growth and the stagnation of production volume in a certain other system could carry a positive aspect (less machines, noise, more air, shorter working day, etc.). But with intensively developed production, all this may have a negative effect: goods, the production of which is associated with the pollution of the medium, will become suitable, inaccessible masses, and only privileged members of society will be available,

the inequality will deepen - the poor will become even poorer, and the rich is even richer. So entrepreneurs whose method of production led to a violation of ecological equilibrium, protecting the natural environment, create an opportunity to further appropriate, participating in solving environmental problems.

To solve modern environmental problems, a change in industrial civilization and the creation of a new basis of society, where the leading motif of production will be the satisfaction of essential human needs, uniform and humane distribution of natural and labor-created wealth. (About the wrong distribution, for example, food in the modern distribution says such a fact: so much protein is spent in the US for feeding pets, as it is spent on the food of the population in India.). Creating a new civilization is unlikely to occur without a qualitative change of the carrier of social force.

To preserve environmental equilibrium, "reconciliation of society with nature", not enough to eliminate private property and introduce public on the means of production. It is necessary that technological development is considered as part of cultural development in a broad sense, whose goal is to create conditions for the implementation of a person as a higher value, and not a substitution of this by creating material values. With such a relation to technical development it becomes clear that the technology will develop for any production the processes of rational use of raw materials and energy in the environment will not arise unwanted and threatening consequences. To achieve this goal, it would be logical to focus on the development of alternative production processes that would satisfy the requirement for the rational use of raw materials and energy and the closetness of the process within the borders of the workshop at the prostate, providing equal costs or less compared to dirty technologies. Such an attitude to technological development requires a new concept of social needs. It should differ from the concept of consumption society, to have a humanistic orientation, cover the needs, the satisfaction of which enriches the creative abilities of a person and helps him express himself, which is for society the most valuable. The radical update of the system of needs will give more space for the development of true human values, instead of a quantitative increase in goods there will be a condition for establishing a long dynamic conformity between man and nature, between man and its living environment.

To establish a long dynamic relationship between society and nature, man and its environment, to properly master the nature in the process of activity, there are objective prerequisites for the development of productive forces, especially those arising in HTR. But that the productive forces be used to master the nature accordingly, it is necessary to develop socio-economic relations in which the purpose of production will not be more and cheaper than in production that does not take into account negative consequences for ecology. And such socio-economic relations cannot exist without a person who finds and rationally allocates resources, protects the natural environment from pollution and further degradation, as much as possible about the progress and health of people; Without a person who simultaneously improves himself ... The basis for such a social action along with the rest creates and awareness of the increasing number of the irrationality of the system, in which the pursuit of wealth at the forefront is paid by discarding more significant things, for example, a humane pace of life, creative labor , unrelated public relations.

Humanity more and more understands the fact that often the waste resources are too expensive paid by the resources that are becoming less and less, clean water, clean air, etc.

Today, the protection of a person from degradation is consistent with the requirement to improve the quality of life and the quality of the environment. This relationship of the requirements (and public actions) is the protection of the human environment and the improvement of its quality is a prerequisite for improving the quality of life, which is reflected in the theoretical meaning of human and nature relations and in clashes of ideas accompanying this understanding.

application

Appendix 1. Aral Sea. (www.ecosystem.ru)

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Human activity in relation to nature is aggressive. Unfortunately, Russia is no exception. It remains one of the most polluted states of the world, and faces many serious environmental problems. The main threats to the country, as well as the necessary steps to solve them, are described below.

Deforestation

Large-scale fires in and large forests lead to increased carbon allocation and growth of the pace. After cutting, the nature of lighting changes. Because of the abundance of sunlight, plants dying, preferring shadow. Fertility decreases, the erosion process occurs. When the root system is decomposed in the soil, a lot of nitrogen is distinguished. He prevents the growth of new trees and plants. Mars are often formed to the place of pine and cedar forests.

It has been proven that the loss of wood reaches 40%. Each second tree fits in vain. For the full restoration of the destroyed territories of the forest will be required at least 100 years.

Energy production and environment

The largest sources of environmental pollution are thermal power plants. In their boilers, organic fuel burned. CHP discharges solid particles into the air and. Due to the large allocation of unused energy, thermal pollution occurs. The work of power plants leads to acid rains, the accumulation of greenhouse gases, which negatively affects the nearest settlements.

High risk of disasters carry nuclear power plants. In normal mode, they emit a lot of heat in the reservoirs. During the operation of the NPP, radiation radiations do not exceed the permissible norms. But for radioactive waste requires complex processing and disposal procedures.

Some time ago it was believed that the HPP is unable to harm. However, the environment damage is still noting. For the construction of the power plant, artificially created reservoirs are needed. The large area of \u200b\u200bsuch reservoirs is made by shallow water. It is the cause of overheating of water, coast collaps, flooding and death of fish.

Pollution of water and reservoirs

According to scientists, diseases of people living in environmentally unfavorable areas are associated with poor water quality. Most of the harmful substances flowing into the reservoirs is completely dissolved in water, which remains invisible. The situation is constantly worsening. It can pour out an ecological catastrophe at any time.

The hard situation has developed in large megalopolis standing on rivers. Industrial enterprises that are concentrated there, rejuvenate nearby areas, and even remote areas. Penetrates deep into the ground and makes unsuitable underground sources. Ecology damage causes agricultural regions. Ponds in these places are contaminated with nitrates and waste of animal husbandry.

Daily, water from sewage drains, which contains remnants of detergents, food and feces. They give to develop pathogenic. Finding into the human body, it provokes a number of infectious diseases. Most of the treatment facilities are outdated and cannot cope with an increased load. This adversely affects the flora and the fauna of the reservoirs.

Air pollution

Industrial enterprises are the main source of pollution. There are about thirty thousand factories in the country, which regularly emit harmful impurities into the atmosphere, a large amount of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, formaldehyde and sulfur oxide.

In second place there are exhaust gases. The main source of the problem is used cars, the absence of special filters on them, poor road surface and low road traffic. Carbon dioxide, lead, soot, nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere. More than the remaining exhaust gases suffer from large cities with branched road networks.

The European part of Russia is equilibin. From the West, contaminated air masses from other states freely penetrate. Due to industrial emissions of neighboring countries, tons of oxidized nitrogen and sulfur regularly fall into Russia. Siberia suffers from harmful substances of the Kazakhstan industry. Plants of Chinese provinces poison Far Eastern regions.

The problem of radioactive pollution

Radioactivity is associated with the development of ores, nuclear explosions for peaceful purposes and waste disposal. Most recently, the natural radiation background was 8 microentergen per hour. Testing weapons, mining minerals and nuclear reactions in the energy industry significantly increased these indicators. The leakage of harmful substances can occur during the transportation or storage of sources of radioactive elements. The most dangerous of them are strontium-90, cesium-137, cobalt-60 and iodine-131.

The service life of the nuclear power plant is 30 years. After that, the power units are output. Until recently got rid of waste, as from ordinary garbage, which caused vast damage to the ecology of Russia. Today, there is a special packaging for storage and burial grounds.

Household waste

The garbage is conventionally divided on plastic, paper, glass, metal, textiles, wood and food residues. Some materials are not exposed. Billions of waste have accumulated in the country and the numbers are constantly growing. For ecology, the big problem is unauthorized landfills.

Under the rubble there are thousands of hectares of land suitable for agriculture. Damping, that is, the burial of waste into the sea, pollutes water. Plants constantly throw away waste, including radioactive. Smoke from burning garbage contains heavy metals.

Environmental protection

The State Duma began to actively accept laws in the field of ecology in 2012. They are aimed at combating illegal cutting out of the forest, provide for toughening punishment for trade in rare animals and plants, and also strengthen the protection of natural territories. Implementation is practically not noticeable.

Of great importance is the Russian environmental movement. The All-Russian Nature Conservation Society regularly holds raids, audit enterprises and various examinations. It is engaged in cleaning seats, forest landings and many others. Wildlife protection center solves environmental problems.

Huge importance and. They not only guard the flora and fauna. Their activity is aimed at the formation of the conventional people of the culture of responsibility for the environment.

Solving environmental problems

Partially cutting down forests will solve the landing of new trees. In the field of logging, it is necessary to control the activities of companies. State environmental organizations need to monitor the forest fund. Significant forces should be aimed at preventing spontaneous fires. Enterprises should be recycled wood.

Increasingly, plants and factories try to improve the equipment. On the territory of Russia suspended the activities of the Organization with high pollution emissions. Public transport and cars are transferred to Euro-5 fuel standards with low emissions of harmful substances. Supervisory supervision of hydroelectric power plants is enhanced.

In the regions, a garbage separation program is actively introduced. Solid residues will subsequently become recycling. Large hypermarkets offer to abandon plastic bags in favor of eco-bags.

The state needs to take care of the enlightenment of the population. People must be aware of the real scale of problems and accurate figures. Propaganda of the conservation of nature should be held in school. Children should instill love and care for the environment.

The environmental situation will grow rapidly. If you do not change to solving problems now, you can finally destroy forests and reservoirs, to deprive yourself and their children of normal conditions for existence.