The jaws are the most important part of the facial skeleton, which is defining not only the beauty, proportionality of the person, but also the implementation of vital functions. The structure of the human jaw involves a complex design capable of solving several tasks and withstand heavy loads.

Functions

Main functions of jaws:

1. Participation in the process of digestion, its initial stage: biting food, its chewing, swallowing (help pushing a lump or saliva in a throat).
2. Thanks to the mobility of the upper and lower jaws, we publish sounds, we can talk.
3. Respiratory function. Direct participation in the process of breathing, these bone entities are not taken, but when injured, breathing is hampered.
4. Fixation of dental units.
5. The formation of cavities for some senses - eyes, nose.

The load that is capable of withstanding the bone together with the ligament apparatus, reaches 70 kg.

Features of the structure of the upper jaw

The upper jaw is the largest part of the skull, and all the bones of his front side are connected to it. With its participation form:

• mouth, nasal cavity;
• elets;
• pots temple and sky.

On the body of the jaw is the Gaimores of the Obuch (Occondiosovaya). On the inner surface there is a hole through which the sinus is connected to the nasal cavity. The bone also consists of four processes:

1. Linged, directed up and struggling with a frontal bone.
2. Zyloma proof - bone structure that is responsible for the partial transmission of chewing load on the sinyl bone.
3. Sky is a horizontal plate of bone tissue, where salivary glands are located. The pavement is the border between the closures of the nose and mouth.
4. Alveolar consists of the pagan and peeling parts. The spongy substance of the alveolar process is the placement of Augene, in which the roots of the teeth are attached.

Anatomical structure of the lower jaw

In contrast to the top, the lower jaw consists of solid bones, a form resembling horseshoe.

It is the only rolling part of the skull.

The relief of the dice includes the following elements:

• the central part forms a chiffer protrusion;
• chiffer tubercles, symmetrically located with both sides;
• selective holes for nerves and vessels;
• age of chin, from where two muscles come from - subwit and paternal.

In addition to the bones, the structure of the lower jaw includes the temporomandibular joint. It is responsible for opening, closing the mouth, advance, shift of the Block. ENCH includes the following elements:

• articular surfaces;
• capsule from connective tissue, shelter organ outside;
• synovial fluid that provides sliding;
• fibrous cartilage separating the joint to the upper and lower department;
• a bundling apparatus consisting of three ligaments.

Anatomically high-headed is a single whole, but the presence of ligaments allows him to move in three directions.

Teeth

On two jaws are chewable units. They differ from each other external speciesBut the anatomy of the teeth of the upper and lower jaws, the scheme of their location (dental formulas) is the same, as well as the names. The smallest tooth is a central cutter; The greatest magnitude has the second molars. Each chewing unit is located in his own Alveole. The structure of Alveol is such that they are able to reliably fix their teeth, helping them withstand a large chewing load.

Children's teeth are somewhat different from constant. The scheme of their location is different: they are only 20, since there are no premolars. In addition, in childhood, other sizes: alveoli and, accordingly, chewing units, less than adult people. With age, the jaw increases more than 4 times.

The only rolling part of the cranial box is the lower jaw, which has a horseshoe form. It plays a very important role in the process of digestion, on which human activity depends. Its injuries is the cause of many diseases associated with incorrect power. The movement of the jaw is carried out at the expense of chewing muscles that are constantly in work.

The lower jaw is the active part of the facial skeleton, consisting of a pair of similar bones, which finally grow together to two years. Each of them has the same structure - body and branch. At the place of their splicing, a minor line is formed, which is formed into an old age in a pronounced bone protrusion. She has seven paired muscles providing her movement that are considered one of the most developed muscles. human organism. The jaw itself, given its shape, can be attributed to flat bones. The anatomy of the lower jaw has a symmetric structure.

Body

The body of the lower jaw has a curved, C-shaped shape, divided into two horizontal halves - alveolar, where the teeth and the base are located. The outer side of the base has a convex form, and the internal is the opposite of a concave form. The alveolar part is represented by a number of dental alveoli (root recesses). Both parts of the body are connected at different angle, creating a basal arc that defines the shape or body size measured by a special value.

The highest point of the body focuses in the middle, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe incisors, and the smallest height is observed in the area of \u200b\u200bpremolars (a pair of indigenous teeth behind the cutters). In the transverse section of the body, its form varies depending on the number and localization of the dental roots. The area where the front alveoli is located is similar to the triangle with the foot, as dire. And in the area of \u200b\u200bPremolars, a form resembles a triangle, the base of which is directed upwards.

In the center of the external side of the body there is a chin ledge. It is precisely that the human jaw is formed from two symmetric bones. The chin is located at an angle of 46-85 ° relative to the imaginary horizontal line. On both sides of it, chinching tubercles located near the base are localized. Above the chin there is a small output hole of the root paths, through which blood and nervous branchings are derived.

Usually its localization has no clear location, and may vary depending on several factors. As a rule, it is located on the line of the fifth alveoli, but it can be shifted towards the fourth, being at the stack of the 5th and 6th tooth. The passage has a rounded shape, sometimes can be separated, is at a distance of 10-19 mm from the base of the body. With an unhealthy alveolar part, its location changes, localizing a little higher.

The side sides of the body have a crooked line, called the oblique roller, one end of which is located at a level with 5-6 tooth, the other - smoothly flows into the front section of the branch.

In the inside of the body, closer to the center, the bone spike is located, which can sometimes have a split form. It is called chiffering susta. Language muscles take their source here. If you go down below, a little to the side, you can see a two-burning deepening. On it is attached a two-burning muscle. Above this fox is a small deepening, called an approaching span, where salivary iron is localized.

Even a little further, closer to the back of the body, the maxillary-speaking line is located, from which the maxillary-lift, as well as the upper compressive pharynx muscle, is fixed. This line passes in the middle of a two-bit and sub-speaking pits, at a level with 5-6 teeth, and its end is in the inside of the branch. And below it, on the contrary, 5-7 teeth, the recess for the salivary gland is localized.

Alveolar half of the body consists of 8 alveoli on both sides. Dental depressions are separated by interlimoolar walls. Partitions covering the tooth from the side of the pitch are called vestibular, and those that look towards the pharynx - pagan. In the upper plane of the body, the dental channels coincide with alveolar hills that are very well visible in the area of \u200b\u200bthe canine or the first molar tooth. Anatomical forms and values \u200b\u200bof the alveoli are different between themselves, and their indicators depend on the destination. Between the front teeth and the protrusion of the chin is a sub-sized collar.

The dental deepeners of the first incisors are compressed from both sides, and the root slightly goes towards the vestibular plate, as a result of which the width of the inner wall is thicker outdoor. Pogs and premolars have a round form, which provides a fortress and uniform pressure. Moreover, they have the deepest alveoli, and the thickness of the partitions significantly exceeds the rubber. Alveola molars have root simpleness, since their root shape roots.

The first two molar teeth have only one simpleness, and the deepening of the third molar can have a different shape, which is capable of changing over time. This is explained by the variability of the root of the molar. Most often, the alveoli of this tooth has a cone form, without a single partition, but the sockets occur, which have one or even two partitions. Their walls are thickened thanks to the sub-lines. Such localization contributes to the reliable fastening of the teeth, which is removing them from breaking.

Part of the body behind the molar teeth has a triangular shape. It is called a toolaring straw, and on the side of the outer plate of the alveolar area is located the mandibular pocket, which is localized, ranging from 2 or 3rd indigenous tooth to antenna sprout.

The structure of the alveolar separation of both parts is similar. Its walls are represented in the form of a two-layer plate: internal and external, and the lower third of the alveolar department under the inner plate is filled with a cavernous body in which the module canal is located. Capillaries, artery, nervous branchings pass on it. A hole in the inner part of the branch is its beginning, and it ends on the outer part of the chores. The removal has a bent shape with a protrusion directed into the front lower part at the bottom of 2 and the 3rd of the dental depression, located between the rooted partitions.

From this channel there are branches for which the nerves and capillaries are suitable for dental roots and open at the bottom of the indigenous rectification. Next, the channel is narrowed by rushing to the central line. From here it serves branching, feeding the front teeth.

Branch

The branch is also divided into two planes: inner and external. But besides this, it has the frontal and backwards, passing into synovial processes - the cornpieces and the mysterious, which are separated by a deep recess. One is intended for fastening the temporal muscle, and the other - for the base of the joint, which connects both cheeks. The shape of the branch does not have a certain species.

The mouse outflow of the lower jaw is presented in the form of a cervix and head, which is combined with the mandibular recess of the temporal department by means of the articular part. On one side of the cervix surface, there is a deepening in the form of a wing, which is intended for fastening the outer wing muscle.

The articular end of the lower jaw has a surrendous form. It is localized in such a way that the axes mentally spent through the maximum size of both heads, have a point of intersection in a large back of a tilt from 120 to 178 degrees. Its form and condition have nothing to do and depend on the functioning of the temporomandibular joint. Movements that contribute to the change in the size and fixedness of the joint, affect the state of the sicristy heads.

The frontal edge of the branch with both sides of the outer plane of the body is formed into the curve of the line, and it comes closer to the axis reaching extremely indigenous teeth, creating a beastly recess. The middle part of the ridge arising at the point of contacting the frontal part and the walls of rear root deepends, referred to as a peeling crest, where the penetration of the penette muscle takes the basis.

The back of the branch is smoothly combined with the base of the body at an inclination angle ranging from 110 to 145 degrees and may vary with time (122-133 degrees). In newborns, this value is approaching 150 degrees, and in adult people the angle decreases, given the preservation of the teeth and the full functioning of the muscles. People in the retirement age when the teeth falling out, it increases again.

The outer side of the branch is represented in the form of a buggy surface that occupies its greatest segment, including the angle of jaws. The chewing muscle is attached on it. From the inside of the branch, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe angle of cheekbones and adjacent departments, there is a wonderland hailism, on which the median muscle is fixed in the shape of a wing. Here, only in the center, there is a hole protected by a temporary bone protrusion, which is called the tongue. A slightly higher than it is localized by the mandibular roller, which is the point of the base of the maxillary-wing and maxill-wedge-shaped ligament.

Most often, the branch of the lower jaw is directed to the outside that the gap between the mumane apophysia of both branches was longer than the segment between the front edges of the jaw corners. The difference between the branches deviation is largely due to the form of the top of the front bone. If it is rather wide, then the branches are minimized, and with a narrowed face form, on the contrary, the most.

In the first case, the value can vary from 23 to 40 mm. The width and depth of the cutout also have distant parameters: the width ranges from 26 to 43 mm, and the depth is from 7 to 21 mm. In a person with a wider facial bone, these indicators are maximum.

Lower jaw functions

For the power of the compression of the teeth, the muscles of the occipital branches of the branches are mostly answered. Saving a healthy bone in such conditions directly depends on age-related changes. The angle of jaws must constantly change, starting at birth and ending with the elderly. More suitable conditions for countering the load obtained are characterized by changing the angle of jaws up to 70 degrees. This value occurs when changing the position of the outer angle, between the surface of the base and the back of the branch.

The overall comprehensive strength rate reaches 400 kgf, which is 20% higher than the resistance upper jaw. This suggests that idle loads in the compression of teeth do not represent any hazard for chewing bones associated with the upper part of the cranial box. It turns out that the lower jaw is a kind of fuse capable of destroying solid objects and is damaged, without affecting the upper jaw.

This property should be taken into account by dentists when replacing teeth. Maxim bone has a compact substance that gives it hardness. Its indicators are calculated according to a certain formula or special meters and should be 250-356 HV. Separate sections of teeth have their own value, and in the area of \u200b\u200bthe 6th tooth it reaches a maximum. This proves its important importance in Alveolar row.

From the above information, some conclusions concerning the structure and activities of chewing bones can be made. Its branches are not adjacent, since their upper surfaces are somewhat wider than the lower. The coincidence is equal to 18 degrees. Moreover, the front edges of the branches are one centimeter closer than the rear.

Triangular bone, which combines its peaks and jaw connection, has almost equal sides. The right and left side are similar, but asymmetrical. All indicators and functions of the lower jaw are largely dependent on the age category and change as the body agrees.

Lower jaw injuries

Injury of the maxillofacial department is one of the most unpleasant lesions of the human skeleton. Such injuries require long-term treatment and very slowly heal. And the most unpleasant thing is that reception of food does not give pleasure, but only painful feelings. As a result, problems with stomach and digestion are arising. The main cause of injuries is a physical impact when falling, blows and other accidents. The most common of them are bruises, dislocations and fractures.

In addition, with any injury, any kind of complications may arise. This is usually due to the lack of proper treatment and ignoring the problem. If not to treat injury, though insignificant, post-stationary periostitis may occur, often ending with deformation of the bone, which will write out over time.

Complications can be directed to pathological and physiological disorders of the Alveolar Department: displacement of the teeth, bite disruption, the emergence of interdental intervals.

When injuring the jaw, it is unlikely to avoid a feeling of discomfort and pain. All the actions that it performs is a conversation, chewing, swallowing will accompany acute pain. However, some unpleasant moments can be avoided if you turn to a traumatologist or surgeon in a timely manner, and during the treatment process to perform their instructions.

Bruise jaws

One of the most simple disorders of the chewing apparatus is a bruise. This type of injury is characterized by the lack of external physical lesions of the skin and bone. Most often, physical contact with a solid surface or a heavy object becomes the cause of bruises. The severity of injury depends on several factors: from material, strength, mass, speed.

I can determine the injury according to the following signs

• A sharp change in body temperature.
• Soreness.
• Redness of the skin.
• Specific sound when moving cheekbones.
• Strong pain during feeding.
• May sick head.

Injury can be easily defined by availability external signswhich are described above. The patient himself can have a first help. To do this, it is enough to attach a cooling compress to the affected piece of jaw, tightly imposing a bandage for 10-15 minutes. It will remove the tune, will reduce pain. After that, you need to visit the doctor's office to begin treatment.

In the absence of relevant assistance, I can arise unwanted consequences: Loss of teeth or deformation of individual sections.

Dislocation

Most often, the reason for the dislocation becomes sharp movements up and down, as well as solid items with teeth. These factors can provoke deformation or displacement of the joint head, which further leads to severe injuries. This happens due to the properties of the jaw to actively move in various directions, which often leads to its deformation. And to fix it - push or plug - not so simple and very painful.

The symptoms of dislocation differs significantly from the signs of the bruise with its increased intensity. In addition, the following changes may be observed:

• constant pain;
• problematic with jaw closure;
• abundant saliva;
• the ability to visually observe the displacement of the jaw bone.

Dislocation can have two degrees of complexity: one-sided dislocation, when the deformation of one articular head occurs, and bilateral dislocation, when both joints are displaced. Determine the type of injury can be independently. Deviation of the chin at the slightest movement in one direction indicates unilateral dislocation.

Fracture

The most dangerous injuries of the chewing apparatus are damage associated with bone fractures. As a rule, various parts of the bone base may be affected with this form of injury. It can be obtained when falling, impact, accidents or other circumstances.

It may have different localization depending on the area of \u200b\u200bthe lesion - complete or partial destruction of the bone structure. Another cause of the fracture can serve as a tumor disease, hypertrophy of chewing muscles or brain dysfunction, when a person may lose consciousness, fall, having injured.

The danger of fractures is that when the bone is destroyed, others may be damaged internal organs Heads located in this area. At the same time may suffer airways, Bundles, tendons, tongue or blood system.

Fractures are accompanied by the following symptoms:

• unbearable pain;
• cyanosis;
• nausea;
• sharp clouding in the head;
• swelling;
• lost.

It is clear that the word diagnosis is inappropriate here, since signs of fracture are visible with a naked eye. However, other diagnostic methods are needed in order to determine its scale, as well as the availability possible complications. Sometimes with X-rayoscopy, a false dust of the lower jaw can be detected, which is formed by loss of bone layer - pseudoarthritis.

If a person got a similar injury, first of all, you need to call an urgent, but until it arrives, it is necessary to take first-aid measures: to calm the victim, then try to fix the affected bone, and in the presence of bleeding - stop the blood. To do this, you can use pure fabrics if there is no possibility to extract bandages or napkins. When tagging the language, you need to take measures to fix it, and then remove blood remnants from the oral cavity if the injury is so serious. This is done in order for the victim to be able to breathe calmly, he did not fell into panic or lost consciousness.

1-abnormal process; (side view)

2-front tear comb;

3-porg-like edge;

4-front surface;

5-porcier hole;

6-nasal clipping;

7-front nasal oars;

8-body of the upper jaw;

9-alveolar elevations;

10-zicky process;

11-alveolar holes;

13-pond-eye grocery;

14-icing surface.

1-abnormal process; (view from the inside)

2-tear edge;

3-tear groove;

4-top-unclaid (Gaimortov) sinus;

5-nose body surface of the upper jaw;

6-big sky groove;

7-alveolar process;

8-pavement process;

9-cutting channel;

10-front nasal toast;

11-sink comb;

12-lattice comb.

The upper jaw, Maxilla, steam room, is located in the upper-step of the facial skull. It refers to the number of air bones, since it contains an extensive cavity lined with mucous membrane - the maxillary sinus, Sinus Maxillaris. The bone distinguish the body and four processes. The following bone processes are distinguished by: frontal, zoomy, alveolar and sky.

· From the top edge of the nasal surface, at the place of passing it in the front, straightened up lyhnogo process, Processus Frontalis. It has a medial (nasal) and lateral (facial) surface. The lateral surface of the front lacrimal comb, Crista Lacrimalis Anterior, divides into two sections - front and rear. The rear section of the book goes into a lacrimalis, Sulcus Lacrimalis. The border of it is from the inside is the lacrimal region, Margo Lacrimalis. To which the lacrimal bone is adjacent, forming a tear-upper-eyed seam with him, Sutura Lacrimo-Maxillaris. On the medial surface in front of the back lattice ridge, crista ethmoidalis. The upper edge of the frontal process is bodied and combined with the bow of the frontal bone, forming the front-upper-eyed seam, Sutura Frontomaxillaris. The front edge of the frontal process is connected to the nasal bone in the nasorerheyl adhesive seam, Sutura Nasomaxillaris.

· Zhilogo process, Processus Zygomaticus, departs from the exterior corner of the body. Grungy End of Zygomaticum Skylight, OS Zygomaticum, form a zygomaticomaxillaris sutura.

· Sky exhaust, Processus Palatinus is a horizontally located bone plate, which departs inside from the lower edge of the nasal surface of the body of the upper jaw and together with the horizontal plate of the sky bone forms a bone partition between the nasal cavity and the oral cavity. The inner rough edges of the sky processes are both upper-eyed bones connect, forming the middle palatine seam, Sutura Palatina Mediana. On the right and left of the seam is a longitudinal palate roller, Torus Palatinus. The rear edge of the sky ahead comes into contact with the front edge of the horizontal part of the sky bone, forming a cross-chivial seam with him, Sutura Palatina Transversa. The upper surface of the sky processes is smooth and slightly concave. The bottom surface is rough, near her back end there are two sky grooves, Sulci Palatini, which are separated by one from the other small palatina, Spinae Palatinae (vessels and nerves come in furrows). The right and left pavement proceedings at their front edge form an oval form of an incisive fossa, Fossa Incisiva. At the day of the yames there are cutting holes, ForaMina Incisiva (their two), which opens the cutting channel, Canalis Incisivus. Also ending with the peeling holes of the nasal surface of the sky processes. The channel can be located on one of the processes, in this case the cutting groove is on the opposite process. The area of \u200b\u200bthe cutting holes from the sky processes sometimes separates the cutting seam, Sutura Incisiva; In such cases, the cutting bone is formed, OS Incisivum.

· Alveolar ridge, Processus Alveolaris, the development of which is associated with the development of the teeth, departs from the lower edge of the body of the upper jaw and describes the arc directed by convexity forward and the dust. The lower surface of this area is an alveolar arc, Arcus Alveolaris. It has a lunok - dental alveoli, Alveoli Dentales, in which the roots of the teeth are located on 8 on each side. Alveolas are separated from one from another interlimoolar partitions, Septa Interalvelararia. Some of the alveoli in turn are divided by intercane partitions, Septa interradicularia, to smaller cells in the number of roots of the tooth. The front surface of the alveolar process, respectively, five front alveolis has longitudinal alveolar elevations, Juga Alveolaria. Part of the alveolar process with alveoli of two front cutters is an embryo of a separate incisive bone, OS Incisivum, which is wounded early with an alveolar overflow of the upper jaw. Both alveolar processes are connected and form an interoperable seam, Sutura IntermaxiLlaris.

The body of the upper jaw, Corpus Maxillae, has four surfaces: the orphanage, front, nasal and advocacy.

· Foreign surface, Facies Orbitalis, smooth, has a triangle shape, a slightly inclined the kaper, the duck and the book, forms the bottom wall of the Mazznica, Orbita. The medial edge is connected in front with a lacrimal bone, forming a tear-upper-eyed seam, the stop from the tear bone - with a lattice lattice In the lattice-topless seams and then the stop - with the orphanage of the sky bone in the celestial and maxillary seam.

· Mossful surfaceFacies Infratemporaalis, facility, Fossa Infratemporalis, and Wonderful Sky Yamke, Fossa Pterygopalatina, Uneven, often convex, forms the upper jaw, Tuber Maxillae. It distinguishes two or three small alveolar holes leading to Alveolar Channels, Canales Alveolares, through which nerves go to the rear teeth of the upper jaw.

· Front surface, Fades Anterior, slightly bent. Below the under-judicial edge on it opens a fairly large subordinate hole, ForaMen InfraorBitale, below which there is a small recess - a fanging fossa, Fossa Canina (here takes the beginning of the muscle, raising the corner of the mouth, m. Levator ANGULI ORIS). In addition to the front surface without a noticeable border. The front (peeled) surface of the alveolar process, Processus Alveolaris, on which there are a series of convexities - alveolar elevations, Juga alveolaria.Knutri and Kepened, towards the nose, the front surface of the body of the upper jaw goes into the sharp edge of the nasal cut, Incisura Nasalis. At the bottom of the clipping ends in front of the front nose, Spina Nasalis Anterior. The nasal cuttings of both topless bones limit the pear aperture, the Apertura Piriformis, which leads to the nasal cavity.

· Nasal surface, Facies Nasalis, the upper jaw more complicated. In the upper-seat its corner there is a hole - a maxillary cleft, Hiatus Maxillaris, leading to the topless sinus. The grinding nasal surface forms the seam with the perpendicular plate of the sky bone from the cleft. Here on the nasal surface of the upper jaw vertically, a large palate groove is held vertically, Sulcus Palatinus Major. It is one of the walls of a large palast canal, Canalis Palatinus Major. Kepened from the topless crevice passes a lacrimalis, sulcus lacrimalis, limited from the front edge of the frontal process. A lacrimal bone is adjacent to the tear furrow, downstairs is the tear of the lower shell. At the same time, the tear groove closes to the nasal canal, Canalis Nasolacrimalis. An even more kpeed on the nasal surface is a horizontal protrusion - a sink comb, Crista Conchalis. To which the bottom nose sink is attached.

The upper jaw from the point of view of the function is different from the lower jaw. She, as stated, is fixed and is under the influence of the lower jaw, like anvil under the action of hammer. Its functional structure is less difficult. The roughness due to the attachment of the muscles is available only in the region of the maxillary bugro - in the place of attaching the lower head of the outer wardlike muscle. On the upper jaw there is a small pressure (dog pampe) at the site of attaching a dog muscle.

It is located on the front surface of the body of the bone below the supporting hole. Other roughness and grooves that are available on the body of the upper jaw are caused by the adjacent vessels. The foundations or so-called counterphorts have great functionality. These foundations serve as chewing pressure conductors coming from the lower jaw during the closure of the dental rows. They rely on the alveolar process, and the top - in various parts of the facial skeleton.

Four them:

· lobno-nasal is located on the side wall of the nasal cavity; It goes up, then goes into a nasal process, strengthening the portion of the upper jaw in this area and balancing pressure and thrust force, which develop fangs in accordance with the trajectory from the bottom up;

· skylovaya stability Relieving into the body of the zick bone and is attached from behind with the help of a zilly arc; Zkylovaya sustained is located in the area of \u200b\u200bfinding the first molar and balances the force developing with chewing teeth in the bottom upward, in front of the kice and outside Knutri;

· stagger stroke The upper jaw is formed, more precisely, its hill, which in turn rests on a walled process; The storage stability is located in the field of large indigenous teeth and balances the force developing in this area, from the bottom upwards and backward (N. V. Altukhov);

· sky stability Heavy and left side of the dental arc in the transverse direction is formed; This stability balances the force developing during chewing pressure in the transverse direction.

Solid sky. The solid sky consists of the sky of the upper jaw and horizontal plates of the sky bones. These parts of the solid sky are interconnected by two seams - sagittal and frontal. Sagittal seam is located in the place of the excursion of the left and right pavement of the upper jaws and the left and right horizontal plates of the sky bones. Frontal seam is located in the junction of the sky of the top jaw with horizontal plates of the sky bones. The bone skeleton of the solid sky has a pronounced curvature in the sagittal direction and a smaller curvature in the transverse direction. Sky flat back.

The upper surface of the solid sky is facing the nasal cavity. If there is a solid sky defect, a message is formed between the nasal and the oral cavity, and the resonator properties of these cavities are changed. A speech function, an act of chewing, swallowing and respiration, is disturbed because the air wave does not meet the obstacles from the solid sky and falls simultaneously into the nasal and oral cavity, as a result of which the voice is violated, the clarity of pronunciation. Especially suffering from the pronunciation of the sky sounds. The swallowing and respiratory functions are violated due to the fact that when the defect is described, part of the food during the meal does not reach the pharynx, and falls along the way to the nasal cavity. Food, falling into the nasal cavity, also annoys the nose mucosa and causes inflammatory changes to it. The contents of the nasal cavity fall into the oral cavity, which is also very painful for the patient. In addition, the feelings of the oral cavity are disturbed: a sense of touch, taste, temperature fluctuations.

The jaw forms a set of the mouth and plays a special role in human life. It is divided into two components: upper and lower jaw. The anatomy of these parts has its own distinctive features and a functional value.

Topographic anatomy - what is it

The structure of the upper jaw

The pair of the upper jaw is located in the middle of the facial segment of the skull and is fixedly connected to its bones. Hyportor or an air axle sinus, which opens into the nasal cavity, is included in its composition. The upper jaw is lighter than the lower, as it has several sinuses (cavities), the largest of them has an average volume of 5 cubic centimeters.

The structure of the upper jaw is represented by the body with four surfaces:

1. front;
2. ilver;
3. nasal;
4. orbital.

Top jaw

Front surfaceIn the process of evolution, gradually changed the form with flat on the curved. The supporting edge segments it from the ordown surface in the upper segment. In the lower part, the front surface passes into a brush alveolar process with small convexities corresponding to the location of the dental root. At the medial region there is a nasal clipping, participating in the formation of the front opening of the nasal cavity.

Mossful surfaceparticipating in the formation of partitions of wonderland and mossy Yamok, fencepred off from the front basis - a zickthrower. It contains the topless hill with multiple alveolar processes, which lead to the same channels.

Nasal surface Takes part in the formation of a lateral nasal cavity partition. It is mostly occupied by the maxillary cleft, leading to the Gaimorov sinus in the body of the maxillary bone. A people's furrow helps in the formation of a rosal canal in front of the topless cleft.

Foreign surface, outlines look like a triangle. Takes part in the formation of the lower wall of the orbit. At its inner region there is a peel clipping, which contains a peeling bone. In the rear, he originates the porzhazhniki furrow, developing into the eponymous channel.

In addition to the body, the organ includes four processes:

1. alveolar;
2. zhilogo;
3. palatine;
4. frontal.

They differ in location, structure and direction.

Alveolar ridge Looks like a bone roller, leaving down from the upper jaw. It is an arc, which is located eight recesses (alveoli) for dental roots. Alveolas are separated from each other by interlimoolar partitions. Outside surface Arcs are called vestibular, internal - notable.

Zkylovathe process is moving away in the direction of the zick bone from the upper fuel portion of the body of the upper jaw. Between the alveoli of the first molar and the lower edge of the process is a SCOsoalveolar comb, which helps to redistribute the chewing load on the zilly bone.

Palatine The process is a bone plate located horizontally helps in the formation of a solid nose. On its bottom rough side are small grooves. In the front department, the outflow runs the cutting channel, and in the rear it is connected to the plate of the roasting bone located horizontally.

Frontal The process departs from the body of the jaw up, merging with the nasal segment of the frontal bone. The front tears comb (located vertically on its lateral surface) restricts the first peeling furrow. The lattice comb, placed on the opposite - the medial side, joins the middle nasal sink.

Different shape of the jaw is high and narrow or wide and low - affects the formation of an oval of the face, but despite this, the jaw structure remains unchanged.

Title names

There are 4 types:

1. cutters (central and lateral);
2. premolars or small indigenous;
3. molars or big root.

Functions of the upper jaw

Basic roles - assistance in work digestive system and speech apparatus. That is, the upper jaw is involved in the chewing process (which is important for primary food processing) and reproducing sounds.

It forms the cavities of the nose, or mouth, the wonder-like holes, the correct arrangement of the processes, forms partitions between mouth and nose. Partly the jaw determines the sowing faces.

Teeth of man

Anatomy of molars and premolars

Small and large indigenous teeth are located on the sides of the jaw. Their main function is tooling and grinding food, so they are also called chewing.

Molaria

Large indigenous, in comparison with the rest of the teeth, have a large and massive chewing surface - a crown on which 4 or 5 tubercles are located. The groove, separating them, is similar to the letter N. Bhulki, depending on which surface they continue, are divided into pagan, having a rounded shape, and pointed brushes.

Milaars are divided into three types:

1. Rectangle, on its surface is three brush, including one front-old, and two paternal tubercles. The first of them occupy a large area, but not so convex compared to the last two. The protrusions crosses the n-shaped groove. The tooth has 3 roots: a pacific - rounded and straight, brushed - shovel from sides and rejected back.
2. Have a crown square outlineswhich houses two brush and as many paternal bugrov. The longitudinal groove runs closer to the pagan edge, and the transverse goes to the vertical wall of the tooth and ends with a "blind" deepening. In the subrian zone, the vestibular surface gradually decreases. The tooth has two roots: rear - massive and straight, front - flattened. On the sides of the roots are longitudinal grooves.
3. Less than the rest of the molars. It is often similar to the structure with the second indigenous tooth. The crown resembles a cube, on the surface of which is located four to five tubercles, in rare cases - three. The tubercles are separated by longitudinal and transverse grooves. 2 roots depart from base, but they can merge into one thickened and short.

Third upper molar

The last molars include wisdom teeth, which are broken in the interval of 17-30 years or not at all appearing.

Premolars

Small indigenous teeth are placed between fangs and molars. Such a position imposed a print on the structure: they have some signs of neighboring teeth. On their wide surface there are 2 bulbs: oral and vestibular. Most often have one root, which are divided into two parts, in rare cases for three.

Classification of molars in dentistry:

• The first small root. It has a prism shape with rounded corners, reminiscent of the fang. The brushed and the breadless surfaces are convex, and the first is greater than the second. The cutting edge carries in the middle the main borgorm, but unlike the canine - it is lowered below. Between the tubercles pass the grooves ending with enamel rollers. Closer to the top of the root split.
• The second small root. Less than preceding and close to it anatomical structure. The root is one, and its branching is rare.

The design of the upper jaw is individual for each person. Elements have their own location, structure and certain properties. The pair bone of the facial skull department is important not only when forming a beautiful profile, but also for functional activity Chewing and speech apparatus.

The shape of the upper jaw is individual. It can be narrow and high, which is typical of people with an extended, narrow face, or wide and low - in short people.

The upper jaw is the steamy massive bone of the facial skull, forms the walls of the wrist, the nasal and oral cavities, participates in the work of the chewing apparatus.

The upper jaw of a person consists of the body and 4th processes. She is stationary due to the instance with the bones of the face and almost does not have points of the combination of chewing muscles.

The bone body has four surfaces:

• front
• hatch
• nose
• foundation.

The front surface of the body of the upper jaw is slightly curved, it is limited from above the lowerland edge and medial-nasal cutting, and from the bottom - the alveolar process of Ilatherally - SocoLoalveolar ridge. Its body inside contains a large air-capable gaymorh cavity communicating with the nasal cavity.

On the front surface of the body, approximately at the level of the 5th or 6th tooth, there is an under-judgment hole, a diameter of up to 6 mm. Through it is the finest blood vessels, as well as a trigeminal nerve process.

At the bottom of the surface without a noticeable border goes into the front-rack surface of the alveolar process, on which there are alveolar elevations. In the direction of the nose, the front surface of the body of the upper jaw passes to the edge of the nasal cut.

The hobby surface is convex, is part of the oss and the picker. It distinguishes two or three small alveolar holes leading to alveolar channels through which the nerves go to the rear teeth of the upper jaw.

The nasal surface has a hole - the maxillary cleft, leading in the maxillary sinus. Rearly cleft rough nasal surface forms a seam with a perpendicular plate of the sky bone. Here on the nasal surface of the upper jaw, a large pacorrot is vertically, which is one of the walls of a large sky canal. From the topless cleft, a tear groove is held, limited by the edge of the frontal process. A lacrimal bone is adjacent to the tear furrow, downstairs is the tear of the lower shell. At the same time, the tear groove closes into the nose-colored canal. On the nasal surface is a horizontal protrusion - a sink comb, to which the bottom nose-sink is attached.

The orbital surface is involved in the formation of the lower wall of the orbit and continues into the front surface of the upper jaw.

Distinguish the following bone processes:

• frontal,
• palatine,
• zkylova
• alveolar

The abnormal process of the upper jaw is connected to the nasal part of the frontal bone. It has a medial and lateral zone. In the medial area of \u200b\u200bthe frontal process there is a tear comb. The back is bordered by a tear groove.

The sky of the upper jaw enters the system of hard tissue of heaven. It connects with the opposite side process and the plates of bones of the median seam. A nasal crest is formed along this seam.

The upper surface of the sky processes is smooth and slightly concave. The bottom surface is rough, near her rear end there are two sky grooves, which are separated from one another with small pacificses.

The rear surface of the body of the upper jaw is connected to the front with the help of a zilly process, has an uneven, often convex shape. Here there is a borger of the upper jaw, which opens the alveolar channels. The side of the rear surface of the body is also placed a big pacorrot. The zyloma extension of the upper jaw refers to the side of the surface, has a grungy end. Zhilogo frontal bone proof connects with a temporal process.

The alveolar process of the upper jaw consists of an outer (peel), internal (paternal) wall, as well as dental alveoli from a spongy substance where teeth are placed. The complex structure of the alveolar process also includes bone partitions (interdental and intercortional).

Alveolar process develops as the teeth and their teething develop and turns the book. In an adult, the edge of each upper jaw has 8 dental alveolo dentions for the roots of the teeth. After the fallout of the teeth, the corresponding holes are atrophy, and after the fallout of all the teeth of atrophy is exposed to the entire alveolar process.

Upper jaw, Maxilla, Steam bone with a complex structure caused by its diverse functions: participation in the formation of cavities for organs of feelings - soccer and nose, in the formation of a partition between the cavities of the nose and mouth, as well as participation in the work of the chewing machine.

The transfer of a person in connection with his labor activity of a grazing function with jaws (like animals) has led to a decrease in the size of the upper jaw; At the same time, the appearance of a person speech has made the structure of the jaw more subtle. All this determines the structure of the upper jaw, developing on the basis of the connective tissue.

Top jaw Consists of body and four processes.

A. Body, Corpus Maxillae, Contains greater air Purchase, Sinus Maxillaris(maximum or gaymorov, hence the name of the inflammation of the sinuses - sinusitis), which wide hole, HIATUS MAXILLARISOpened in the nasal cavity. The body distinguishes four surfaces.

Front surface, Facies Anterior, In a modern man, in connection with the weakening of the chewing function, caused by artificial cooking, is concave, and Neanderthal has a flat. Downstairs, she goes into an alveolar process where a number noticeed highway, Juga Alveolariawhich correspond to the position of the dental root.
The elevation corresponding to the fang is expressed more than others. Above it and laterally flyer Yam, Fossa Canina. At the top The front surface of the upper jaw is eliminated from the ordown subjective edge, Margo InfraorBitalis. Immediately below it noticeably subjective hole, Formen InfraorBitalThrough which the nerve of the same name and artery come out of the eye. The medial boundary of the front surface serves top Cutting, Incisura Nasalis.

High surface, Facies infratempordlis, separated from the front surface by means of a zilly process and carries buds upper jaw, Tuber Maxillae, I. sulcus Palatinus Major..

Nasal Surface, Facies Nasalis, downstairs goes to the upper surface of the sky process. It is noticeable to the ridge for the bottom Nasal shell (crista conchalis). Behind the frontal process noticeable gray groove, Sulcus Lacrimaliswhich, with a tear bone and lower shell turns into roseal Canal - Canalis Nasolacrimalisreporting an eyeball with a lower nasal move. Even more for the hide - a large hole leading to sinus Maxillaris..

Smooth, flat icing surface, facies orbitalis, It has a triangular shape. On the medial region of her, behind the frontal process, is located temar clipping, Incisura Lacrimaliswhere the tear bone is included. Near the rear edge of the orphanage begins poriznichnaya groove, sulcus infraorbitaliswhich turning turns into canalis infraorbitalisrelevant foraMen InfraorBitaleon the front surface of the upper jaw.
From the attorney canal alveolar Channels, Canales AlveoldresFor nerves and vessels going to the front teeth.

B. Process.
1. Opported process, Processus Frontalis, Rises up and connects with Pars Nasalis frontal bone. On the medial surface is available comb, crista ethmoidalis- Trail attachment of the middle nasal shell.

2. Alveolaris, Processus Alveolaris, on his own lower Territory, Arcus Alveolaris, It has dental Cells, Alveoli Dentaleseight upper teeth; Cells are divided partitions, septa intetervelararia.

3. Sky procesus Palatinus Forms most of the following solid Sky, Palatum Osseum, connecting with a paired process of the opposite side of the median seam. Along the median seam on the top, facing the sides of the nose side of the process goes nasal Comb, Crista Nasalisconnecting with the bottom edge of the coulter.

Near the front end crista Nasalis. on the top surface is noticeable hole leading in cutter Canalis Incisivus. The upper surface is smooth, the lower, facing the cavity of the mouth, rough (peeling of the glance of the mucous membrane) and carries longitudinal furrows, Sulci Palatini, for nerves and vessels. In the forefront often noticeable cutting seam, Sutura Incisiva.

He separates the mouth of the upper jaw incisivum OS Incisivumwhich in many animals is in the form of a separate bone (OS IntermaxillaRE), and in humans only as a rare option.

4. Zygomaticus Processus Zygomaticus, It is connected to the zilly bone and forms a thick suborary, through which pressure under chewing pressure is transmitted.

Top Jaw, Maxilla, Steam bone with a complex structure due to its diverse functions: participation in the formation of cavities for the senses - society and nose, in the formation of a partition between the clients of the nose and mouth, as well as participation in the work of the chewing machine. The transfer of a person in connection with his labor activity of a grazing function with jaws (like animals) has led to a decrease in the size of the upper jaw; At the same time, the appearance of a person speech has made the structure of the jaw more subtle. All this determines the structure of the upper jaw, developing on the basis of the connective tissue.

The upper jaw consists of the body and four processes.

Body, Corpus Maxillae, Contains a large air axle sinus, sinus maxillaris (maxillary or gaymorov, hence the name of the inflammation of the sinuses - sinus), which is a wide hole, HIATUS MAXILLARIS, opens into the nasal cavity.

The body distinguishes four surfaces.

Front surface, FDCIES ANTERIOR, a modern man in connection with the weakening of the chewing function, due to artificial cooking, is concave, and Neanderthal has a flat. Downstairs, she goes into an alveolar process where a number of elevations are noticeable, Juga Alveolaria, which correspond to the position of the dental root. The elevation corresponding to the fang is expressed more than others. Above it and laterally there is a fanging fossa, Fossa Canina. At the top of the front surface of the upper jaw is eliminated from the head of the puddle of the edge, Margo InfraorBitalis. Immediately, it is noticeably noticeable to the sublipping hole, ForaMen InfraorBital, through which the nerve of the same name and artery come out of the eye. The medial border of the front surface is the nasal cutting, Incisura Nasalis.

Fake Surface, Facies Infratempordlis, separated from the front surface by means of a zilly process and carries a bump of the upper jaw, Tuber Maxillae, and Sulcus Palatinus Major. Nasal surface, Facies Nasalis, downstairs goes into the upper surface of the sky process. It is noticeable comb for the bottom nasal shell (Crista Conchalis). Behind the frontal process, a tear groove is noticeable, Sulcus Lacrimalis, which, with a tear bone and the lower sink, turns into a nasal canal - Canalis Nasolacrimalis, which informs the eye with a lower nose. Even more for the hide is a large hole leading to Sinus Maxillaris.

Smooth, flat FEETING SURFACE, FACIES ORBITALISIt has a triangular form. On the medial edge of it, behind the frontal process, there is a tear cutting, Incisura Lacrimalis, where the lacrimal bone is included. Near the rear edge of the orphanage, the sulcus infraorbitalis, which turns into the Canalis InfraorBitalis, which opens up the above-mentioned ForaMen InfraorBitale on the front surface of the upper jaw, begins. Alveolar Channels, Canales Alveolares, for nerves and vessels going to the front teeth are depressed from the supporting channel.

Process.

• Opported process, Processus Frontalis, rises upstairs and connects with the Pars Nasalis of the frontal bone. On the medial surface there is a comb, crista ethmoiddlis - a trace of attaching the middle nasal shell.
• Alveolaris, Processus Alveolaris, at its lower edge, Arcus Alveolaris, has dental cells, alveoli denales, eight upper teeth; Cells are separated by partitions, Septa Interalvelararia.
• Palatinu Processus Palatinus forms most of the solid sky, Palatum Osseum, connecting with a paired process of the opposite side of the median seam. Along the median seam on the top, facing the sides of the nose side of the process comes a nasal crest, Crista Nasalis, connecting with the bottom edge of the coulter. Nasalis's front end of Crista on the top surface is noticeable with a hole leading to the cutting channel, Canalis Incisivus. The upper surface is smooth, the lower, facing the oral cavity, rough (thinning glance of the mucous membrane) and carries longitudinal furrows, Sulci Palatini, for nerves and vessels. The cutting seam is often noticeable in the front department, Sutiira Incisiva. It separates the spruce bone spilled with the upper jaw, OS Incisivum, which in many animals happens in the form of a separate bone (OS Intermaxillare), and in humans only as a rare option.
• Zygomaticus Processus Zygomaticus, It is connected to the zicky bone and forms a thick suborary through which the pressure of chewing is transmitted to the zilly bone.

What doctors to seek to examine the upper jaw:

Dentist

Maxillofacial Surgeon

What diseases are associated with the upper jaw:

What tests and diagnostics need to be held for the upper jaw:

X-ray of the upper jaw

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Other anatomical terms per letter "B":

Top Jaw, Maxilla , steam room, located in the center of the face and connects with all its bones, as well as with lattice, frontal and wedge-shaped bones. The upper jaw takes part in the formation of the walls of the ordraw, the nasal and oral cavities, the wonderland and ompete pits. It distinguishes the body and four processes, of which the frontier is directed upwards, alveolar - down, the sky is addressed medially, and Zhilana - laterally. Despite the considerable volume, the upper jaw is very light, since the cavity is in its body - the sinus, Sinus Maxillaris (4-6 cm3). This is the largest sinus from among those in (Fig. 1-8.1-9, 1-10).

1 - abnormal process, Processus Frontalis; 2 - Front Surface, Facies Anterior

Fig. 1-9. The structure of the right upper jaw, Maxilla (view from the lateral side): 1 - frontal process, Processus Frontalis; 2 - PRPLAZNIVE REGION; 3 - Pilping hole, ForaMen InfraorBitale; 4 - nasal clipping, Incisura Nasalis; 5 - canine fangs, Fossa Canina; 6 - front nose, spina nasalis anterior; 7 - Alveolar elevations, Juga Alveolaria; 8 - cutters; 9 - fang; 10 - Premolars; 11 - Molars; 12 - Alveolar process, Processus Alveolaria; 13 - Zygomatic procesus zygomaticus; 14 - Alveolar holes, ForaMina Alveolaria; 15 - Tuber Maxillare, Tuber Maxillare; 16 - Podgladnichnaya groove; 17 - the basic surface of the body of the maxillary bone, facies orbitalis; 18 - Temarijord, Sulcus Lacrimalis

Fig. 1-10. : 1 - bope maxillary bone; 2 - lattice comb, crista ethmoidalis; 3 - a lacrimalis Sulcus; 4 - maxillary sinus, Sinus Maxillaris; 5 is a big chicken furrow; 6 - nasal crest; 7 - Network furrows; 8 - Alveolar process; 9 - molars; 10 - Labor process, Processus Palatinus; 11 - Premolars; 12 - fang; 13 - cutters; 14 - the cutting channel; 15 - Front nose, spina nasalis anterior; 16 - nasal surface (facies nasalis) maxillary bones; 17 - Shell Comb, Crista Conchanis

The body of the upper jaw (Corpus Maxillae) has 4 surfaces: front, hatch, orphanage and nasal.

Front surface The top is limited to the under-judicial edge, below which the hole is located through which the vessels and nerves come. This hole 2-6 mm in diameter is located at the level of the 5th or 6th teeth. Under this hole lies a fangs (Fossa Canim), which is the place of starting the muscle raising the angle of the mouth.

On a foolish surface The Tuber Maxillae (Tuber Maxillae) is distinguished (Tuber Maxillae), on which there are 3-4 alveolar holes heading towards the roots of large indigenous teeth. Through them are vessels and nerves.

Foreign surface Contains a tear clipping, limits the bottom orbitalis inferior (Fissura Orbitalis Inferior). At the rear edge of this surface there is a porzhaorbitalis (Sulcus InfraorBitalis), turning into the channel of the same name.

Nasal surface To a large extent occupied by the topless cleft (Hiatus Maxillaris).

Alveolaris (Processus Alveolaris) . It is a continuation of the body of the upper jaw of the book and is a arcuten-like curved bone roller with convexity facing the kepenta. The greatest degree of curvature of the process is observed at the level of the first molar. The alveolar process is connected by the intercellated seam with the opposite jaw process of the same name, behind without visible borders goes into the hill, medially - into a non-boring upper jaw process. The outer surface of the process facing the opposition of the mouth is called vestibular (facies vestibularis), and the internal facility facing the sky is called (Facies Palatinus). Arcs Alveolaris has eight dental alveoli (alveoli dentales) for the roots of the teeth. In alveoli, the upper incisors and fangs distinguish between the lung and the pagan walls, and in the alveolars of premolars and molars - the pagan and peel. On the vestibular surface of the alveolar process, each alveola correspond to alveolar elevations (Juga Alveolaria), the most pronounced by the alveoli medial cutter and fang. Alveolas are separated from each other by bone cross-sexual partitions (Septa Interalvelararia). Alveolas of multi-power teeth contain intercane partitions (Septa interradicularia) separating tooth roots from each other. The form and value of the alveoli correspond to the form and the magnitude of the roots of the tooth. In the first two Alveoli, the roots of the incisors lie, they are conesoid, in the 3rd, 4th and 5th alveoli - root roots and premolars. They have an oval shape and siled a few front. Alveola fang is the deepest (up to 19 mm). At the first premolant, Alveola is often divided into a cross-sectional partition for pagan and peeled root chambers. In the last three alveoli, small in size, there are roots of molars. These alveoli are separated by intercane partitions on three root chambers, of which two are addressed to the vestibular, and the third to the sky surface of the process. The vestibular alveoli is somewhat compressed from the sides, and therefore their dimensions in the anterorable direction are less than in the celebrity. Same alveoli is more rounded. Due to the non-permanent amount and form of the roots of the 3rd molar of its Alveol, the form: it can be single or divided into 2-3 and more root chambers. At the bottom of Alveol, there is one or more holes that lead to the appropriate tubules and serve to pass vessels and nerves. The alveoli is adjacent to a thinner outer plate of the alveolar process, which is better expressed in the field of molars. Behind the 3rd molar, the outer and internal compact plates converge and form an alveolar tubercle (Tuberculum Alveolare).

The site of alveolar and parallery processes of the upper jaw, corresponding to the rubber, in the embryo represents an independent incisive bone, which is connected to the upper jaw through an incisive seam. A part of the incisive seam on the border between the cutting bone and the alveolar process will overgrow before birth. The seam between the cutting bone and the sky aversion is available in the newborn, and sometimes retained in an adult.

The shape of the upper jaw is individually different. There are two extreme forms of its external structure: a narrow and high, characteristic of people with a narrow face, as well as a wide and low, usually occurring with a wide face (Fig. 1-11).

Fig. 1-11. The extreme forms of the structure of the upper jaw, front view: A - narrow and high; B - wide and low

Topper-eyed sinus - the largest of the incomplete sinuses. The sinus shape mainly corresponds to the shape of the body of the upper jaw. The volume of the sinus has age and individual differences. The sinus can continue in Alveolar, Zhilogo, frontal and pavement. In the sinus distinguish the top, medial, transcereral, rear agent and lower walls.

Materials used: Anatomy, physiology and biomechanics of the dental system: ed. L.L. Kolesnikova, S.D. Harutyunova, I.Yu. Lebedenko, V.P. Degtyareva. - M.: Gootar Media, 2009

Upper jaw, steam bone, is associated with zicky, frontal, nose, lattice, wedge-shaped, tear bones. It distinguishes the body and four processes: frontal, alveolar, parallers and zickle. In the body of the upper jaw is an air-capable maxillary sinus, the walls of which are represented by thin bone plates from the compact substance. There are four surfaces of the body of the upper jaw: anterior, ompete, orphanage, nasal.

The front surface, Fades Anterior, is limited to the under-judicial edge (from above), a SCOsoalveolar ridge and a bile process (laterally), an alveolar process (bottom), a nasal clipping (medial). Below the under-judicial edge is the subordinate hole, for infraorbitale, through which the ultimate branch of the nerve of the nerve and vessels comes out. The moving surface, Fades Infratemporaalis, forms the boundary of the oss and the pile of the pits and is represented by the top jaw bug. The slanting head of the lateral walled muscle is attached to it. The buds of the upper jaw has 3-4 holes, through which the rear top alveolar branches are included in the thickness of the bone tissue, taking part in the formation of the rear ventilation of the upper tooth plexus.

The orbitalis facies orbitalis, facies, take part in the formation of the lower wall of the orbit and forms a sublizzhest edge. In the backyard, it, together with the orbital closure of large wings of a wedge-shaped bone, creates the lower orbitalis inferior fissura orbitalis. Through her in the eyeboard includes an entrazzan nerve, p. InfraorBitalis, - a branch of the maxillary nerve. The latter is located in the podgladniki furrow and in the attorney canal. These anatomical formations are located on the orphanage of the body of the upper jaw. On the bottom wall of the channel, small front and medium-sized alveolar holes are located, - ForaMina Alveolaria Superiora Anteriora et Media. They lead into small bone canals, spreading to the roots of the incisors, fangs and small indigenous teeth. They pass vessels and nerves to these teeth. The medial edge of the orphanage is combined with a tear bone, with a bacon of a lattice bone and with a chicken bone with a orphanage. Sometimes it forms cells that are directly adjacent to the cells of the lake dice lattice.
The nasal surface, Facies Nasalis, is connected to the perpendicular plate of the sky bone, the bottom nasal sink and the hook-shaped process of the lattice bone. On this surface between the lower and medium sinks there is a hole of the maxillary sinus - the maxillary cleft, HIATUS MAXILLARIS. Kepened from cleft is a nasal canal that opens in the nasal cavity. In education, the lacrimal bone and the tear outflow of the lower nose shell take part. A large parallel canal, formed by the sky bone and a wicked combidal bone, passes from the topless cleft.

Opported process, Processus Frontalis, the inner edge is connected to the nasal bone, the upper - with the nasal part of the frontal bone, rear - with a lacrimal bone. It consists mainly of compact substance. It is able to withstand the load on compression from the bottom up to 470-500 kg, which is much larger than the pressure of the pressure developed by the chewing muscles.

Zygomaticus procesus zygomaticus, connected by an uneven surface with a zilly bone. The book from him towards the well of the first molar is a SCOsoalveolar Comb. The zilly process also consists mainly of compact substance.

The palatinus Processus Palatinus is a horizontal bone plate. Kepened and duck it goes into an alveolar process, the inner surface is connected to the sky opposite side, rear - with a horizontal plate of the sky bone. The inner edge of the process is located a nasal crest, Crista Nasalis, which is connected to the cartilage part of the nasal partition. The medial edge of the process of the sky surface is thickened. On the upper surface of the pavement side from the nasal crest, the incitement is located, which leads to the cutting channel, Canalis Incisivus. In the front 2/3, the process consists of a compact and spongy substance. In the rear third, the spongy substance is absent, and in this department it is much thinner than in the front. A pavement occurs with increased strength.

Alveolaris, Processus Alveolaris, is the continuation of the body of the upper jaw of the book and consists of the outer and inner plates of the compact substance. Between them there is a spongy substance. The outer plate is thinner than the inner, at the premolars level - thicker than the front group of the teeth. Behind the third large indigenous tooth, the outer and inner plates converge, forming the Alveolar Bud, Tuber Alveolaris. The edge of the process, Limbus Alveolaris, has 8 tooth holes (alveoli) for the roots of the teeth. The latter are separated from each other with bone cross-salular partitions. The shape and the magnitude of the lunas correspond to the form and magnitude of the roots of the teeth.
The maxillary sinus is the largest of the incomplete sinuses. It can spread to Alveolar, Zhilogo, frontal and pavement. In the sinus, the top, bottom, medial, frontoiler, rear agent walls covered with mucous membranes are distinguished. The upper wall separates the maxillary sinus from the eye. At a high mass, it is represented by a compact substance, its thickness from 0.7 to 1.2 mm. It is thickened by the attorney of the edge and the zickthrower. The lower wall of the under-judicial canal and the same name, passing here, is very thin.

The lower wall of the sinuses - the bottom - has the shape of a gutter, where the medial, front-flying and rear agent walls are connected. The bottom of the gutter or even, or represented by tuberculous protruding over the roots of the teeth. The thickness of the compact plate separating the bottom of the topless sinuses from the well of the second large indigenous tooth may not exceed 0.3 mm.

The medial wall consists entirely of compact substance and borders with the cavity of the nose. A large thickness (about 3 mm) has in the region of the front angle, the smallest (1.7-2.2 mm) - in the middle of its lower edge. Rear goes into a rear agent wall. In the place of this transition, it is very thin. In front, the medial wall goes into the front-flyer, where it is thickened. In the upper seat of the wall, the hole is located - the topless cleft (HIATUS MAXILLARIS) connecting the sinus with the average nose.

The protozoa front axle in the field of the dog pump is entirely consisting of a compact substance and in this place is the thinnest (0.2-0.25 mm). It is thickened as it removes from the pits, reaching more thickness (up to 6.4 mm) at the attorney of the edge of the orbit. Alveolar, cheekly, frontal processes of the novelteral edge of the orbit are a spongy substance. In the opposite wall there are several mooncake canalians, where nerve trunks and vessels to frontal teeth and premolars are passing.

The rear agent wall is represented by a compact plate, which is splitting at the place of transition to the zilly and alveolar process. There is a spongy substance. In the upper part, it is thinner than near the alveolar process. In the thickness of the wall, the rear hole canals pass, where the nerve trunks, going to a large native teeth are located. The features of the structure of the upper jaw determine the seats of the smallest resistance strength of the blow, which determines the nature of the fracture. Therefore, it should once again emphasize that the upper jaw takes part in the formation of a society, the cavity of the nose and the mouth and is associated with the zilly, sky, frontal, nasal, tear, lattice, wedge-shaped bones. The frontal, lattice and wedge-shaped bone together with the temporal form the front and middle skulls.
The walls of the maxillary sinus are represented by thin bone plates. Nevertheless, the upper jaw is capable of withstanding significant mechanical loads. This is due to the fact that the trabecules of its spongy substance have a predominantly vertical type of structure, and a compact substance is thickening in certain areas, or counterphorts. Four them.

▲ Lobno-nasal counterphorts corresponds to the frontal group of teeth. Removes on a slightly thickened walls of the fangs alveoli, located along the edge of the nasal opening and the frontal head of the upper jaw to the nasal frontal bone.

▲ Socoalveolar - starts from the second premolat, the first and second molars. It continues on a skoloalveolar ridge towards the body of the zoom bone and a bonal bone-bone process. On the zilly arc pressure is transmitted to temple Bone. It is the most powerful counterforce that perceives the pressure arising in the above teeth.

▲ Correbic - begins at the rear sections of the alveolar process and corresponds to the outer jaw bug and the wonderful process of wedge-shaped bone. The pyramidal process of the sky bone also takes part in his education, which fills the woven cutting of the walled process.

▲ Sky counterphorts is formed by the sky of the upper jaw and is represented by two longitudinal gutters, walking along the bottom of the nose. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe nasal cut, it is connected to the frontal-nasal counterfort, which in turn is associated with Socoalveolar in the field of the upper and lower edges of the orbit. Alveolar processes unites SCOsoalveolar, stubborn and sky countends.

The above anatomical features The sustainability of the upper jaw to chewing pressure and its ability to withstand significant mechanical impacts.