Blood is a living organ, and no artificial analogue has yet been created. Every third inhabitant of the planet needs it at least once in his life.

In essence, a blood transfusion is a living tissue transplant, a transplant. In many cases, it is donated blood that saves the patient's life.

A bit of history

Blood transfusion originated in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century. In 1832, G. Wolff first transfused blood to a woman and thereby saved her from uterine bleeding after childbirth.

AB0 system It provides for the presence in red blood cells (erythrocytes) of specific proteins - agglutinogens A and B. According to this system, four blood groups are distinguished: the first (0) - agglutinogens are absent, the second (A) - agglutinogen A is present, the third (B) - - respectively, there is agglutinogen B and the fourth (AB) - there are both agglutinogens, the rarest blood group.

However, scientifically grounded blood transfusion became possible only after the creation of the doctrine of immunity (I.I. ...

Why is it useful to donate blood

Donating blood is not harmful. Doctors believe that it is even useful. Since the Middle Ages, many diseases have been treated with bloodletting. And it is still used in some conditions. It is useful, for example, with hypertension, in women in menopause. And for men, adapting their body to possible blood loss - with injuries, stomach ulcers and for other reasons. In general, regular blood donation triggers self-renewal processes in the body and, according to numerous studies, serves as prevention cardiovascular disease... For example, in male donors, the risk of getting a heart attack is reduced several times. In addition, doctors say that donating blood is a huge moral satisfaction and a mood boost for a long time.

Who leases

Rhesus factor It is an antigen (protein) that is found on the surface of red blood cells - erythrocytes. About 85% of Europeans (99% of Indians and Asians) have the Rh factor and are therefore Rh positive. The remaining 15% (7% among Africans), who do not have it, are Rh-negative.

Anyone can become a donor, for this you only need a passport and a desire. At the blood transfusion point, the necessary tests will be taken from you and they will be done right away. Determined: blood group and Rh factor, general blood test data (hemoglobin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, ESR), as well as markers of pathogens of blood-borne infections: syphilis, HIV and hepatitis B and C. All results, of course, are confidential.

Then you will be taken for a medical examination, during which the doctor will measure your pressure, temperature, check your pulse, and ask about your health. You will be asked to fill out a "donor questionnaire" with detailed questions about your health status and previous illnesses.

There is a whole list of taps for donating blood. To become a donor, you must be in good health and not be at risk of blood-borne and sexually transmitted infections. Blood cannot be donated if you have undergone surgery within six months, and have done piercings or tattooing for a year. Women have more bends: pregnancy, breastfeeding, menstruation.

What do they donate blood for?

Blood is taken either whole or its components - plasma, erythrocyte mass or platelets. If you donate whole blood, then a certain amount will be taken from you at a time: maximum dose- 450 ml, it is possible and less, it is decided by the doctor - and in time it will take about 15 minutes. When taking components, for example plasmapheresis, your blood is passed through a special system that separates the plasma from the cells and collects it in a separate container. The remaining blood is poured back into the donor. This procedure takes about 40 minutes.

Plasma after delivery is restored in the body in a few days, blood - within a month. It is recommended to donate blood to men no more than five times a year, women - no more than four times a year. Plasma can be donated more often.

One in three needs blood

One and a half million Russians need blood every year. Every third inhabitant of the Earth needs a blood transfusion at least once in his life.

There are people who need blood products for life. These are primarily patients with hemophilia - blood incoagulability. In such people, platelets are not produced in the body, they need adequate supportive therapy from childhood, and then they live, no different from ordinary people. And without blood clotting factors, the life of such patients is simply impossible.

Patients with oncological diseases are in dire need of donor blood. Harsh treatment malignant tumors assumes the killing of cancer cells, but healthy cells die along with them, and normal hematopoiesis stops for a while. It is during this period that the patient needs supportive therapy with donor blood components, in particular platelets, for which there is no artificial replacement and is not even theoretically expected in the near future.

Donated blood is needed for patients with surgical pathology. These are people in need of joint prosthetics, cardiac surgery patients. Surgical operations are associated with trauma to blood vessels, tissues and the need to restore lost blood components.

Blood transfusions are often required by women during childbirth. A certain number of women in childbirth are always threatened with blood loss, which also needs to be correctly compensated in order to save the life of the mother and child.

Also in the practice of pediatrics there is hemolytic disease newborns, which can be diagnosed and treated early. For the period of such treatment, sick children need transfusions of a large number of different blood components.

We spoke with Olga Andreevna Mayorova, chief physician of the Blood Transfusion Station of the Moscow Department of Health.

Maya Milich, AiF.ru: - April 20 - National Donor Day. What complex of events is planned to be held in Moscow in connection with this date?

Olga Mayorova: - In connection with this date, we are holding a round table dedicated to the National Donor Day, we are attracting students of secondary specialized educational institutions. Donors need to be raised right from the start. early age, so we will have young people as our guests. In addition, the transition of our service to work seven days a week was timed to coincide with the national day of the donor. The blood transfusion station is now open 7 days a week, excluding only public holidays. We consider this our achievement, because we are the first blood transfusion station in Russia that fully adapts to the interests of donors and operates seven days a week.

In preparation for the National Donor Day, we also host large outdoor events with the participation of various institutes and universities. After the holiday, we are planning to hold outdoor events with student youth.

- How is donation popularized today?

- I would like to believe that the active propaganda measures that we are carrying out with targeted categories will lead to results and the influx of donors will increase. As practice has shown, simply hanging large posters on the street has little power. Now we are working with address categories, with executive authorities, with school teachers, with educational institutions, and not only with medical ones, with bikers who actively come and donate blood. We try to conduct our work in a more targeted and targeted manner in order to attract entire communities of people.

Contraindications

- For what diseases people cannot become blood donors?

- People from the age of 18 to any age can donate blood, if there are no contraindications in the form of serious diseases, somatic diseases, hepatitis, infectious diseases, vegetative-vascular dystonia. Temporary contraindications are allergic diseases in an exacerbation stage, pregnancy, menstruation, taking antibiotics.

Sometimes the peculiarity of the structure of the veins can become an obstacle, because donation is the donation of blood in a sufficiently large volume and the veins should be expressed. If these contraindications are not present, then a person can be a donor even at 70 years old. We even have several donors who have crossed the 70-year mark, mostly human plasma donors who have been donating for a very long time. Partly due to their active donor position, they maintain health and vitality.

Photo: AiF / Lyudmila Alekseeva

Avoid stroke

- Tell us about the benefits of donation for a person.

- The benefits of donation are undeniable. In cadre donors, the incidence of cardiovascular diseases, in particular strokes, is significantly reduced, because blood is being actively renewed. Our human donors of both blood and plasma, especially men, are better protected from vascular accidents.

In addition, any donation is, albeit mild, stress for the body. And it has been proven that the presence of just such mild stresses increases a person's resistance to the effects of unfavorable environmental factors.

Thanks to donation, blood cells are regularly renewed, because they also tend to age. Their natural recovery usually occurs, and in donors this process occurs with greater frequency. There is a theory that female body more resistant to negative external factors precisely because monthly blood loss occurs.

Donation is very useful in the presence of a genetic disease - hemochromotosis associated with the accumulation of iron, the excretion of which is impaired. In the United States, half of blood donors are people with this hereditary disease. For them, one of the physiological ways of treatment is bloodletting, which makes them physically easier.

Another category is people with increased content cholesterol and plasma fats. Everyone knows that in this case, plasmapheresis is used for treatment and prevention. In commercial clinics, this procedure is quite expensive. But not everyone knows that donor plasmapheresis is practically the same procedure.

People who have crossed the age of 50 and 60 are very active in donating plasma simply because they feel good after that. Donation allows you to prolong youth and lead an active lifestyle.

Do not forget about the psychological factor. Donation is a confirmation of their own worth, people experience tremendous moral satisfaction. These are saved lives.

In addition, donors are a specific club, especially plasma donors who come on the same days, at the same time. Acquaintances are made, which is important given the current lack of direct communication due to the flourishing of social networks.

By the way, if your loved one or just a new pretty friend of the opposite sex is a personnel donor, then everything is possible with him, because he is known to be healthy. After all, being a donor with a frequency of 2 weeks, a person receives a check for the most complex and serious diseases.

How do I become a blood donor?

- How to properly prepare for donation and recover from donations?

- First, you need to understand for yourself that being a donor is very important, and that there is never a lot of donated blood. In my opinion, everyone should be a donor healthy person... After all, it is not necessary to donate blood monthly, at least 2 times a year.

First you need to choose the time that is convenient for you. Because you need to come to donate blood or its components in a good mood, thanks to this, there are significantly fewer complications. And when the donor constantly looks at his watch and realizes that in 30 minutes he needs to be at the other end of Moscow, then, of course, the whole procedure will take place in a nervous state.

For 2-3 days from the diet, you need to exclude fatty foods, coloring foods, quit smoking and take any kind of alcohol. All these factors during testing can change normal performance biochemical analysis and such blood will simply be discarded.

Sleep well the night before. On the day of donating blood in the morning - a light breakfast, sweet tea and a sandwich with low-fat cheese. It is better to refuse coffee, it leads to increased vascular tone.

You can visit the nearest blood donation point, it can be a blood transfusion station, maybe a department. In Moscow today there are more than 30 points where you can donate blood.

It is also very important to take your passport with you, without which registration of the donor is impossible. If a person is not a resident of Moscow, then it is advisable to have a confirmation of registration, although today this is not required. Then just follow all the instructions that will be received.

After donation, you will receive either a food package or food compensation. Already from the second time, that is, when the person is no longer the primary donor, it is possible to use social support measures.

At least six months after the first blood donation, you must definitely come again for a second examination. Plasma has been in quarantine for 6 months and before it is released into the treatment network, it is necessary to re-examine the donor in order to exclude the possibility of infection if the donor had incubation period such as hepatitis.

Donation of blood and its components is now widespread. The use of donated blood allows you to help patients who have suffered a lot of blood loss as a result of complications during surgery or in case of injury. Blood transfusion can save the lives of a large number of patients.

A person who decides to visit a donor center in order to donate blood thinks about the question. It is harmful or beneficial to donate blood, and if it is harmful, then what harm can there be from donating blood for the body.

When donating blood, it is drained through a venous vessel. The selection of a certain volume of blood from the body leads to a decrease in blood pressure, which has a beneficial effect on the body in the presence of hypertension. Hypotensive patients should be aware of this effect and they should not become donors, so as not to provoke additional deterioration in their health.

Benefits of participating in donation

Is it useful to donate blood?

After the procedure, a person feels an influx of strength in the body, freshness and vigor. Blood loss stimulates increased work bone marrow... This leads to the release of young red blood cells into the bloodstream.

Additionally, there is an outflow of water from the intracellular space into the bloodstream. All these processes lead to the fact that the blood begins to thin.

The increased outflow of fluid from the cells leads to the flushing of toxins from them, which enter the kidneys through the vascular system and are excreted from the body with the help of a renal filter.

In addition, the benefits of donation are as follows:

• prevention of diseases of the cardiovascular system;
• activation of the protective properties of the body;
• normalization of the functioning of the spleen;
• spontaneous unloading of the liver;
• normalization of the blood coagulation system, which helps prevent the development of thrombocytosis, thrombophlebitis and varicose veins.

All these positive effects can be achieved without the use of drugs, this avoids the appearance of side effects.

All of the above useful qualities of donation indicate that both a man and a woman benefit from donating blood and plasma components.

In the past centuries, the deliberate bloodletting procedure was considered an effective procedure for the treatment of many diseases.

Some time ago there was even a theory according to which blood transfusion from a young organism, an organism of advanced age, contributes to the rejuvenation of the latter.

Determining the benefits of donation, one should determine the gender of the donor.

Benefits of bloodletting for the male and female body

The answer to the question whether it is useful to donate blood to men, the answer will always be positive, provided there are no contraindications.

For representatives of the male part of the population, donating blood and plasma components after the age of 40 brings significantly more benefits than young boys.

With the female body, the situation is a little different.

Often, the fairer sex has a question about whether it is useful to donate blood for donation to women. The answer to this question largely depends on the age of the woman.

During the childbearing period during menstruation, the female body loses a tangible part of the blood, which leads to its renewal, so women at this age need less bloodletting.

If a lady decides to become a donor, then the intervals between the procedures for the delivery of the biomaterial should be significant so that the body has time to recover.

This situation does not apply to women at the onset of menopause. During this period, bloodletting is more beneficial for them than for the young due to the fact that there are no periods.

Everything these factors above say that in order to get an accurate answer about the benefits of donation for women, you should know exactly the age of the potential donor.

Contraindications for the procedure

When planning to join the ranks of donors, it should be remembered that donation has a number of contraindications.

Doctors say that the donation procedure is beneficial for the human body if there are no specific contraindications for its implementation.

Additionally, there is the following list of conditions under which you cannot donate blood:

1. A person should have no contraindications related to his state of health.
2. There should be no infectious, invasive and other diseases.
3. It is necessary to take into account a person's well-being, body parameters, temperature, pressure and some others.
4. There should be no tattoos or piercings on the human body.
5. Biomaterials should not be handed over immediately after returning from abroad.

It should be remembered that there are a number of diseases in which bloodletting is contraindicated.

In addition, it is required to separately consider the suitability for the delivery of biomaterials of women planning to give birth to a child.

Neglect of these rules can harm human health.

Preparation and delivery of biomaterial

Before blood sampling, procedures are carried out aimed at assessing the state of human health. At this stage, it is required to make sure that the loss of blood does not harm the body of a potential donor. At the same time, it is simultaneously determined that a potential donor has any diseases that can interfere with the taking of donor blood.

A person's blood group and Rh factor are determined.

Additionally, tests are carried out for the presence of pathogens in the body that can be transmitted through blood transfusion.

Such diseases are:

• AIDS;
• syphilis;
• viral hepatitis and some other ailments.

There are no age restrictions for participation in the delivery of biomaterial, both young people and elderly people can take it.

The blood of a person of any age has the same value.

The participation in the collection of biomaterial is significantly influenced by the individual characteristics of the organism.

Persons who have undergone recent surgery or people with a body weight of less than 50 kg are not allowed to this procedure.

Over time, professional donors get used to the procedure so much that they begin to feel a certain internal need for it.

People planning to donate blood need to know about the availability of a whole list various contraindications that interfere with the collection of biomaterial.

The whole range of contraindications can be divided into two large groups - temporary and unconditional.

Unconditional contraindications include the presence of a potential donor:

1. Infectious diseases.
2. Invasions.
3. Ailments associated with the work of the nervous system.
4. The presence of blood diseases.
5. Emphysema of the lungs.
6. Angina pectoris.
7. Recurrent obstructive bronchitis.
8. Hepatitis and hepatosis.
9. Gastrointestinal ulcers.
10. Urolithiasis.
11. Diseases of the excretory system.
12. Disturbances in the work of the organs of vision, blindness.
13. Inflammation of the respiratory system.
14. Diseases of the skin.

For temporary contraindications, doctors include the presence of a person:

• transfusion;
• the period of the procedures aimed at postoperative recovery of the body;
• finding a person on a business trip abroad for more than 2 months;
• visits to countries with a tropical climate for more than three months;
• contacting the donor with a person suffering from hepatitis;
• the presence in the body of the influenza virus or ARVI;
• identification of sore throat in a potential donor;
• carrying out a tooth extraction procedure;
• period of menstruation;
• period of bearing the child;
• taking medicines;
• the use of alcoholic beverages.

In addition, a recent vaccination procedure against any disease is a temporary contraindication.

According to studies conducted in Finland and the United States, people who regularly donate blood are much less susceptible to atherosclerosis and heart attacks. Also, according to the observations of foreign researchers, blood donors live 5-8 years longer than the average person.

Donating blood in a significant amount for the body is a kind of training. In a car accident or other incident involving a large blood loss, the donor is more likely to survive.

The donor's blood is tested for various infections (for example, HIV, hepatitis and syphilis) and indicators such as hemoglobin, leukocytes, erythrocytes, etc. The blood is in quarantine for six months, after which infectious diseases that have not been identified earlier may also be found. Therefore, those who donate on a regular basis do not have to worry about their health.

Immediately after taking blood, the body begins to restore it. The bone marrow starts making new red blood cells - red blood cells. These are the cells that deliver oxygen to all organs. In addition, stem cells are formed in the bone marrow, from which the tissues of our body are formed. Thus, blood renews the entire human body.

And, finally, it is useful to donate blood, because the donor feels joy from the good deed done, because thanks to him, someone's life may be saved.

Donation safety

Donating blood today is a completely safe procedure. Blood transfusion stations use disposable medical systems (needles, tubes and bags) that are sterile and open at the time of the donor. Therefore, contrary to fears, a person has no chance of getting infected.

The blood loss experienced by the donor also poses no threat. Usually, about 450 ml of blood is taken at a time, which is no more than 10% of its total volume. Almost immediately after this procedure, a person can get up, have a cup of tea and go home. Within a day or two, the amount of blood in the donor's body will be replenished.

Requirements and contraindications

The blood applicant must be healthy, the permissible age is from 18 to 60 years. Men are recommended to donate blood no more than once every two months, women - once every three months. You will not be able to become a donor if your weight is less than 50 kg.

A person who has recently had flu or acute respiratory infections will be able to donate blood only after a month, and after the operation, no earlier than six months later. Those who have been ill are removed from donation viral hepatitis and others infectious diseases(there are more than forty of them). For medical institutions only high-quality blood is needed, so it is extremely important that the donor does not have any health problems.

Nowadays, blood donation is a common practice, which makes it possible for people far from medicine to help those who have lost a large amount of blood due to an accident. Many have the opportunity to be on the list of donors: both men and women. And more and more often the question arises, is it useful to donate blood for donation to women? When and in what quantities blood should be donated, what consequences are expected and what may be the reason for refusing to donate - all this is important to know before donating blood.

Is it useful to donate blood

The permissible rate of donating blood per year for women is four times: this is due to the fact that every month female representatives are faced with menstruation and lose blood. After donating blood, the next time the donor is allowed to come in two months. It is important to maintain this interval so that the body has time to restore the lost blood volume.

In order for donation to benefit only a woman, she should monitor her health and not come to the delivery if there are any contraindications.

You should consult with your doctor and follow all his instructions regarding the preparatory measures that will allow you to take blood without dangerous consequences for woman. It is also recommended to know the age of the potential donor.

The benefits of donation are as follows:

1. The work of blood circulation improves, the body recovers faster.
2. The likelihood of dysfunction of the cardiovascular system decreases, especially the likelihood of a heart attack in the donor decreases.
3. Immunity rises.
4. Prevention of many diseases of the liver and spleen.
5. Prevention of pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.
6. The body successfully fights heavy bleeding.
7. Donation prolongs a person's life by several years.
8. The donor's blood is carefully examined for infections, so the donor does not need to worry about his body.

Donating blood is also useful because a woman does not have to take medications to bring the body back to normal.

Blood is drawn through a vein. After the procedure, blood pressure decreases, as a result of which the work of the bone marrow is stimulated: young erythrocytes enter the blood. Thanks to this, female representatives retain their youth longer and feel fresh and cheerful.

Some experts note that a woman who donates blood during pregnancy planning is more likely to have a girl.

It is believed that donating blood is most beneficial for women over the age of forty. At this time, their body undergoes changes due to menopause, donation helps to easily transfer its symptoms.

How to donate blood

A donor can be a woman from 18 to 60 years old who does not suffer from anorexia, the weight must exceed 50 kg.

Before donating blood, you must refrain from heavy loads on the body and the use of fried and fatty foods and alcoholic beverages... It is best to follow a specific diet before donating blood and a few days after. Preparation for donating blood should take about two weeks.

It is obligatory to consult a doctor and pass tests to determine whether donation will harm a person and whether his blood is safe, the presence of hepatitis, HIV infection and other infectious diseases is revealed.

It is important to establish the blood group and Rh factor. Typically, this only requires general analysis blood.

In addition to blood, plasma is also donated. This type of donation is considered useful, since plasma donors are less likely to suffer from sclerosis, pathologies of the heart and blood vessels, their body gets used to blood loss, which helps in case of serious injury. Plasma sampling can be performed no more than twice a month, this is more often than blood donation, for the reason that in this case the erythrocytes are restored faster.

Contraindications

It is not recommended to donate blood to pregnant women and those who are breastfeeding. Donation in such cases is allowed only in a number of exceptions and in small amounts. You can not donate blood during menstruation: at least five days must pass after the end of menstruation.

People after some surgeries and those who have tattoos or piercings on their bodies cannot become donors. It is believed that returning from abroad can become a reason for refusing to donate, and only after two months a woman is allowed to donate blood, and in case of visiting tropical countries - three months.

At the time of delivery, the woman should not have any diseases, fever and blood pressure should be within normal limits.

A number of diseases are distinguished, the presence of which does not allow donating blood:

• Diseases of the blood;
• Disturbances in the nervous system;
• Pathology of the lungs and bronchi;
• Chronic hepatitis;
• Kidney and bladder stones;
• Kidney disease;
• Skin diseases;
• Acute infectious diseases.

In the absence of these contraindications for a woman, donating blood will only benefit her. Full list contraindications can be clarified on the website of the blood transfusion service.

Harm

There are almost no side effects that would appear after blood sampling. If all recommendations for the donor are followed, the woman will not face serious threats to her health.

Among the harmful consequences, one is distinguished, namely, the development of dependence among donors. Practice shows that those people who often donate blood have a desire to donate it as often as possible. If there are any obstacles that make donation impossible, they begin to experience psychological discomfort, and their general well-being worsens.

The very wound from an injection on the arm does not bring severe inconvenience and does not hurt, so a woman does not have to spend time treating and caring for her.

Donation does not cause significant harm to the body.

Donate blood or abstain?

Donation is important today as someone always needs a blood transfusion. In this regard, each person, donating their blood, not only saves someone's life, but also becomes an honorary and respected citizen. In many countries, donors receive incentives, including material ones.

It has already been noted above that donation harms the body only if the rules are neglected. It is also important that blood sampling is carried out only in a special institution for this, and the procedure is carried out by a trained specialist with a medical education. A woman needs to be careful when choosing the place where she is going to donate blood, if they demand money from her or offer to carry out the procedure without a preliminary examination, she must refuse.

A woman should not worry about her health if she decides to become a donor. After the first blood sampling, she will feel fresh and cheerful. Definitely, donation only benefits a person.