Market of agricultural raw materials and food is the area of ​​exchange of goods Agriculture and other sectors of the agro-industrial complex. Its emergence is closely connected with the elimination of the state monopoly on the purchase of agricultural products and foodstuffs at "fixed" prices, with the wide deployment of the sale of products directly by the producers themselves. In its formation, the state should widely use methods economic regulation to ensure price parity for industrial and agricultural products.

A fully functioning market for agricultural raw materials and food is a combination of several components - specialized markets, market infrastructure and market mechanism (Fig. 10.1). The absence or insufficient development of at least one of them leads to a decrease in the efficiency of promoting goods from producer to consumer, and, consequently, to a decrease in the profitability of all agro-industrial production.

The market for agricultural raw materials and foodstuffs is characterized by certain features arising from the characteristics of the agro-industrial production itself.

• 1. The dependence of the supply of agricultural products on weather conditions, which limit the ability of the agricultural producer to control the quantity and quality of products. This must be taken into account both by the manufacturers themselves and by state regulatory organizations.
• 2. The presence of a guaranteed demand for agricultural products, since it satisfies the most urgent needs of the population. To a certain extent, this feature of the agricultural market compensates negative influence the previous one. Agricultural enterprises can use it to improve the efficiency of their activities. To do this, they need not to produce the same products from year to year, but to maneuver the assortment, develop the production of new ones, increase the production of goods that are in demand in order to

Rice. 10.1.

increase your competitiveness and find new sources of income.

• 3. Fluctuations in the supply of agricultural products during the calendar year; this is due to the seasonal nature of crop production. It mainly enters the market during its harvesting period.
• 4. Seasonal fluctuations in prices for agricultural products, due to its uneven supply throughout the year.
• 5. A large volume of supplies of perishable types of products increases the need, on the one hand, for storage facilities (primarily for vegetables, potatoes, fruits), and on the other hand, for the shortest possible time for implementation. This is necessary to avoid significant losses of the grown crop, and consequently, a decrease in profitability.
• 6. The concentration of consumption of agricultural products in cities, especially in large ones, makes it necessary to sell it through various intermediaries. This leads to the loss of a certain share of the income of commodity producers: they are forced to share with intermediaries part of the cost of the final product. The market for agricultural raw materials and food has

also a number of features that do not allow you to make prices on it completely free. This is due to the obligations of the state as a guarantor of the country's food supply, the need to take into account the natural and economic conditions of production and the high capital intensity of the agro-industrial complex.

The domestic food market is formed through domestic production and imports of products. The share of imports in the formation of the country's food resources for meat is 32.3%, cheese - 47.5%, animal butter - 30.6, vegetable oil -

23.3, in general for food - about 30%. For goods of this group sold in retail trade, the share of imports was more than 40%, and in large cities and individual industrial centers it reaches 75%.

According to the standards adopted by international organizations, in order to ensure the food security of the country, it is necessary that the import of food in the total volume of its consumption should not exceed 20%. AT Russian Federation this figure is twice the specified standard, so there is a real threat of loss of food independence in the country.

An important indicator characterizing the food security of the Russian Federation is level of self-sufficiency country's main agricultural products, which is calculated as the ratio of production in the country to its domestic consumption and is expressed as a percentage. Behind last years this indicator for some types of products increased, and for some it decreased. For example, the level of self-sufficiency in meat for 2000-2011. increased from 67.0 to 72.2%, eggs - from 97.5 to 98.3%; and the level of self-sufficiency in milk decreased from 88.3 to 80.5%, in vegetables - from 85.6 to 80.5%. These indicators are significantly lower than the level provided for in the “Food Security Doctrine of the Russian Federation”.

food security- this is the ability of the state to guarantee the satisfaction of the needs of the population of the country in food at a level that ensures its normal life. It is determined by the degree of its provision with environmentally friendly and healthy food products of domestic production according to scientifically sound standards and affordable prices. An essential aspect of food security is the physical and economic availability of food in the required quantity and assortment.

Physical accessibility of food means its trouble-free supply to the places of consumption in volumes and assortment corresponding to demand and standards established for consumers. In Russia, the percentage of availability of basic food products in retail is high (over 80%), so there are no problems with the physical availability of food.

Economic affordability of food It is characterized by the possibility of acquiring food products by various groups of the population in the standard amount on the food market at the current level of prices and incomes, as well as due to their receipt, bypassing market channels, from farms and personal subsidiary plots, from garden plots. In Russia, there are 17.5 million private farms with a total area of ​​9.7 million hectares. From this source, about 90 million people provide themselves with potatoes, 60 million with vegetables, 30 million with milk and meat. However, a significant part of the country's population (about 20 million people) is below the poverty line and does not have the opportunity to purchase food that meets physiological standards in terms of quality and assortment.

In order to increase the economic availability of food products, the state needs to take measures to increase the effective demand of the population, reduce poverty and support the most needy segments of the population. To increase the physical availability of food, it is necessary to develop interregional integration in the field of food markets, increase the transport accessibility of individual regions for the food supply of their population, and create conditions for the development of market infrastructure.

To meet the needs of the population in food products, an extensive and flexible system of price regulation is needed, including:

• determination of target prices that provide profitability sufficient to cover current costs and expand production;
• establishment of guaranteed (protective) prices, which can be lower than target prices and used when market prices fall below their level;
• introduction of a mechanism for collateral transactions and corresponding quotas

for guaranteed purchases of products.

It is also necessary to create federal and regional food funds for purchasing and commodity investments in cases where government intervention is required to eliminate food shortages, stabilize and lower prices, and ensure freedom of movement of products within the country.

Agriculture is the most important industry that provides the population of the country with a variety of products necessary for the normal functioning of society.

Agriculture produces both finished products and raw materials that require further processing. Such raw materials are used in a variety of industries, from food to the chemical industry.

Types of agricultural raw materials, food products and finished products

Raw materials produced by agricultural enterprises may be animal or plant origin.

Herbal products include products such as:

• medicinal plants;


• sugar beet;


• potato;


• sunflower;


• cereal crops;



• cotton.

Animal raw materials include such groups of products as:

• milk;


• fish;


• meat;


• fur;


• animal skin;


• wool;


• animal fats.

By processing these types of raw materials, people receive high-quality food, clothing, all kinds of chemicals, medicines, hygiene products. Wherein main feature agricultural raw materials lies in the fact that they can be constantly renewed and distributed across different territories of the country.

The disadvantage of this type of raw material is its seasonality. In other words, certain foods can only be obtained in spring or autumn.

Wholesale and purchase of agricultural raw materials, products and live animals

Wholesale trade in agricultural products in our country has been developing by leaps and bounds in recent decades.

A huge number of enterprises and companies have appeared that are engaged not only in the sale of raw materials and finished products, but also in the processing of this group of goods. Moreover, now the state is doing everything for the development of agriculture in our country. To this end, new legislative acts are being adopted that simplify the rules for trade in agricultural raw materials.

Specialists involved in the wholesale trade of agricultural raw materials must not only know the legislation governing their activities, they must also understand the needs of the market. For example, the cost of raw materials may fluctuate depending on the season, the harvest and climatic conditions.

It is best for wholesalers to find markets where there is a shortage of specific products. Wholesalers should be able to find a common language with producers of raw materials (farmers).

Among the many companies that sell agricultural raw materials in bulk, the following can be distinguished:

• OOO "Uralregionservis" The enterprise is the leader of wholesale sales in the Orenburg region.


• OOO Grant. The company operates in the agricultural market of the Kursk region and occupies a leading position here.


• JSC "Agroinvest" The company operates in the Novosibirsk region, supplying and processing agricultural raw materials.

Industries that work on agricultural raw materials

Agricultural enterprises supply raw materials for a large number of sectors of the national economy. Among them it should be noted:

1. Food industry. On average, the agro-industrial complex provides 17% of supplies to this industry. The industry produces various food products. To Food Industry include: meat industry, dairy, food flavoring, confectionery, sugar, baking, oil and fat, salt, alcoholic beverages.


2. Textile industry. Engaged in the production of fabrics and other materials.


3. pharmaceutical industry. Production of medicines and medical devices.


4. Chemical industry. Various formulations including cosmetics.


5. leather industry. Produces products from animal skin.


6. Woodworking industry. Wood, paper, joinery.

Markets for agricultural raw materials

The agro-industrial market in our country is developing very rapidly. Its peculiarity is that there is a stable demand of the population for agricultural products and raw materials.

Initially, manufacturers and suppliers saturated the market with low-quality essential goods in order to satisfy consumer demand.

But over time, enterprises began to supply better products, in addition, there was a need for deep processing of raw materials supplied by farmers.

Another important nuance agricultural market lies in the fact that it is rarely stable. It is characterized by seasonal fluctuations associated with a new crop or the presence of a shortage of a particular product. It should be noted that now it is one of the most promising markets for investment.

Regulation of markets for agricultural products and raw materials

The agro-industrial market is regulated with the help of special state programs. Basically, they are aimed at increasing the share of domestic producers and sellers in the total volume of goods sold.

Thanks to such programs, the competitiveness of domestic producers increases and their incomes increase, which leads to an increase in the quality characteristics of domestic enterprises and allows them to supply their raw materials for export.

Processing of agricultural raw materials

The main purpose of the processing of agricultural raw materials is the ability to ensure the best safety of products and improve their quality characteristics.

If we consider raw materials of plant origin, then primary processing includes procedures such as:

• primary cleaning procedure;


• storage of initially wet raw materials;


• drying;


• re-cleaning;


• sorting.

In the future, the raw material goes to the food industry, where it is used to produce the final product.

Raw materials of animal origin go through the following stages of processing:

• slaughter of livestock or poultry;


• carcass cutting;


• carcass sorting.

Export of agricultural raw materials

The Russian Federation exports a large amount of agricultural raw materials, including:

• wheat


• meat;


• barley;


• peas;

Among the main exporting countries of agricultural products, Russia ranks sixth and is constantly increasing the pace of production.

You can learn more about obtaining agricultural raw materials at the annual Agroprodmash exhibition.

September 7, 2018 , On state support of investment activities in the agro-industrial complex Decree of September 6, 2018 No. 1063. The Rules for the provision and distribution of interbudgetary transfers from the federal budget to the subjects of the Federation to reimburse part of the costs of paying interest on investment loans in the agro-industrial complex have been approved. Stimulation of investment activity in the agro-industrial complex contributes to the modernization of agriculture, increasing the growth rate of agricultural production.

August 7, 2018 , State program for the development of agriculture and regulation of agricultural products, raw materials and food markets for 2013-2020 On budget allocations to agricultural producers for the purchase of fuels and lubricants Order dated August 4, 2018 No. 1620-r. In connection with the growth in fuel prices, 5 billion rubles are allocated from the reserve fund of the Government of the Russian Federation for subsidies to 79 constituent entities of the Federation in order to purchase at least 90 thousand tons of diesel fuel for agricultural work.

December 25, 2017 On the transfer of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Markets for Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food for 2013–2020 to Project Management Decree of December 13, 2017 No. 1544. The State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2013-2020 is being transferred to project management from 2018.

December 25, 2017 On the subsidies of JSC Russian Railways for compensation of losses in income during the transportation of grain cargo at a reduced rate Decree of December 20, 2017 No. 1595. The Rules for granting subsidies to Russian Railways to compensate for losses in income resulting from the establishment of preferential tariffs for the transportation of grain were approved. Subsidies will be provided to compensate for losses in income arising from the transportation of grain cargo at a reduced rate from railway stations of the Voronezh, Kurgan, Kursk, Lipetsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk, Orenburg, Oryol, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Tambov and Ulyanovsk regions in the direction of the stations railways of the republics of Buryatia and Dagestan, Transbaikal, Krasnodar, Primorsky and Khabarovsk territories, Astrakhan, Kaliningrad, Leningrad, Murmansk and Rostov regions and the city of St. Petersburg.

December 13, 2017 , State Program for the Development of Agriculture and Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2013-2020 On the allocation of additional funds for the development of branches of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Crimea Order dated December 11, 2017 No. 2759-r. The Ministry of Agriculture is allocated 200 million rubles from the reserve fund of the Government of Russia to provide subsidies to the Republic of Crimea to increase productivity in dairy cattle breeding and to reimburse part of the costs of planting and caring for vineyards.

November 28, 2017 On approval of the list of state programs in which sections should be formed or summary information should be provided on the advanced development of priority territories Order dated November 25, 2017 No. 2620-r. A list of state programs has been approved, in which sections must be formed or summary information on the priority development of priority territories must be provided. The list includes 30 state programs, including five pilot ones.

October 4, 2017 On increasing the volume of subsidies for the creation and modernization of agricultural facilities in 2017 Order dated September 30, 2017 No. 2130-r. Within the framework of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2013–2020. The volume of subsidies for the creation and modernization of agricultural facilities, as well as for the purchase of machinery and equipment, has been increased by 2,250 million rubles.

August 28, 2017 , State program "Development of industry and increasing its competitiveness" On approval of the Federal Scientific and Technical Program for the Development of Agriculture for 2017–2025 Decree of August 25, 2017 No. 996. The purpose of the Program is to ensure a stable growth in the production of agricultural products obtained through the use of seeds of new domestic varieties and breeding products, technologies for the production of high-quality feed, feed additives for animals and medicines for veterinary use, pesticides and agrochemicals of biological origin, processing and storage of agricultural products, raw materials and food, modern diagnostic tools, quality control methods for agricultural products, raw materials and food and examination of genetic material.

April 19, 2017 , Agricultural engineering On the provision of subsidies to manufacturers of agricultural machinery Order dated April 17, 2017 No. 715-r. In accordance with the action plan in certain sectors of the economy and within the framework of the State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2013–2020. The Ministry of Agriculture of Russia is allocated 13.7 billion rubles from the Government's reserve fund to provide subsidies to manufacturers of agricultural machinery. This will make it possible to purchase 21,251 units of agricultural machinery and will stimulate the production of domestic agricultural machinery.

February 25, 2017 , Livestock On the long-term lease of federally owned land plots for the implementation of a large-scale investment project in the Smolensk Region Order dated February 22, 2017 No. 327-r. Bryansk Meat Company LLC, which is part of the Miratorg Agribusiness Holding, is leased for 49 years to federally owned two land located in the Pochinkovsky district of the Smolensk region, with a total area of ​​8598.65 hectares for the implementation of a large-scale investment project for the construction of livestock breeding complexes (farms) for the maintenance of large cattle meat direction, as well as the creation of a logistics center.

Document overview

The State Program for the Development of Agriculture and the Regulation of Agricultural Products, Raw Materials and Food Markets for 2013-2020 has been approved. Its main goals are to ensure Russia's food independence and increase the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products in the domestic and foreign markets in connection with our country's accession to the WTO.

The state program provides for the comprehensive development of all sectors, sub-sectors and areas of activity of the agro-industrial complex. At the same time, such areas as cattle breeding (production of milk and meat) are in priority; land reclamation for agricultural purposes; introduction of unused arable land into circulation; development of import-substituting sub-sectors (including vegetable and fruit growing); increasing the export of agricultural products as the domestic market is saturated with it.

It is expected to ensure an annual increase in investment in agriculture in the amount of 4.5%, create conditions for achieving a profitability level of at least 10-15% (including subsidies). This will increase average monthly salary in the industry up to 22.5 thousand rubles.

Further continuation and expansion of support for small businesses is planned (assistance to novice farmers, development of family livestock farms, state support for lending to small businesses, registration of land plots in the ownership of peasant (farm) farms).

Measures are envisaged for the technical and technological modernization of the industry: renewal of the agricultural machinery fleet; expanding the use of biological plant protection products, microbiological fertilizers, and veterinary drugs. It is planned to carry out anti-epizootic measures in relation to quarantine and especially dangerous animal diseases.

Prerequisites for the development of agriculture are the preservation and attraction of new labor resources. For this, it is planned to build new housing (including for young families and specialists) and objects of social engineering infrastructure in the village.

Particular attention is paid to measures to adapt agriculture to the conditions of the WTO. In particular, a number of tax incentives for agricultural producers will be extended. They will not limit subsidies in regions unfavorable for agriculture. It is planned to purchase for state needs (for example, for the army or for the state reserve) only Russian food.

For the implementation of the State Program in federal budget provided for about 1.5 trillion rubles. Another approximately 777.5 billion rubles. select regions.