Helicobacter pylori (lat. Helicobacter pylori., H. pylori) is a spiral bacterium, which infects more than 30% of the entire earthly population. In some countries, this microorganism infects more than 50% of people. Thus, it is one of the most common infections in the world.

H. Pylori is a gram-negative bacterium having about 3 microns in length and 0.5 μm in diameter. For its vital activity, oxygen is needed, albeit at a lower concentration, which is contained in atmospheric air.

The presence of spiral microorganisms in the stomach of man was described more than 100 years ago by the Polish scientist, Professor V. Evorsky. They were later discovered in animals by the scientist G. Bizodzero.

However, this infection was not perceived seriously, while at the end of the 1970s, Robin Warren noticed that these bacteria were contained by the inflamed mucous membrane.

I suspect that they may be associated with irritation, he studied the existing literature and learned that German scientists described such microorganisms in the past, although they were not given due value.

Further research was carried out together with Barry Marshall. Initially, the culture of an unknown bacterium could not be distinguished. The happy case intervened. At the Easter holidays in the laboratory, accidentally left cups with crops on 5 days instead of the two, after which the growth of colonies of microorganisms was discovered.

Researchers called Campylobacter pyloridis bacteria, as they resembled microorganisms from the genus Campylobacter. Scientists have been published in 1983 the results obtained. Later it was established that they do not belong to Campylobacteries, so they were renamed Helicobacter Pylori.

Trying to prove that Helicobacter Pilori causes an ulcer, Barry Marshall swallowed the culture of these bacteria in 1985. However, he developed not an ulcer, but a heavy gastritis that passed without treatment. In this way, he proved that Helicobacteri is the cause of gastritis. The evidence of the etiological role of these bacteria in the development of ulcers was obtained later, after it was found that her elimination (eradication) heals this disease.

In 2005, Robin Warren and Barry Marshall was awarded the Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine.

How doesheicobacter pylori affect the stomach?

Mucous membrane Well protected from bacteria. However, H. pylori has adapted very well to these conditions, possessing unique abilities that allow it to penetrate the mucus and join the epithelial cells, evading the immune system.

After entering the jerk, the bacteria has to shy away from the bactericidal action of the acid, penetrating into the mucous layer. For this first stage of the infectious process, they need urease and the ability to move. Helicobacter pylori can feel the pH gradient and move towards smaller acidity. Ureaz breaks the urea to carbon dioxide and ammonia, which increases the pH and damages the epithelial cells of the stomach.

Helicobacter pylori can be attached to epithelial cells using various protein molecules on its surface, called adhesins. These proteins are binding to lipids and carbohydrates on the epithelial cell membrane.

They damage the mucous membrane of the stomach and duodenum with several mechanisms. They produce various substances (for example, ammonia, proteases, cytotoxins, endotoxins), which damage cells and lead to the development of the inflammatory process.

Besides jerking and duodenal intestine, DNA Helicobacter Pilori managed to detect bile bubble, ears, nose, skin, eyes, oral cavity and atherosclerotic plaques in coronary arteries.

How is transmitted?

Infection occurs when transmitting bacteria from one person to another fecal or oral or orally. In addition, there are hypotheses about the transfer from cats to a person, as well as about their mechanical transfer of flies.

Most often infection occurs in childhood. The most likely by infection is considered to be the transfer of Helicobacter Pilori from a person to a person who can occur in three ways:

• Yatrogenic (due to medical procedures) path. In this case, the infection is due to the use of endoscopic or other medical instrument, which in contact with the mucous membrane of the stomach of an infected patient, in another person.
• Fecal-oral path. H. Pylori stand out with a chair of infected people. The source of infection can be contaminated called masses Water or food.
• Oral oral path. There are evidence that Helicobacter Pilora may be in the oral cavity. Therefore, it is possible to transmit bacteria when sharing cutlery and toothbrushes, kisses.

What diseases can cause Helicobacter Pilori?

The presence of H. pylori in itself is not a problem. However, they increase the risk of developing various diseases of the digestive tract.

Although the colonization of the mucous helicoobacteri causes histological gastritis in all infected people, only a small part of them develops a clinical picture of this disease. According to scientists estimates, 10-20% of people infected with helicobacter pylory develops ulcer, and in 1-2% stomach cancer.

Diseases whose development is associated with Helicobacter infection:

• Gastritis is inflammation of the gastric mucosa. Shortly after infection H. pylori, a person develops acute gastritis, sometimes associated with dyspepsia or nausea. A sharp inflammatory process amazes all the jam. and leads to a decrease in the secretion of acid. After a certain period of time, chronic is developing after acute gastritis.
• The ulcer of the stomach and duodenalist. According to scientific data, 70-85% of all ulcers of Zhal.A. and 90-95% of all the duodenal ulcers are caused by bacteria
• Functional dyspepsia is pain in the top of the abdomen, not caused by ulcers or other lesions of the jigs. The results of scientific studies have shown that some types of dyspepsia are associated with infection. Treatment aimed at the eradication of bacteria facilitates the state in many patients with functional dyspepsia, and also reduces the risk of ulcers and grinding cancer. in future.
• Stomach cancer. Helicobacter Pilori - recognized by scientists etiological factor in cancer development. According to one of the hypotheses, it contributes to the production of free radicals and increase the risk of mutations in the tape cells ..
• Malt-lymphoma stomach. About the relationship of Helicobacteri infection with this disease was first reported in 1991. It is believed that it causes 92-98% Malt lymph.

In addition, studies currently studying the role of H. pylori in the development of the following diseases are continuing:

• Colorectal cancer - malignant tumors Tolstoy and rectum.
• Lymphoma.
• Cancer Gortan.
• Iron-deficiency anemia.
• The idiopathic thrombocytopenic purple is a disease in which due to autoimmune reactions is destroyed by own platelets of the body.
• Skin diseases (rosacea, chronic scratch, idiopathic urticaria, psoriasis).
• Ear diseases, throats and nose (chronic average otitis, nasal polyps).
• Lung diseases (obstructive pulmonary disease, bronchiectase).
• Ophthalmological diseases (Open-finished glaucoma, central retinopathy).
• Neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease).
• Insulin resistance and diabetes mellitus.
• Cardiovascular diseases (atherosclerosis, ischemic disease Hearts).
• Autimmune diseases (autoimmune disease thyroid gland, sclerodermia)

Symptoms of infection Helicobacter pylori

Most people infected with H. pylori have no symptoms. When infection leads to the development of ulcers or gastritis, patients can disturb the abdominal pain that is enhanced by hungry. or a few hours after meals. The adoption of food or drugs that reduce acidity in the stomach facilitates the patient's condition.

Other symptoms of damage to the digestive tract by this bacterium:

• Excessive belching.
• Owl of belly.
• Nausea and vomiting.
• Impairment of appetite, anorexia.
• Weight loss.
• Unpleasant smell of mouth.

Sometimes the following complications of the stomach or duodenal ulcers may occur:

• Bleeding - manifests itself with vomiting with blood, black and flicker chair, total weakness, dizziness, skin pallor.
• Perforation - manifests itself with a sudden occurrence of extremely strong abdominal pain, which by nature resembles a knife blow.

Diagnostics

To detect infection in the body, various examination methods are used, each of which has its advantages, disadvantages and restrictions. Traditionally, all methods are divided into non-invasive and invasive.

Invasive detection methods:

• Histological research is the study of specially colored samples of stomach tissues obtained by biopsy during an endoscopic examination, under a microscope.
• Microbiological sowing and isolating culture Helicobacteri. To obtain material for sowing, a biopsy is used or a sample of gastric juice, which are obtained during an endoscopic examination.
• Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) - allows to detect an infection in small samples of tissues obtained by biopsy.
• A quick urease test - during this method, uses the ability to process urea. The tissue sample obtained by biopsy is placed in a medium containing urea and the pH indicator. Bacteria split urea on carbon dioxide and ammonia, which increases the pH of the medium and the color of the indicator is changed.

Non-invasive detection methods:

• Serological blood tests, with which you can detect antibodies to helicobacteri.
• Respiratory test with urea. During this examination, the patient is allowed to drink a solution with the urea, the molecule of which contains a labeled carbon isotope. Helicobacteri splits urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide, which contains a labeled carbon atom. This gas penetrates the bloodstream and is excreted through the lungs with air. After half an hour after using a solution with a urea patient, he exhales into a special bag, in which a labeled carbon atom is detected using spectrometry.
• Detection of antigens H. pylori in feces.

Treatment

There are many diagnostic treatment schemes, the choice of which the doctor carries out on the basis of data on the stability of bacteria to antibiotics in the patient's residence region.

The applicable schemes include drugs from the following groups:

• Antibiotics - kill bacteria in the patient's body. Amoxicillin, clarithromycin, metronidazole, tetracycline, tinidazole, levofloxacin are used to destroy Helicobacter. Most often doctors prescribe a combination of two antibiotics.
• Proton pump inhibitors are preparations that reduce the amount of acid in the stomach, blocking it. They own Pantoprazole, Lansoprazole, Ezomeprazole, Rabeprazole.
• Bismuth preparations - help antibiotics to destroy Helicobacter.

In addition, there are scientific evidence confirming the positive effect of the use of probiotics containing lactobacilli and bifidobacteria, on the eradication of H. pylori.

Positive effect Helicobacter pylori on human health

Helicobacter Pilori - evolves together with man for many millennia. It has been very strongly adapted for life and reproduction under the conditions of an acidic stomach environment.

Taking into account the long period of colonization of the stomach of a person with this bacterium, there is nothing surprising that both partners should have adapted to each other in order to establish mutually beneficial relationships.

Currently, the possible beneficial properties of infection are actively being studied under the following diseases:

• Diseases of the esophagus. There are scientific evidence that bacteria - due to the property reduce the acidity of gastric content - can reduce the risk of developing esophageal cancer, barrett esophagus and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD).
• Asthma and allergic diseases. Some scientific research has discovered the relationship between the decrease in the prevalence of H. pylori infection and an increase in the frequency of asthma development and other allergic diseases. Such a connection is trying to explain with the help of hygienic hypothesis, according to which the insufficient effect of some bacteria on the body of children during the first years of life leads to an increase in the sensitivity of the immune system to the external environment factors, which increases the likelihood allergic reactions.
• Obesity. Some scientists argue that increasing the prevalence of obesity around the world may be due to violation of the physiology of the stomach due to the eradication of Helicobacter Pilori.

All these possible properties of Helicobacter Piluri are still not yet proven. In some studies, they are confirmed, in others - refute.

Based on Data on H. Pylori infection paths, the following events may be useful to reduce the danger of infection:

• Compliance with the rules of personal hygiene and thorough hand washing, especially during the preparation and eating food.
• Proper food cooking.
• Use of water from safe sources.
• Avoiding the sharing of cutlery, toothbrushes.

Helicobacter Pilori It is a unique malicious bacterium that causes a serious Helicobacteriosis disease. That dangerous disease The stomach is also characteristic of the duodenum. This unusual bacterium lives in a special pyloric stomach department, due to which it has become so called. It has been proven that it easily opposes the powerful destructive action of a typical acidic acidity of the stomach. With the help of its flagellation, this bacterium is easily moved in the mucous walls of the stomach, and can also be fixed on them.

Helicobacter Pilori causes numerous diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In reproduction, these microorganisms destructively affect all stomach cells, which leads to different inflammatory processes. These include not only gastritis and ulcers, but also cancer. To date, the destruction of such dangerous bacteria allows preventing the inevitable development of many pathologies.

Features of bacteria Helicobacter

It is the features that determine the impressive "survivability" Helicobacter.

The first feature is bacterium capable of withstanding a very acidic gastric medium. The main part of bacteria and viruses in conditions of such a high acidity dies. Helicobacter pylori is adjusted to increased acidity due to the use of two mechanisms:

The second feature is precisely Helicobacter, as already mentioned earlier, is the main provocateur of the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. In the process of its reproduction, bacteria begins to destroy the stomach cells. And harmful substances that highlight the Helicobacter provoke chronic inflammation and gastritis. Due to the weakening of the mucous membrane of the duodenum and the stomach, multiple ulcers and erosion arise, the risks of development of oncology are significantly increasing. To date, scientists with confidence argue that it is Helicobacter that is the main cause of the stomach cancer.

You can get rid of infection by passing a course of treatment with antibacterial medical drugs that regulate the level of acidity of the stomach. Therapy should be appointed exclusively by the gastroenterologist, after passing all the necessary research.

Causes of infection of Bacteria Helicobacter

Bacterium Helicobacter Pilori cannot live outdoors, it is transmitted in most cases orally. In addition, infection can occur by:

• close physical contact;
• non-compliance with the banal rules of personal hygiene;
• poor quality processing of medical instruments;
• use of common utensils;
• cough, sneezing.

As medical practice shows, the leading cause of penetration into the organism pathogenic microflora is non-compliance with personal hygiene rules. Infection is no less common due to admission to food incorrectly processed, not washed fruits and vegetables.

The fecal-oral path is the main way to get infections. Despite the effects of hydrochloric acid, the microflora does not die. Bacteria is movable, more wow, it is attached to the walls of the stomach.

When penetrating the chelicobacter into the mucous membranes occurs, the tissue destruction occurs, and as a result, the development of other pathological processes.

Microorganism can provoke an emergence:

• pathologies of the endocrine system;
• gastritis;
• cancer;
• ulcers;
• cholecystitis.

It also relies that from the helicobacteriosis, coronary heart disease can develop.

Main symptoms in the body of bacteria Helicobacter

The main symptoms of Helicobacter Pilorary affect functioning digestive system. Gastroenterologist will tell what signs should pay attention to. Usually there are several of them. The main are:

The more bacteria is present in the cavity of the stomach, the brighter the symptoms are expressed. So, with insignificant colonization, people complain only on light nausea. Gradually, unpleasant feelings are enhanced. Human appear the following symptoms: smell from the mouth; White ride in the language; sour taste in the mouth; constipation; drilling in the stomach; flatulence; heaviness in the stomach.

When Helicobacter arise and painful feelings. On the early stages They are easy to endure, but as the disease develops, the intensity of pain is enhanced. They acquire a sharp cutting character.

The smell of the mouth appears due to the vital activity of the microorganism. Bacteria, being in the stomach, produce ammonia. Another reason for the emergence of the smell of mouth - dysbacteriosis and violation of normal stomach motor, as well as constant belching.

If vomiting is joined by the smell of the mouth after food receptions, as well as a refusal of food, then the likelihood of the development of complications is high. At the same time, the patient rapidly lose weight.

Patients are often wondering whether bacterium can cause symptoms such as headaches, an increase in temperature or cough. Gastroenterologists believe that they are associated with other diseases. However, when wearing the ulcers and the spread of inflammation abdominal cavity There is a heat.

Additional symptoms of bacteria Helicobacter

A number of symptoms that are not directly related to digestion can cause cheelicobacter pylori, and the reasons for these signs are usually associated with the weakening of the immune system. A strong organism inhibits the livelihood of a microbe, not allowing it to form a colonies in the internal organs. Helicobacter can provoke an atypical reaction. When they appear, the examination should be survened and assured.

• Allergic reactions. Helicobacter can affect skin. Allergic dermatitis It is often observed on the forehead and cheeks. The deterioration of the condition of the skin is one of the signs of infection Helicobacter. Pink acne can also be associated with this pathology;

• Alopecia. With a helicobacter infection, not only allergic appears. A person has hair loss. Often it has a nesting character. This symptom develops due to reducing immunity. Feeded hair - manifestation of avitaminosis. This feature arises due to the exhaustion of the body;

• Psoriasis. Skin problems throughout the body can also be symptoms of infection Helicobacter.

Helicobacteriosis is not a direct cause of infertility, but should not exclude its influence. The microorganism significantly depletes the body, bacteria are able to cause hypovitaminosis, which reduces fertility of a woman. The reason for the appearance of infertility may be a weak immune system. Infection Helicobacter Pilori is dangerous during pregnancy. Even if the colonization of microbes did not cause infertility, it is worth carefully observed for your well-being. Sometimes the disease provokes the familiar not to wear the fetus.

Diagnosis of bacteria Helicobacter

In some patients with disease, the Helicobacteriosis, certain symptoms may not be observed. To determine the presence of bacteria, special tests are used. Histological and special urease analysis is shown to identify Helicobacter Pilori.

A cytological study is based on the receipt of prints-prints that are taken with endoscopy, as well as for this procedure, the biopsyths of the mucous membrane of the special anthral gastric department are necessary. As a rule, Bioptat takes aiming from those areas where visually the most expressed deviations from the norms. A specialist in such regions can observe hyperemia and swelling. Often spiral-like helicobacteria are located in the center of the mucus.

That cytological research Determines the three main degrees of dissemination of mucous bacteria. If there are less than 20 microbial bodies, a weak disgrace is diagnosed, which does not cause anxiety for human health. Cellular infiltration is also detected when microorganisms are detected in prints and plasma cells.

Depending on the number of certain cell elements, it is indirectly to judge a pronounced degree of activity and inflammatory process. In addition, such a study identifies proliferative processes in mucous membranes, dysplasia and metaplasia, as well as various malignant education. However, the cytological method does not give the idea of \u200b\u200bthe structure of mucous membranes.

A special urease test is considered an effective express method, which is mainly based on the activity of the presented microorganisms. It is done using a special carrier gel containing urea, a special bacteriostatic agent and a special phenol-roller as the required indicator. Such a pH indicator allows you to make accurate conclusions about the specific state of the mucous membranes of the stomach. The bioptat of the mucous membrane obtained as a result of endoscopy is also placed in this test.

In extremely rare cases, the test shows false-negative results, which is possible with the weakness of helicobacter infection. To increase the reliability, experts usually use histological and urease methods. After spent antibacterial treatment They should be repeated. If necessary, a repeated course of combined antigelicobacter-type therapy can be assigned, which will avoid emergency recurrences of the disease.

Special respiratory test non-invasive and safe. It allows you to easily determine the level of colonization of population of the mucous microorganisms. Such an analysis is considered optimal for full-fledged control of eradication therapy. This study should be made on an empty stomach. First take special samples of background exhaled air, and then after a light breakfast use a test substrate.

Various histological methods are designed to quickly detect Helicobacteria in biopsy, allowing simultaneously to study morphological changes. The bright coloring method for gymzees is the most affordable and simple. With this test, the microorganisms are well visible on the surface of the epithelium and in the depths of the hole. Another histological method of accurate hybridization of DNA is sensitive and highly specific. It allows you to identify numerous strains Helicobacter Pilori.

Other techniques also apply for diagnostics. These include immunological and microbiological methods, polymerase chain reaction, as well as the definition of antigen in feces. As a rule, blood and results of endoscopy take on analysis, and also investigate breathing and feces.

Helicobacter bacteria treatment

Like most others infectious diseases, Treatment of bacteria Helicobacter pylori is carried out using antibiotics. This method of therapy is assigned in the event that the intended positive effect of drugs significantly exceeds potential harm. In view of this, medicia treatment It is appointed not in all cases, or is limited to the reception of drugs with less harmful influence on the body.

The main indication for receiving antibiotics is the presence of ulcers or erosions on the mucous membrane. Without the use of such drugs, further treatment will be ineffective. Reception of antibiotics is appropriate in the case of the development of complications, among which atrophic gastritis or gastric Maltoma. To prevent recurrences, therapy can be carried out even during remission.

For the treatment of Helicobacter infection, several antibiotics options are appointed. The reception is made in accordance with the established scheme, which is compiled individually for each patient. The use of antibiotics of different groups is necessary due to the fact that the bacteria Helicobacter Piluri is different high indicator Sustainability, that is, may be insensitive to the current components of the drug.

In the treatment of infection, drugs are also prescribed, the action of which is directed to the regulation of the acidity of the stomach. The most frequently used funds include preparations Pariet, Famotidin, Roxatidine, omeprazole. These drugs adjust the amount of acid produced in the stomach, due to the negative impact on ulcers. In turn, it accelerates the healing process, and also eliminates a number of symptoms, including heartburn and meteorism.

Also, the drug complex often includes preparations-prokinetics. Their action is aimed at restoring the normal intestinal motorcycle, due to which the processing and removal process from the body is improved. Reception of such tools allows you to get rid of constipation or diarrhea, eliminate nausea.

In general, the treatment of bacteria Helicobacter Piluri in most cases is aimed at the complete destruction of pathogenic microorganisms using antibiotics, but a more gentle therapy can be used without the use of such funds.

Folk methods for treating bacteria Helicobacter

• For 5 minutes, boil the flax seed. Give the champ in line for 2 hours, after profile. As a result, the mucus, which should be taken in 1 tbsp. daily before meals;

• Before meals, drink fresh potato juice in half a cup. This means effectively calms the stomach;

• If you do not have chronic gastritis, you can drink freshly squeezed cabbage juice in half a cup 1 hour before intake. The cabbage contains vitamin U, which helps to spend damage;

• Prepare juice from fresh plantain leaves. Take 1 tbsp. Juice with warm water 30 minutes before meals.

• Infusion of the root of AIR (with reduced acidity). The tablespoon of dried and crushed root is poured with a glass of boiling water, insist for several hours and used 100 ml before meals;

• Antimicrobial action has infusion from the Hypericum, the root of nine and the gold masculine. Herbs are used in equal proportions and brewed according to the standard scheme - by 250 ml of boiling water tablespoon of the mixture;

• Fighting with the bacterium will also help the mixture from the Hypericum, calendula and yarrow.

Prevention of bacteria Helicobacter

Since infection in most cases is transmitted from a sick person to healthy, it is necessary to strictly adhere to the rules of personal hygiene. In practice, such simple rules can be applied:

• eliminate smoking and minimize alcohol consumption;

• do not use someone else's dishes, personal hygiene subjects;

• after visiting public places, toilet needs to wash hands with soap.

There are no vaccination against this disease. But if you adhere to the prophylaxis rules, you can practically exclude the development of the pathological process in a healthy body.

Helicobacter pylori - microbes cause gastritis. Scientific and discovers of 20 years waited for the Nobel Prize, proving an obvious - inflammation of the gastric mucosa is characterized by infectious nature. There are disputes about the microbial discovery. Wikipedia priority gives Robin Warren and Barry Marshal. In the scientific world, the opinion is spinning: said scientists have found a connection between microbiology and gastroenterology, they received the Nobel Prize. The discovery mentions the name of Valery Yavorsky.

Over 100 years before the work of Australian scientists, the Polish researcher described microorganisms. Bizzazero confirmed the presence of a sign in patients with animals, in the scientific world did not attach the fact of a serious meaning. In 1982, Marshall proved the applicability of koche postulates to a new type discovered. At the same time, scientists demonstrated treatment techniques with antibiotics, bismuth salts. Culture accidentally managed to grow on a nutrient medium.

The microbe is characterized by a spiral shape - a curved rod. Microscopic size - 3 microns in length with a diameter of half a micrometer. Loves oxygen, but in high concentration does not need. Creates energy, oxidizing hydrogen. From enzymes converts uraase, catalase, oxidase. If necessary, the form of Cockfather is formed. Outdoor membrane contains 5 species of protein. One squirrel is responsible for adhesion to epithelium when infection, and others:

• For the transport of iron.
• The movement of flagella.
• Part of the proteins performs unknown functions.

The double shell of bacillus consists of lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids. The family identified a variety. The genome consists of two million base pairs. DNA differs by 6%. In 2010, scientists have analyzed transcription, which made it possible to clarify the numbers. The study of the genome is required to understand the pathogenesis scheme. In the future, this will create vaccinations (against gastritis, ulcers).

Medical database Helicobacter pylori contains 62 pathogenic genes. The presence of greatly increases virulence. Strains contain the island of pathogenicity. The island of pathogenicity is the sequence of genes that determine the danger of bacillos. Length of the site - over 40 genes. The absence of an isge for strains allocated from people with asymptomatic carriers is characteristic.

The microbe becomes the culprit of gastritis: constant anxiety, colic in the stomach, heartburn, nausea. Helicobacter - bacteria living in people with duodenal diseases, stomach. It is necessary to talk about gastritis, gastroduodenitis (synonyms). The treatment diagram is no different. The technique was opened in 1982 by two Australian scientists, the first to add attention and proven the relationship between the presence of a microbe, the development of these diseases. Scientists raised bacteria.

Scientists knew: Bacterium Helicobacter Pilori in the stomach is present, but the applying of Koch's postulates did not work. The problem was unsuccessful attempts to bring the bacterium on an artificial environment. There was an opportunity to destroy the infection (choose antibiotics). Such cases in microbiology are not uncommon - the causative agent of Salmonelles was taken for pork plague.

Short historic excursion

Bacterry appeared in Africa 60000 years ago. Strains mutations led to the emergence of 7 types of characteristic for Europe, the Middle East, India, North Africa, Western and South Africa, Pacific Islands. In America, the microbe came with black slaves. Studies show: a variety of microorganisms decreases as they remove from East Africa. The conclusions about the prescription of the occurrence of Helicobacter to the light (58000 years ago) were made.

The Russian-speaking domain of Wikipedia narrates: as a satellite of the disease of the bacteria is known for a long time - from 1875. Spiral bacterium is found in the human stitchi epithelium. It was not possible to grow it on artificial environments. Doctors did not find out how to kill infection pathogens. In 1886, in Krakow, exploring the washing water of the stomach, Professor Valery Yavorsky saw a wand. Recognized "Brushwood with characteristic spiral formations."

The doctor risked to assume the relationship between the occurrence of the disease and the bacterium. Evidence was not conducted. In scientific work in Polish, it was indicated about guesses. Scientists have seen signs of the disease, relentlessly accompanied by bacterium. In 1893, Julio Bitzozero saw a wand in the stomach of the dog, in 1974, Morozov witnessed the detection of Helicobacter in adult patients.

The microbe did not have his own name. Earlier in the military registration and enlistment offices, they said that gastritis was not treated and sent invalid cadets to the army ordinary. The discovery was committed by Robin Warred and Barry Marshall. Scientists worked in their directions. 23 years passed, and scientists were awarded the Nobel Prize.

Interest in the bacteria in the stomach arose in the seventies. An ulcer of the stomach came to the fore. Fatal diseases were defeated, humanity took up an closely well-being. In 1981, Australian scientists began attempts to cultivate bacteria. Samples were crowned with success due to the case. Nutrient Wednesday left for holidays. When the laborants returned to see the result, the first shoots were outlined. It turned out that the Helicobacter grows slowly.

5 days lasted holidays, during this time the strain rose. Immediately Warren and Marshal began to study on the sensitivity of culture to antibiotics for the treatment of ulcers, getting rid of the Helicobacter forever. Opinion of doctors: an ulcer occurs solely as a result of emotional experiences, irregular nutrition. Conclusion: to be treated at home, the hospital needs the correct diet, the optimization of the day mode. Opening Helicobacter Pilori changed the presentation of the scientific world about the problem.

The scientific world with unprecedented skepticism adopted a new concept. It was talked about dysentery - Genesis of different typesThe new classification was taken in the bayonets. A similar situation was dragged to the creation of the first antibiotics for 50 years. If we take the concept of the Helicobacter Pilori concept in question, scientists offered techniques to grow strain and killing bacteria to remove from the body.

origin of name

In 1985, Helicobacter was chosen by Campylobacter. As statistical information grows, it became clear: the classification is unacceptable. In 1989, DNA was analyzed, which showed that bacterium does not apply to this. Created a separate genus - Helicobacter. The word "pylory" comes from the Greek name of the gatekeeper - the area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach bordering the duodenum.

Helicobacter research

After the cultivation of the first strain, the disease began to explore. This made it possible to find out the temperature of the death of infection, the causes of the occurrence in the body. Bacterry dies from ultraviolet radiation, at a temperature of 70 degrees for 10 minutes. Microbe is a vitality. Slits up to 5 minutes at a temperature of 95 degrees. With difficulty killed by pasteurization. Therefore, it is important to boil drinking water - prevention of the spread of infection.

Kokk survives for 1 year outside the body of the carrier. The microbe is easily dying from iodine and chlorine. In water from the crane, it is extremely rare. The effect of chlorine solution (1.1 mg / l) is considered sufficient for 45 minutes.

Scientists quickly found that the strain instantly appears resistance to antibiotics. The infection does not respond to erythromycin, clarithromycin, metronidazole. It is more difficult to adapt to tetracycline, fluoroquinolones, amoxicillin.

Differentiation methods of species:

1. Serological ones.
2. Biotic.
3. Enzyme.
4. Molecular.

In adverse conditions, bacterium forms a film that impedes contact with the environment. The survival rate of the microbe increases. Spiral active form easily goes into a spherical cockerel.

Ways transfer

The infection is transmitted in two ways:

1. Oral oral.
2. Fecal-oral.

Microbe is transferred:

• Cats.
• Dogs.
• Flies.
• Monkeys.

Mammals - sources of danger. Bacteria is localized in food, drinking water.

Invasive action

The wand chose the thoughtful tactics. It is characterized by increased resistance to gastric juice, subject to the presence in the contents of urea. The process of reaching the compound goes through the walls of the vessels. The appearance of inflammation can expect everyone. The alkaline shield is formed around the stick, neutralizing the barrier effect of the gastric juice. The infection reaches the epithelium - rooted, causes inflammatory reactions.

Cells, lining cavity, begin to collapse with toxins. The situation is exacerbated by the penetration of digestive enzymes. Causes additional destructive importance. The ulcer often develops into cancer. Helicobacter Pilori is considered carcinogen. Gastritis develops in gastroduodenitis gradually developing. The mortality rate is extremely low.

In 40% of cases of the ulcer of the stomach due to microbes, and over half the duodenum. Survival is provided by penetration of the pathogen under the mucus layer, protecting against the action of the gastric juice. Helicobacter sticks to epithelium cells. Produces special binding proteins that are fastened to lipids and carbohydrates.

It becomes a clear failure of doctors in an attempt to cure a peptic disease. The exposure paths are to reduce the acidity of the gastric juice. This affects the reproduction of bacteria on the mucous membrane. Empitted relief with the subsequent occurrence of relapse. Cause - The role of bacteria in the occurrence of the disease is not eliminated.

Doctors noticed the effectiveness of bismuth preparations. Delivered from gastritis, came out of the use of a trivial reason: doctors did not understand the mechanism of action. Class. Features helping bacteria bother in the epithelium:

1. The resistance in the acidic area of \u200b\u200bthe stomach is provided by the enzymes processing urea.
2. Due to the presence of flagella, bacteria is mobile. Help to delve into the mucus layer.
3. Due to the special proteins, the wand is attached to the walls of the epithelium, destroys the cells than the phagocytosis difficult.
4. Bacteria has a specific irritant effect on the local immune system, suppresses protective reactions.
5. Lipase produced digests the shell cells of the epithelium, promotes the development of the disease. The enzyme disrupts the protective functions of the mucus.

The infection of the bacterium is accompanied by an increase in gastroph secretion with an increase in the volume of gastric juice production. What causes an additional irritating effect. Associated nature of the course of the disease is possible.

Syndrome of irritable intestine

Scientists raise the relationship between infection and irritable intestinal syndrome. If the microbe lives in the stomach, why is there no risk of detecting in the intestine? The structure of the epithelium differs in functionality, and the cells are the same.

Analyzes show that the irritable intestine is detected from the carriers of the Helicobacter. There is a connection between phenomena.

Note! Scientists consider unproved fact of bacterial genesis of ulcers. Motivating the fact that the microbial discovers managed to cause only gastritis. But who wants to voluntarily acquire an ulcer in the name of science?

The hypothesis is explained by the facts:

1. Reduced motorcycle gasts due to the formation of cytotoxin bacteria.
2. Antagonism of sticks with an obligate intestine fleece.
3. Violation of secretion of some hormones.

The data is frankly in contradiction with each other. The disease is not dangerous, therefore did not attract due attention of the physicians.

Symptoms and signs

The disease gastrointestinal tract accompany the signs of dyspepsia:

• bitterness in the mouth;
• intestinal colic;
• my stomach hurts;
• belching.

Typical for gastritis set of symptoms. The main signs are detected during endoscopy. Appearance The mucosos is clearly changed. Atrophy is characterized by a decrease in the number of shepherd and main cells of the epithelium. The tissue is replaced, which disrupts the functionality. Regeneration of the epithelium is reduced. Morphological changes are localized in the anthral stomach department.

Cells of cells are shifted to the surface, the boundaries become oddels, the epithelium is compass. If not treated, the changes are manifested by the suppression with a pronounced edema. Gradually, the process captures the body of the stomach. Atrophy prevails over inflammation. The clinical picture is diverse. 3 global groups of features are distinguished: pain, asthenovegetative, dyspeptic.

For intestinal infections The lack of iron, vitamin B12 develops. This is accompanied by anemia, the poverty of the skin. Differential diagnosis It is carried out with a number of diseases, the final decision is made in the detection of the presence of Helicobacter, the presence of a characteristic picture (gastritis, gastroduodenitis, ulcer).

Pain

Pains are characteristic of the ocoloppy and supry areas of the abdomen. The picture is similar to the ulcerative duel of the duodenum. Colics are much pronounced. The pain is characterized by the following epithets: noving, acute, grasp or stir. Symptoms arise in a couple of hours after meals. Sometimes at night.

Austhenovegetive syndrome

The name speaks for himself. Sign - decay of forces: fatigue. The process occurs against the background of sleep disorders, headaches.

Dyspepsia

Types of symptoms are known: nausea right up to vomiting, heartburn, pain (irradiation possible), constipation (or diarrhea), reduced appetite.

Diagnostics

The main criterion is the presence of Helicobacter in the results of analyzes. Other bacteria do not live in the stomach. Watching a wand in the washing waters, the doctors establish a diagnosis. In 85% of patients with severe characteristic rash on the face, the specified bacterium is found. Many on the planet occupies an infection: people defenselessly, did not know about the transmission paths of the microbe. This happens when the kiss (a typical way of transmission oral-oral).

Diagnosis in developing countries is not required: the microbe dwells in adults. This is due to the lack of hygiene, the admission of non-adverse food (alcohol disrupts the integrity of the mucous cover of the epithelium). In the RF, the number of carriers exceeds two thirds of the population. More than 50% suffers from the diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

Diagnosis is carried out in several features. The first is the presence of hemoculture in the blood. It is applied to the detection of gases produced by the bacterium (the smell of mouth). In the contents of the stomach appears urease. In microbiology, a positive result with Helicobacter is exhibited, staining sticks in grams, gimbom, warfin-starry, acridine, hematoxylin-eosin. Applies biopsy methods.

Types of analyzes

1. Blood test for availability. Disadvantage: The sign is saved for several years after cure.
2. on urea.
3. Cala dough for antigens.
4. Biopsy of the epithelium of the stomach.

Treatment

Barry Marshall infected with Metronidazole in combination with bismuth preparations. Previously tested the sensitivity of culture to medicinal preparations. When helicobacter is detected, antibiotics are treated with proton pump inhibitors. Triple therapy wears in medicine The name of the eradication is complex comprehensive treatment. Doctors are looking for a golden middleness between performance and non-toxicity. The course lasts up to 14 days. Constantly appear new schemes (quadrotherapy). The purpose of the search for new approaches is reduced to the directions:

• Reducing the duration of the course.
• Eliminating the need for a diet.
• Reducing the amount of drugs used in the treatment.
• Reducing the number of receptions.
• Elimination of side effects.
• Overcoming the resistance of Helicobacter.
• Avoiding allergic reactions by developing treatment regimens.

The procedure involves the reception at least two antibiotics. The appointment is determined by the doctor according to the results of bacteriological analysis (clarithromycin, amoxicillin). After treatment with antibiotics suffers from the intestine microflora, urinary tract. Doctors noted over the next six years re-infection 50 percent cured. This shows the danger of the microbe. The consequences do not differ in weight, but it is impossible to get rid of the presence in the body.

The unified approved scheme has not been detected by doctors. If it was "the best", other would have disappeared. Practice shows: doctors have a need to find new techniques. Specialized conferences (in Maastricht) led to the conclusion: the derived methods are not distinguished by the expected results.

Triple therapy

The microbe is amenable to the simultaneous action of several drugs. Given this fact, the doctors offered the following components:

1. The proton pump inhibitor.
2. Two antibiotics:

• Clarithromycin.
• Metronidazole or amoxicilla.

This is used version of the first line of defense. With quadrapepics, bismuth preparation is added to the specified components. Clarithromycin is replaced with tetracycline. The use of a 4-component scheme on the second line is recommended in areas with increased resistance of infection. Other options are similar, demonstrate resemblance to those specified above. It is a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors.

Treat or not treated

The consequences of the absence of the treatment of the pyloric canal found out doctors. The situation develops to ulcers under adverse conditions. The relationship is not proven, but the facts look convincing.

More than 50% of the planet people live with a microbe. For the most part, Helicobacter interferes in military schools. With rare gastritis exacerbations, students of military departments are allowed. If pregnancy proceeds to the family of employees, it will correctly get rid of infection.

Not everyone develops into inflammation of the epithelium. In 15% (every sixth) bacterium causes serious damage, right up to the stomach ulcers. Helicobacter lives in a hidden form.

Deciding to cure, Meet the same with de Nol. Be careful with homeopathy. Medicines with an increased degree of breeding in Russia are recognized in ineffective. 150 years after their introduction to the Russian market.

In the absence of antibiotics there was little difference in the outcome of the condition of patients when prescribing treatment. The concept of the concept falls on the years, when Penicillin was studied, which made a coup in the field of combating infectious diseases.