Laminariae (Laminaria) - thallus of kelp (seaweed)

(Laminariae thalli - kelp thallus)

Collected from June to October and dried thallus of brown algae Japanese kelp Laminaria japonica Aresh. and sugary kelp Laminaria saccharina(L.) Lam., fam. Laminaria - Laminariaceae; used as medicine and medicinal raw material.

Laminaria (seaweed; several species) is a brown algae, the thallus of which consists of a plate, a “trunk” and rhizoids. The types differ in the shape of the plates. In Japanese kelp, the plates are lanceolate, linear, entire, up to 6 m long (rarely 10-12 m), with a wedge-shaped base and a wide, thick median stripe along the longitudinal axis. Laminaria sugary plates are linear, the edges are wavy, the length is 10-110 cm, the width is 5-40 cm. The plates die off and are shed annually. In the plates, "trunks" and rhizoids there are mucous passages. Sporangia are formed from July to October. Japanese kelp grows along the southern shores of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in the Pacific Ocean along the shores of the southern Kuril Islands and Sakhalin. Laminaria sugary is distributed along the coasts of the White, Barents and Kara Seas.

Laminaria form thickets on stones and rocks in the coastal zones of the seas and oceans at a depth of 2 to 25 (35) m, in places with constant water movement.

Chemical composition. Laminaria thallus contain polysaccharides - up to 30%, mainly alginic acid salts, as well as fucoidin, laminarin; up to 20% mannitol, proteins, vitamins B1, B2, B6, B12, D, ascorbic acid, carotenoids, pantothenic acid, choline, biotin, various mineral salts (potassium, sodium, calcium) and trace elements (iodine, bromine, manganese, cobalt, boron, etc.).

Preparation of raw materials, primary processing, drying. Thalluses are harvested by collecting them from fresh emissions on the shore or from boats, by winding them on special poles (“kanza”), less often thalli are cut off from the bottom with special braids. Collect only large, biennial thalli. To ensure the renewal of kelp, thickets are exploited every three years. The collected raw materials are cleaned from the admixture of marine plants, shells and other contaminants, dried in the sun.

Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by GF XI.

External signs.Whole raw material. Laminaria thalli are dense, leathery, ribbon-like plates, folded along the length, without stems, or pieces of plates at least 10-15 cm long, at least 5-7 cm wide. The edges of the plates are solid, wavy, their thickness is at least 0.03 see Color - from light olive to dark olive or red-brown, sometimes greenish-black; thalli are covered with a white coating of salts. The smell is peculiar, the taste is salty.

Shredded raw materials. Strips of thalli 0.2-0.4 cm wide, at least 0.03 cm thick. Color, smell and taste, like whole raw materials.

crushed raw materials. Pieces of thallus of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm. The color is dark gray with a greenish tint. Smell and taste like whole raw materials.

Microscopy. In anatomical examination, small, almost square cells of the "epidermis" with thickened walls, numerous rounded mucous receptacles translucent through the "epidermis" have diagnostic value.

Qualitative reactions: according to GF XI.

Numerical indicators.Whole and shredded raw materials. Iodine not less than 0.1%; polysaccharides (determined gravimetrically) not less than 8%; moisture not more than 15%; total ash not more than 40%; thalli with yellowed edges no more than 10%; organic impurities (algae of other species, grasses, thalli affected by crustaceans) should not be present; mineral impurities (shells, pebbles) no more than 0.5%; sand not more than 0.2%; whole and shredded thalli with a thickness of less than 0.03 cm, not more than 15%.

Iodine, according to SP XI, is determined after combustion in a flask with oxygen by direct titration with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. Polysaccharides are determined gravimetrically after extraction with water and precipitation with alcohol.

crushed raw materials. Particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm, no more than 5%.

Microbiological purity. In accordance with GF XI, no. 2, p. 187 and Amendment to GF XI dated 12/28/95, category 5.2.

Storage. Store raw materials in dry, well-ventilated areas. Shelf life 3 years.

Usage. Laminaria thallus is used in powder form as a mild laxative for chronic atonic constipation and colitis, for the prevention of thyroid diseases (goiter) and atherosclerosis. Granulated total preparation "Laminarid", containing polysaccharides and proteins, is prescribed for chronic constipation with severe intestinal spasms. Seaweed is also used for food and as an additive to food products for the prevention of diseases caused by a lack of iodine in the body. Used in dietary supplements.

With regular intake, it is possible to develop iodism (cough, runny nose, etc.) and inhibition of thyroid function in children. Laminaria thallus is contraindicated in glomerulonephritis, hemorrhagic diathesis, and thyroid dysfunction.

Laminaria sugar - Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour.

Japanese kelp - Laminaria japonica Aresch.

Palm kelp - Laminaria digitata (Hudg.) Lam.

Laminaria family - Laminariaceae

Other names:

- seaweed

Botanical characteristic. Sea brown algae, the main part of which is a belt-like green-brown lamellar thallus (thallus) of a broadly lanceolate shape, 2-6 m long (sometimes up to 12 m), 10-35 cm wide, half the width of the plate is occupied by a median strip delimited by longitudinal folds. The plate at the bottom passes into a stem-petiole 3-70 cm long and ends with root-shaped formations - rhizoids, with which the plant is attached to rocky soil. The whole plant is permeated with mucous passages and lacunae. It reproduces by spores; after the formation of spores, kelp dies. The life expectancy of kelp is from 2 to 4 years, depending on climatic conditions.

Spore receptacles (sporangia) ripen from July to October. Microscopic female or male outgrowths develop from spores, forming germ cells - gametes. From the egg after fertilization, a spore-bearing plant arises - the kelp itself.

Harvesting of other types of thalli is allowed (palchate dissected kelp).

Spreading. Japanese kelp grows in the south of the Sea of ​​Japan and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk; in the White and Kara Seas, sugary kelp and palmately dissected kelp (Laminaria digidada (Huds.) Lamour) grow, which are used for food and for medical purposes along with Japanese kelp.

Habitat. They form extensive thickets in places with constant movement of water, along open shores. On stones, rocks, it enters the water to a depth of 35 m. Dense and large underwater "algal forests" form at a depth of 4-10 m.

blank. The best harvesting time is from June to September. Collect thalli after a storm. They are also pulled out with the help of a "kanza" with a pole 4-6 m long, at the end of which branched rods are attached to capture and wind. Sometimes they use special braids. Raw materials are used fresh and dried in the sun. The pharmacy receives kelp in packs, crushed into a coarse powder.

Security measures. Thickets are restored after 2 years. Regionalization of blanks is recommended. The cultivation of algae in natural conditions is practiced. Up to 100 tons of green mass are harvested from one hectare of the sea "garden".

External signs. Thallus of sugar kelp are dense, leathery, wrinkled pieces of leaf-shaped plates, less often whole plates 10-110 cm long or more, 5-40 cm wide; the edges of the plates are wavy. In kelp palmately dissected, the thallus is dense, pieces of palmately divided thalli are 70-160 cm long or more, 3.5-14 cm wide; the edges of the plates are smooth. Thallus of Japanese kelp - dense, thick, leathery, ribbon-like pieces of plates or whole plates of the thallus, folded along the length, sometimes with breaks along the edges and middle, 40-130 cm long or more, 7-15 cm wide; the edges of the plates are solid and wavy. The color of the thalli of all laminaria is from light olive to dark olive, greenish-brown, red-brown, sometimes black-green. The color is due to the brown pigment fucoxanthin, which masks chlorophyll. The surface of the thalli is covered with a white coating of salts. The smell is peculiar. The taste is salty.

According to SP XI, raw materials are dense leathery plates up to 3 mm in size, greenish-gray in color. The smell is peculiar, the taste is salty-bitter, "marine". Yellowed thalli, an admixture of other algae and herbs, shells, stones, and sand reduce the quality of raw materials. The authenticity of raw materials is determined by morphological features.

Microscopy. In anatomical examination, small, almost square cells of the "epidermis" with thickened walls, numerous rounded mucous receptacles translucent through the "epidermis" have diagnostic value.

Qualitative reactions: according to GF XI.

Numerical indicators.Whole and shredded raw materials. Iodine not less than 0.1%; polysaccharides (determined gravimetrically) not less than 8%; moisture not more than 15%; total ash not more than 40%; thalli with yellowed edges no more than 10%; organic impurities (algae of other species, grasses, thalli affected by crustaceans) should not be present; mineral impurities (shells, pebbles) no more than 0.5%; sand not more than 0.2%; whole and shredded thalli with a thickness of less than 0.03 cm, not more than 15%.

Iodine, according to SP XI, is determined after combustion in a flask with oxygen by direct titration with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. Polysaccharides are determined gravimetrically after extraction with water and precipitation with alcohol.

crushed raw materials. Particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm, no more than 5%.

Microbiological purity. In accordance with GF XI, no. 2, p. 187 and Amendment to GF XI dated 12/28/95, category 5.2.

Chemical composition. The thallus of the plant contains polysaccharides: high molecular weight laminarin - 21% (at least 8%), mannitol - 21%, fructose - 4%), iodides (2.7-3%), vitamins (B1, B2, B12, A, C , D, E, carotenoids), salts of potassium, sodium, magnesium, bromine, cobalt, iron, manganese, sulfur and phosphorus compounds, nitrogen-containing substances, proteins (5-10%), carbohydrates (13-21%), fats (1 -3%). The iodine content is not less than 0.1%.

The main substance is the polysaccharide alginic acid, which is a linear polymer of two polyuronic acids: b-D-mannuronic and a-L-guluronic, typical of lower plants (including algae). The ratio of these acids in the alginic acid molecule varies, and there are regions of the polymer consisting of only b-D-mannuronic acid residues, regions consisting only of α-L-guluronic acid residues, and regions with alternating residues of these two uronic acids.

The carboxyl groups of mannuronic and guluronic acids often form salts with Na, Ca, and Mg ions. The content of alginic acid reaches 30% of the dry weight of algae.

Storage. In a dry place. Shelf life up to 3 years.

pharmacological properties. The therapeutic effect of sea kale is primarily due to the presence of organic iodine compounds in it. Iodine improves protein assimilation, absorption of phosphorus, calcium and iron, activates a number of enzymes. Under the influence of iodine, blood viscosity decreases, vascular tone and blood pressure decrease.

Laminaria helps to reduce the content of cholesterol in the blood plasma, delays the development of experimental atherosclerosis in rats and rabbits. Phytohormones and vitamins contained in seaweed stimulate the reparation of the mucous membranes of the nose, mouth, intestines, female genital organs, etc. The halogen group of elements (chlorine, iodine, bromine) has a disinfecting effect. Seaweed iodine has a regulating effect on the menstrual cycle, ovaries and thyroid gland, reduces the pathological manifestations of premenopause. In experiments on rats with artificially induced hypothyroidism, the use of seaweed is accompanied by a reverse development of the disease, and the action of seaweed is more effective than inorganic iodine preparations.

Laminaria polysaccharides have hydrophilicity and adsorption capacity, absorb various endo- and exogenous toxins from the intestines.

In an animal experiment, it has been shown that seaweed powder containing polysaccharides swells in the gastrointestinal tract, increases in volume and causes relief.

Medicines. Seaweed powder, total preparation "Laminarid", consisting of a mixture of polysaccharides with a protein component and salts of alginic acids.

Application. Seaweed is prescribed for atherosclerosis, in the treatment and prevention of endemic goiter. Products prepared with the addition of seaweed in doses corresponding to the daily requirement for iodine (200 mcg/day) are recommended for use in areas endemic for goiter. Seaweed is recommended as a mild laxative for chronic atonic constipation. Its effect is similar to the physiological, laxative effect of vegetables and fruits. Seaweed has a pronounced sap-burning property, being an irritant of gastric secretion. A positive effect of seaweed as a seasoning for food in inflammatory diseases of the light-perceiving apparatus of the eye (increased visual acuity, expanded field of vision and partial restoration of color perception) was noted.

Laminaria is used as an antidote for diseases of the upper respiratory tract in people working with barium salts, radionuclides. The active principle is considered to be aaginic acid, which binds harmful compounds. Apply kelp in the form of inhalation. A teaspoon of dried kelp is infused for an hour in 200 ml of water, inhalations are carried out for 5 minutes, the course of treatment consists of 10 sessions. Seaweed is used with positive results in gout.

When prescribing seaweed for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, the physiological need of the body for iodine is taken into account and does not exceed it.

Contraindications to the use of seaweed are nephritis, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, pregnancy, furunculosis and other diseases in which iodine preparations are not indicated. With prolonged use of seaweed and increased sensitivity to iodine, iodism is possible.

In pharmacies, seaweed comes in the form of a powder in a package of 150 g and in granules called "Laminarid" in a package of 50 g. In stores they sell confectionery with seaweed, canned food.

Brown algae served for a long time, and in some countries they are still a source of iodine and other trace elements. In the Black, Baltic, White seas, red algae grow - purple. Agar-agar polysaccharide is boiled out of them, which is widely used in industry and confectionery.

LAMINARIAE THALLI

Seaweed.

PRJSC "LIKTRAVI"

Description

Laminaria is a brown thallus, consisting of a ribbon-like plate, a trunk and rhizoids at the base. The thallus plate is uncut, 2–6 meters long (sometimes up to 12 m) and 10–35 cm wide. The trunk is 3–70 cm long, about 1 cm in diameter. Sporangia (organs of asexual reproduction) develop more often on one side of the plate.

Compound

Laminaria thalli contain salts of alginic acid (up to 25%), laminarin (up to 20%), mannitol (up to 30%), l-fructose (up to 4%), fiber (5-6%), proteins (about 9%) , vitamins (A, B1, B2, B12, C and D), macro- and microelements (iodine - 2.7 - 3%, bromine - 0.02-0.9%, potassium, sodium, calcium, manganese, copper , cobalt, boron, arsenic).

pharmachologic effect

Laminaria thallus, due to the ability of polysaccharides to swell, act irritatingly on the receptors of the intestinal mucosa and contribute to its emptying. The therapeutic effect of seaweed is due to the high content of iodine. It is used for the treatment of hyperthyroidism, mild forms of Graves' disease, for the prevention of endemic goiter, atherosclerosis. Preparations from the thallus of kelp contribute to the removal of radionuclides from the body.

general information

Laminaria belongs to brown algae. There are about 30 species of this plant. In medicine, Japanese and sugary kelp is used. The kelp plate has a greenish-brown color, it can be whole or dissected, as well as wrinkled or even, depending on the species. The plate grows throughout the year, then it collapses, and a new one grows in its place.

Laminaria algae, whose thalli can reach up to 13 m in length, are common in the seas of the Southern and Northern Hemispheres. The plant is especially common in the Pacific Ocean.

Procurement of raw materials

There are two ways to harvest kelp thalli. In the first case, they are caught at a depth of about 5 m, in the second, plants washed ashore by the tide are used.

Before drying, the thallus should be washed well in sea water, thus cleaning it from sand and salt. Raw materials are prepared for drying by removing rhizoids and coarse petioles. Lay out the thallus of kelp on cardboard or wooden flooring in a thin layer and leave to dry in the sun. After drying, a white coating appears on the surface of the kelp. Dried raw materials are stored up to 3 years. At the enterprises, it is dried in industrial dryers.

There is another way to store kelp - freezing. To do this, the algae are cleaned of dirt, chopped and placed in containers. Shelf life - six months.

Medicinal properties

The use of kelp thalli

The beneficial properties of kelp are due to the content of iodine, which is necessary for violations of the thyroid gland.

In folk medicine, as well as in official medicine, as a laxative. The plant, getting into the intestines, swells, plays the role of an irritant of the mucous membrane. Therefore, thallus is recommended for constipation. Also, traditional medicine advises taking kelp for anemia, atherosclerosis.

Due to the content of iodine, official medicine recommends kelp in the following situations:

• With malfunctions of the thyroid gland.
• In violation of ovarian function, to normalize the menstrual cycle.
• To activate the gastrointestinal tract.
• For the prevention of cancer.
• For the purpose of removing radionuclides when living in areas with a high level of radiation.
• To improve tissue regeneration in wounds, bedsores, etc., as well as to protect them from infection.
• With atherosclerosis.

Based on the thalli of kelp, drugs are made that reduce blood pressure. Laminaria thallus is recommended for weight loss. The plant is also actively used in dentistry.

Laminaria thallus in cosmetology

Laminaria thalli are used in cosmetology: both in specialized salons and at home. have a rejuvenating effect. They are suitable for all skin types, perfectly cleanse and saturate with vitamins.

Laminaria thallus is also used to promote hair growth. Algae-based masks nourish the roots and strengthen the hair.

Based on the thalli of kelp, effective cellulite wraps are made.

Contraindications for use

Laminaria thallus, the benefits and harms of which are actively discussed by experts, have some contraindications. First of all, people with individual sensitivity to iodine, various inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity, nephrosis, nephritis, acne, furunculosis should be careful.

Taking kelp for children under 12 years of age, as well as during pregnancy and breastfeeding, is not recommended due to lack of clinical data.

According to materials:

1. Maznev N. I. The Golden Book of Medicinal Plants / N. I. Maznev. - 15th ed., add. - M .: LLC "ID RIPOL Classic", LLC Publishing House "DOM. XXI century”, 2008. - 621 p.
2. Maznev N. I. Travnik / N. I. Maznev. - M.: Gamma Press 2000 LLC, 2001. - 512 p. from ill.
3. Tovstuha Y. S. Phytotherapy / Y. S. Tovstuha. - K .: Zdorov "I, 1990. - 304 p., il., 6.55 arc. il.
4. Chukhno T. Big encyclopedia of medicinal plants / T. Chukhno. - M.: Eksmo, 2007. - 1024 p.

The information is provided for informational purposes only and should not be used for self-treatment.

Publication date: 08/12/2015

Updated: 09/30/2019

Medicinal plants and herbal teas indicated in the material

Last update of the description by the manufacturer 31.07.1997

Filterable List

Active substance:

ATX

Pharmacological groups

Composition and form of release

Laminaria thallus in a package of 150 g.

Characteristic

Contains polysaccharides (laminarin 21%, mannitol 20-25%, fructose 4%), alginic acid 25%, iodides, vitamins B 1 , B 2 , B 12 , A, C, D, E, salts of potassium, sodium, magnesium, bromine, cobalt, iron, manganese, sulfur and phosphorus compounds, nitrogen-containing substances, proteins 5-10%, carbohydrates 13-21% and fats 1-3%.

pharmachologic effect

Indications of the drug

Atonic constipation, enterocolitis, proctitis, hypothyroidism, atherosclerosis.

Contraindications

Hypersensitivity (including to iodine), hemorrhagic diathesis, nephritis.

Side effects

Dosage and administration

Inside, 1/2-1 teaspoon at night (drink with water), the course of treatment is 15-30 days.

Storage conditions of the drug Laminaria thallus - sea kale

Keep out of the reach of children.

Shelf life of the drug Laminaria thallus - sea kale

Do not use after the expiry date stated on the packaging.

Instructions for medical use

Laminaria thallus - seaweed
Instructions for medical use - RU No. R N003122/01

Last Modified Date: 30.10.2015

Dosage form

Thallus crushed

Compound

Laminaria thallus - seaweed

Description of the dosage form

Pieces of thalli of various shapes. Color from light olive to dark olive, greenish brown, reddish brown, sometimes greenish black, dark green, dark gray with a greenish tint. The smell is peculiar. The taste is salty.

Characteristic

Laminaria thalli contain high molecular weight polysaccharides, iodine and bromide salts and other biologically active substances.

Pharmacological group

Herbal laxative

pharmachologic effect

The laxative effect is due to the ability of the drug to swell and, increasing in volume, cause irritation of the receptors of the intestinal mucosa. Due to the content of iodine salts, the drug also has a thyroid and hypolipidemic effect.

Indications

Chronic atonic constipation (including in patients with hyperlipidemia).

Contraindications

Increased individual sensitivity (including to iodine), hyperthyroidism, multinodular goiter, thyrotoxicosis of various origins, nephritis, nephrosis, hemorrhagic diathesis, furunculosis, acne, chronic pyoderma, intestinal obstruction, acute abdomen syndrome, appendicitis and other inflammatory processes in the abdominal cavity , acute febrile conditions, pregnancy, lactation.

Laminaria sugary - Laminaria saccharina

Taxon: Laminaria family (Laminariaceae)

Other names: seaweed

English: Sugar Kelp, Sugar Sea Belt, Sweet Wrack, Sugar Tang, Oarweed, Tangle

Botanical description

A brown alga with a ribbon-like thallus 1 to 12 m long and 10-35 cm wide. The thallus (thallus) near the base narrows into a trunk, which branches below into rhizoids - root-like formations, with the help of which the alga is attached to rocky soil. Laminaria plate is linear, slimy, soft, with wavy edges, greenish-brown in color. Every year it dies off in late autumn, and in winter it grows again. All algae is permeated with mucous passages and lacunae. Laminaria reproduces by mobile zoospores, which are formed in sporangia on the surface of the plates. The life expectancy of kelp is from 2 to 4 years, depending on climatic conditions.

In addition to sugary kelp, it is also used in medicine kelp palmately dissected-- Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour, Japanese kelp- Laminaria japonica Aresch. with a linear uncut plate and Clauston's kelp-- Laminaria cloustoni Edm. (Laminaria hyperborea) with a wavy dissected plate, kelp narrow--Laminaria angustata Kjellm. with a narrower plate (5-8 cm wide).

Geographic distribution

Laminaria sugar forms significant thickets in the seas of the Arctic Ocean, and is also common in the North Atlantic, the western part of the Baltic and is less common in the Black Sea. Palm kelp is found in the northern seas and temperate latitudes, Japanese kelp - in the Far Eastern seas of the Pacific Ocean. Clauston's kelp - in the seas of the North Atlantic. These types of kelp are common along the coasts of the continents and islands at a depth of 2 to 20 meters. As a valuable food and medicinal plant, kelp is widely cultivated in Japan, Korea, China and the Russian Far East. Industrial harvesting of kelp is carried out in the White Sea.

Medicinal raw materials of kelp

Laminaria thallus (Stipites Laminariae) is used in medicine. For the most part, a two-year-old thallus is harvested, since it is larger in size, accumulates a maximum of biologically active substances and contains less water. Algae is collected by catching it with the help of special poles with a forked spring at the end, on which the thallus is wound. In addition, they also harvest fresh thallus, washed ashore by the tides. The thallus is washed from sand and silt, dried in the sun, laying out a thin layer on a cloth, tarpaulin or cardboard.

The finished raw material has the form of dense leathery plates with wavy (saccharine kelp), smooth (Japanese kelp) or wavy-torn (finger-dissected kelp and Clouston kelp) edges. Dried kelp is usually light olive, greenish brown, reddish brown, or blackish green in color. The surface of the thallus, when dried, is covered with a sweetish white coating.

Standardization. The quality of raw materials is regulated by GF XI.

External signs. Whole raw material. Laminaria thalli are dense, leathery, ribbon-like plates, folded along the length, without stems, or pieces of plates at least 10-15 cm long, at least 5-7 cm wide. The edges of the plates are solid, wavy, their thickness is at least 0.03 see Color - from light olive to dark olive or red-brown, sometimes greenish-black; thalli are covered with a white coating of salts. The smell is peculiar, the taste is salty.

Shredded raw materials. Strips of thalli 0.2-0.4 cm wide, at least 0.03 cm thick. Color, smell and taste, like whole raw materials.

crushed raw materials. Pieces of thallus of various shapes, passing through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm. The color is dark gray with a greenish tint. Smell and taste like whole raw materials.

Microscopy. In anatomical examination, small, almost square cells of the "epidermis" with thickened walls, numerous rounded mucous receptacles translucent through the "epidermis" have diagnostic value.

Qualitative reactions: according to GF XI

Numerical indicators. Whole and shredded raw materials. Iodine not less than 0.1%; polysaccharides (determined gravimetrically) not less than 8%; moisture not more than 15%; total ash not more than 40%; thalli with yellowed edges no more than 10%; organic impurities (algae of other species, grasses, thalli affected by crustaceans) should not be present; mineral impurities (shells, pebbles) no more than 0.5%; sand not more than 0.2%; whole and shredded thalli with a thickness of less than 0.03 cm, not more than 15%.

Iodine, according to SP XI, is determined after combustion in a flask with oxygen by direct titration with a solution of sodium thiosulfate. Polysaccharides are determined gravimetrically after extraction with water and precipitation with alcohol.

crushed raw materials. Particles that do not pass through a sieve with holes with a diameter of 3 mm, no more than 5%.

Microbiological purity. In accordance with GF XI, no. 2, p. 187 and Amendment to GF XI dated 12/28/95, category 5.2.

Storage. Store raw materials in dry, well-ventilated areas. Shelf life 3 years.

Biologically active substances of kelp

The main active ingredient of laminaria is a polysaccharide - alginic acid.

Alginic acid is an intercellular substance and one of the components of the cell walls of algae. In its function, it resembles pectin contained in the berries and fruits of flowering plants. During extraction, polymannuronic acid usually enters the solution, while polyguluronic acid remains in the cell walls and is masked by cellulose. In algae, alginic acid is found in the form of salts - alginates in an amount of up to 30% of the dry mass. It is slightly soluble in water, while forming a viscous colloidal solution. Alginic acid is capable of absorbing 200-300 times the amount of water (by weight), which leads to the widespread use of alginates in industry.

Alginic acid, which is a linear polymer consisting of residues linked by β-(1>4)-glycosidic linkages of D-mannuronic and 6-(1>4)-glycosidic linkages of L-guluronic acid (mol wt. 200 kDa). The content of L-guluronic acid in the molecule is 30-60%. The ratio between mannuronic and guluronic acids in the Norwegian algae Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour is 3.1:1, in Laminaria cloustoni Edm. (Laminaria hyperborea) -- 1.6:1.

Alginic acid is a heterogeneous substance, the ratio between mannuronic and guluronic acids in its different fractions ranges from 3:1 to 1:1. Alginic acid molecules contain fragments of alternately linked mannuronic and guluronic acids and blocks containing only mannuronic and only guluronic acids. The latter components are relatively resistant to hydrolytic influences, which makes it possible, by a combination of hydrolysis and fractionation, to enrich the alginic acid fraction with L-guluronide. As a result of this enrichment, a product is formed, which, as a polyelectrolyte, has a pronounced ability to selectively bind divalent ions.

Alginic acid

The most productive producers of alginic acid are Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour, Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour and Laminaria cloustoni Edm. (Laminaria hyperborea). The content of alginic acid in the thallus of kelp experiences seasonal fluctuations. Thus, in Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour, growing near Spain, the content of alginates reaches a maximum in May (26.1%), and decreases to 14% in August and January.

Laminaria contains up to 21% of the polysaccharide laminarin (laminaran). With incomplete hydrolysis of laminarin, the disaccharide laminaribiosa is formed.

Residues of the polyhydric alcohol D-mannitol can be attached to some of the laminarin molecules. The concentration of mannitol in the thallus of kelp ranges from 15-20% (dry weight) in summer to 3-4% in winter. It is believed that laminarin in brown algae is a reserve nutrient. Two forms of laminarin are known, which differ in molecular weight and solubility in water.

In addition to alginic acid and laminarin, other polysaccharides have been found in kelp. So, sugary kelp and Clauston's kelp contain cellulose - 5.7% and 3.7%, respectively. The sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan was found in Laminaria religiosa.

Oxylipins, monohydroxyunsaturated fatty acids, have been found in various types of kelp, including sugary kelp.

Laminaria contains up to 21% of the polysaccharide laminarin (laminaran), consisting of residues of β-D-glucopyranose with ligaments 1>3 (less often - 1>6) in linear chains and 1>6 in branched ones. With incomplete hydrolysis of laminarin, the disaccharide laminaribiosa is formed.

Residues of the polyhydric alcohol D-mannitol can be attached to some of the laminarin molecules by β-(1>1)-bonds.

laminarin

The concentration of mannitol in the thallus of kelp ranges from 15-20% (dry weight) in summer to 3-4% in winter. It is believed that laminarin in brown algae is a reserve nutrient. Two forms of laminarin are known, which differ in molecular weight and solubility in water.

In addition to alginic acid and laminarin, other polysaccharides have been found in kelp. So, Laminaria saccharina (L.) Lamour and Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour contain cellulose - 5.7% and 3.7%, respectively. The sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan was found in Laminaria religiosa.

Various sterols have been identified in sugar kelp, the content of which is 0.2%. The composition of sterols is dominated by fucosterol (87%), there are also 24-methylenecholesterol (11%), cholesterol (0.05%), 24-ketocholesterol (0.05%), saringosterol (1.8%).

Oxylipins, monohydroxyunsaturated fatty acids and 13(S)-hydroxy-6(Z),9(Z),11(E),15(Z)-octadecatetraenoic acid, in Laminaria sinclairii - divinyl esters of fatty acids: methyl-12--6(Z), 9(Z), 11(E)-dodecatrienoate, methyl-12--9(Z), 11(E) -dodecadienoate and methyl -14--5(Z),8(Z),11(Z),13(E) -tetradecatetraenoate. This indicates the presence of active lipoxygenases with u-6 specificity in the algae.

In addition to these compounds, the thallus of kelp contains a significant amount of L-fructose (up to 2%), proteins (up to 9%), traces of fatty oil, vitamins C (up to 111 mg%), B12 (0.04-0.05 μg / g dry matter), B1, B2, D, carotene, macro- and microelements (manganese, copper, iron, arsenic, cobalt, bromine, boron), violaxanthin, as well as brown pigments - fucoxanthin, neoxanthin, neofucoxanthin, etc., which mask chlorophyll. Brown algae contain, in addition to chlorophyll A, chlorofucin (chlorophyll C, or g-chlorophyll).

A new alkaloid-type amino acid, laminin (trimethyl-(5-amino-5-carboxyl) - ammonium dioxalate).

Of the minerals in kelp, as a rule, there is a significant amount of iodine (0.15-0.54%), most of which is in the form of iodides, as well as in the form of iodine organic compounds, in particular diiodotyrosine. It has been established that the content of iodine in kelp from the northern regions is higher than in kelp, which grows to the south (Listov S. A. et al., 1986). The iodine content in Murmansk Laminaria digitata (Hunds.) Lamour reaches 1.5% of dry matter.

Pharmacological properties of kelp

The therapeutic effect of kelp is primarily due to the iodine compounds contained in the thallus, since it is an important component of thyroxine, has a therapeutic effect in case of thyroid dysfunction caused by iodine deficiency, and also temporarily suppresses the increased metabolism caused by hyperfunction of the thyroid gland.

Iodine is part of the thyroid hormones, which accelerates tissue oxidation. In physiological concentrations, thyroxine improves protein assimilation, the absorption of phosphorus, calcium and iron, and activates some enzymes. Seaweed iodine regulates the menstrual cycle, the activity of the ovaries and the thyroid gland, reduces the pathological manifestations of premenopause, reduces blood viscosity, reduces vascular tone and blood pressure. In experiments on rats with artificially induced hypothyroidism, the use of seaweed was accompanied by a regression of the disease, and the action of seaweed preparations was more effective than inorganic iodine preparations.

In an experimental study of kelp powder, a laxative effect of the drug was established, which is due to the ability of polysaccharides to swell in the gastrointestinal tract. Increasing in volume, they cause irritation of the receptors of the intestinal mucosa, which leads to increased peristalsis and contributes to its emptying. Separate data indicate the content in the thallus of kelp of a water-soluble substance (or substances) that can directly excite intestinal motility.

In addition, kelp inhibits the development of experimental atherosclerosis in animals by reducing the content of total cholesterol, cholesterol-lipoprotein, especially triglycerides in the blood serum (Z.L. Tang and S.F. Shen, 1989). It so actively removes cholesterol from the body that the rate of its excretion begins to prevail over the rate of intake with food. In experiments on rats, it was proved that sodium alginate, isolated from Laminaria angustata Kjellman var., enhances the excretion of cholesterol with faeces. longissima Miyabe (Y. Kimura et al., 1996).

The powder from kelp palmate in experiments on rabbits significantly reduced the viscosity of blood and its plasma, the concentration of fibrinogen in it (Z.L. Tang and S.F. Shen, 1989). The polysaccharide fucoidan from Laminaria religiosa exhibits anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity (H. Maruyama et al., 1987).

An aqueous extract of laminaria palchatorissechnaya exhibits antimicrobial activity against Escherichia coli, shigella, salmonella, staphylococci (Trunova O.N. and Grintal A.R., 1977). The extract of kelp sugary antibiotic properties have not been identified. M.G. Shabrin and S.N. Shapiro (1954) established the antitrichomonas effect of kelp.

Laminaria has pronounced radioprotective properties. It has been experimentally proven that kelp salad reduces the accumulation of 85Sr and 90Sr radionuclides in the body of rats by 57.6% and 137Cs by 76.7% (V.N. Korzun et al., 1993; N.K. Shandala, 1993), and also accumulation of 125J in the thyroid gland of mice (H. Maruyama and I. Yamamoto, 1992). Adding it to the food of rats, in which radiation damage was caused by incorporation of 131J into the thyroid gland and an external source of γ-radiation - 137Cs, contributed to the life expectancy of animals, and in the long term after irradiation reduced the incidence of leukemia (by 2 times) and other malignant tumors (mammary gland, uterus, liver, adenomas of the salivary, parathyroid and thyroid glands), and also continued the latent period of their development (V.A. Knizhnikov, 1993). At the same time, radiation damage to the liver in the form of hepatitis and hepatodystrophies developed 1.5 times less frequently. In irradiated animals, kelp stabilizes the functional activity of natural killers (VN Korzun et al., 1993).

The ability of kelp to remove radionuclides and heavy metals from the body is due to salts of alginic acid - alginates. They have a pronounced effect on the metabolism, primarily of long-lived radioisotopes deposited in the bone skeleton (strontium, barium, radium, etc.). For the first time this property of alginates was revealed in 1957 by Canadian researchers D. Waldron-Edward et al. They proved that when using alginate from kelp, the accumulation of 90Sr in the femurs of experimental animals decreases by more than 5 times a day after application. According to the authors of the work, this is due to the specific binding of the radionuclide during its release from the blood on the surface of the intestinal mucosa and subsequent excretion with feces. A decrease in the content of radiostrontium in the mucosa causes diffusion of the circulating radionuclide from the blood, and there is a constant ratio between its content in the blood of animals and in the bone skeleton (depot of the radioisotope). Thus, alginates cause the mobilization of radionuclides from bone depots. The described phenomenon is called the phenomenon of radioisotope secretion. Subsequently, these data were repeatedly confirmed by different groups of researchers. Sodium alginate enriched with guluronide strongly counteracted the uptake of 90Sr by duodenal strips from the in vitro incubation medium (G. Patrick, 1967). A pronounced therapeutic effect is manifested with the simultaneous (oral and intravenous) administration of alginate to animals with a 9-week-old 85Sr seed. The pronounced mobilization of the radionuclide from the bone depot is evidenced by its significantly increased concentrations in the blood and parenchymal organs (O. van der Borgh et al., 1978). The data presented are of indisputable interest, first of all, for the fight against chronic or long-standing radionuclide intoxications and indicate the promise of using alginate preparations both in the form of injections and orally.

Back in 1967. E. Hesp and B. Ramsbottom demonstrated that sodium alginate preparations actively block the absorption of radioactive elements from the human intestine. In the course of studies on volunteers, after taking 10 g of alginate 20 minutes before the introduction of 0.36-0.48 μCi of 85Sr, the absorption of the radionuclide decreased by 9 times. At the same time, the concentration of the radioisotope in the urine decreased by 9.3 times, in the blood - by 9.2 times, and the accumulation in body tissues - by 8.3 times. In experiments on volunteers who were orally administered a stable isotope of strontium simultaneously with sodium alginate, after 2 hours this element was not detected in the blood, its excretion in the urine sharply decreased over 24 hours (Y.F. Gong et al., 1991). At the same time, there was no effect of the drug on the metabolism of such trace elements as calcium, iron, copper and zinc.

Human studies have confirmed that the degree of protective effect is determined by the content of guluronide. Even a single administration of sodium alginate enriched with L-guluronic acid monomers reduces the deposition of strontium in the human body by at least 4 times (A. Sutton et al., 1971). Alginates show a tendency to remain in the human intestine - even after the cessation of intensive use, their effect is expressed within 1-2 weeks.

When studying the detoxification ability of sodium alginate against the background of radionuclide intoxication, it was found that its severity depends on the botanical species of kelp, the ratio of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic acids in the polysaccharide complex, and also on the presence of free carboxyls in the guluronic fragment of the macromolecule. The greatest activity is shown by alginate preparations, maximally freed from cations of 2-3-valent elements. It has been experimentally proven that partial hydrolysis and fractionation of native alginates, aimed at increasing the concentration of guluronide in the polysaccharide, contribute to an increase in its "capturing" activity, regardless of the nature of the hydrolyzing agent. Such drugs significantly reduce the absorption and deposition of radioactive strontium in the bone tissue of experimental animals (G.E. Harrison et al., 1966). So, at a concentration of guluronide in alginate of 54-60%, from 22 to 15% of the prescribed dose of 85Sr is absorbed, and at a guluronide content of 97%, only 16% of the isotope is absorbed.

In some studies, preparations of partially degraded alginates reduced the absorption of radionuclides by 20-25 times.

Along with strontium, sodium alginate preparations inhibit the absorption of radium and barium isotopes (140Ba, 222Ra, 226Ra) from the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals. Similar studies have demonstrated the ability of partially degraded sodium alginate to accelerate the elimination of 222Ra from the body of animals. Treatment with alginates, started 27 days after intra-abdominal inoculation of animals with 222Ra, led to a rapid saturation of the bloodstream with the radionuclide, which was accompanied by a sharp increase in the content of 222Ra in the feces and a decrease in the content of this radioactive metal in the bone skeleton of animals decapitated after 10 days of treatment (L. Kestens et al. ., 1980). In another study on mice (G. E. R. Schoeters et al., 1983), it was also found that treatment with alginate, started 4 days after the injection of 226RaCl2 by adding 5% of the drug to the diet, promotes a pronounced elimination of the radionuclide from the body of animals without a noticeable effect on calcium metabolism, despite for the duration of treatment (200 days). Preliminary administration of sodium alginate preparations to animals increases the absorption rate of 226Ra from the gastrointestinal tract of laboratory animals by almost 100 times (O. van der Borght et al., 1971).

The radioprotective action of alginic acid is based on its ability to form insoluble salts with ions of 2-3-valent metals. The specific binding strength depends on the ratio of D-mannuronic and L-guluronic acids in the polysaccharide molecule. The high affinity of alginic acid preparations for lead ions was also confirmed in experiments on the removal of lead from the body. Since the metal-binding activity of alginates depends on their structure, it is important to consider the prospect of using this property of polysaccharides for the selective excretion of metal ions from the body.

Obviously, the adsorption complexing properties of kelp polyanionic alginates largely determine other biological properties, in particular, the ability to prevent infection of mice with influenza A and B viruses when administered intranasally. Calcium alginate is also used as a hemostatic agent. Sodium alginate can be the basis of biopolymer protective coatings for wounds, burn surfaces, and mucous membranes. It is harmless, completely absorbed in the body, stimulates healing processes and easily combines with various drugs.

Laminaria polysaccharides have pronounced antitumor properties. Hot water extracts and their fractions, which are not amenable to dialysis, obtained from Japanese kelp and narrow kelp, inhibit the growth of sarcoma-180 implanted subcutaneously in mice by 70.3-83.6% (I. Yamamoto et al., 1974, 1986).

In 1959 M. Belkin. et al. conducted a test of the antitumor effect of sodium alginate isolated from kelp. When the polysaccharide was administered to mice affected by the ascitic form of sarcoma-37, degenerative changes (swelling, vacuolization) were observed in the tumor cells. Sodium alginate, obtained from Laminaria narrowa and other algae, prevents the occurrence of colon tumors in rats induced by 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (I. Yamamoto and H. Maruyama, 1985). Analyzing the results obtained, the researchers concluded that the antiblastoma activity of alginic acid preparations largely depends on the source of algal polysaccharides. The occurrence of 7,12-dimethylbenz[b]anthracene-induced breast carcinomas is also inhibited by the sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan (J. Teas et al., 1984).

Experiments by B. Jolles et al. (1963) indicate that laminarin sulfate, when directly injected into the tumor, inhibits the growth of sarcoma-180 implanted in mice. This action is based on the ability of laminarin to reduce the number of mitoses in tumor cells.

According to I.P. Fomina et al. (1966), who conducted a comparative study of the biological effect of glucan isolated from the cell walls of the yeast fungi Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hans., and laminarin, the antitumor effect of the latter is much weaker - it inhibits the growth of sarcoma-180 and Ehrlich's carcinoma only by 19-25% (glucan - by 41-60%). On the basis of the obtained results, the authors came to the conclusion that the different biological action of two polysaccharides having the same composition and types of chemical bonds is determined by the size and configuration of their molecules. The sulfated polysaccharide fucoidan from Laminaria religiosa also has antitumor properties, which inhibits the growth of cells of the ascitic form of sarcoma-180, Ehrlich's carcinoma, leukemias L1210 and P388 implanted subcutaneously in mice (H. Maruyama et al., 1987; K. Chida and I. Yamamoto, 1987 ). Interestingly, kelp polysaccharides also inhibit the growth of virus-induced Rauscher leukemia in mice (GM Shaposhnikova et al., 1992).

Japanese scientists (N. Takahashi et al., 2000) found that kelp rhizoidal extract inhibits the growth of breast cancer, and the active substance was identified as L-tryptophan.

Thus, several mechanisms may be involved in the implementation of the antitumor effect of kelp. Algae fibers, which are not digested in the gastrointestinal tract, accelerate the passage of fecal masses through the intestines, and its polysaccharides, due to their sorption properties, bind and prevent the absorption of carcinogens and radionuclides. In addition, β-glucan blocks the enzymatic activity of the intestinal flora (which plays an important role in the metabolic activation of carcinogens) and stimulates the body's immune response. Alginates and laminarin inhibit the mutagenic effect of xenobiotics on the genetic apparatus of the cell. Biologically active substances of kelp inhibit the metabolism of sterols in the body, contribute to the maintenance of intestinal normomicrobiocenosis.

X. Weijian et al. (1989) observed the hypoglycemic effect of laminarin in animals with experimental alloxan diabetes. Sodium alginate, isolated from kelp, inhibits the absorption of glucose in the small intestine of rats and the increase in plasma insulin levels in the sugar load test (Y. Kimura et al., 1996). High molecular weight alginates (mol.m. 2700, 100 and 50 kDa) exhibit a stronger effect than low molecular weight (mol.m. 10 kDa). Similar properties were shown in experiments on pigs by the polysaccharide of kelp palmately dissected (P.Vaugelade et al., 2000). chemical biological pharmacological kelp

A substance with a hypotensive effect, laminin, was obtained from kelp narrow. An infusion of Japanese kelp (Laminaria japonica Aresch) also exhibits a persistent hypotensive effect. In addition, it exhibits a negative chronotropic effect on the isolated right atrium of the rat, without affecting the tension of the muscles of the atrium, and also relieves spasm of the muscles of the caudal artery of rats caused by potassium chloride (K.o 2 times less pronounced.

In order to increase the biological activity of laminarin by enzymatic transformation with (1>3)-D-glucanases, a glucan was obtained from marine invertebrates, consisting of (1>3)- and (1>6)-in-D-linked residues, called "translam" . Translam showed a more pronounced immunotropic effect in comparison with laminarin. It has been shown to protect animals from 100% fatal generalized infection and to stimulate hematopoietic stem cell populations. Translam exhibits pronounced immunostimulating properties in animals that have experienced g-irradiation at a sublethal dose. It increases the resistance of irradiated mice to infection with Escherichia coli, reduces the number of bacteria in the spleen, stimulates the absorbing and digesting activity of peritoneal macrophages (Kuznetsova T.A. et al., 1994). Translam provides a stable therapeutic effect when administered to animals during the first 24 hours after irradiation at doses of the order of LD90, which cause acute radiation damage to the skin (Chertkov KS et al., 1999).

A protein-mineral complex was isolated from kelp (Drozd Yu.V. et al. 1991, 1993), which, under conditions of experimental hypothermia (at a temperature of -18°C), increased the lifespan of mice of the line (CBAxC56Bl6) by 61%, significantly exceeding in its activity of ethyl alcohol, sydnocarb and glutamic acid. It is believed that kelp preparations in the future can be used as an "antifreeze" for hypothermia of warm-blooded organisms. This drug also increased the tolerance of animals to lack of water.

Toxicology and side effects

Laminaria, as a rule, does not cause adverse reactions, it does not develop addiction with a decrease in the therapeutic effect.

Contraindications to the use of seaweed are nephritis, nephrosis, hemorrhagic diathesis, urticaria, pregnancy, furunculosis and other diseases in which iodine preparations are not indicated. With prolonged use of sea kale in people with hypersensitivity to iodine, iodism is possible. Described anaphylactic shock caused by the use of kelp.

With prolonged administration of laminarin to animals, pathological changes in the skeletal system were observed: the carpal and pelvic joints were weakened, and spontaneous fractures occurred. Microscopic examination of the bone tissue revealed osteoporosis, impaired endochondrial ossification in the epiphyseal cartilages, and the absence of new bone trabeculae. It is believed that these phenomena are due to the accumulation of thyroxine in the thyroid gland, since hyperthyroidism stimulates the breakdown of proteins and intensifies the decomposition of muscle creatinine.

At the same time, the hormone reduces the concentration of cholesterol and lipoproteins in plasma, and also stimulates the breakdown of bone tissue.

Clinical application of kelp

As a drug, sea kale is prescribed for atherosclerosis, for the treatment and prevention of endemic goiter, hyperthyroidism, and mild forms of Basedow's disease. Products made with the addition of seaweed in doses corresponding to the daily requirement of iodine (200 mcg / day) are recommended for use in endemic areas for goiter. In the Far East, the method of "silent" prevention of endemic goiter has been widely introduced into practice. It lies in the fact that a person receives the necessary dose of iodine with bread, during baking of which seaweed powder is added at the rate of 0.4 mg per 1 kg of bread.

Seaweed is recommended as a mild laxative for chronic atonic constipation. Its effect is similar to the physiological laxative effect of vegetables and fruits. Seaweed is especially effective for chronic constipation against the background of atherosclerosis. In such cases, kelp powder or granules are taken 1 time per day (at night) in half or a whole teaspoon diluted in 1/3-1/2 cup of water. At the same time, small particles of seaweed swell and irritate the nerve endings of the intestinal mucosa, which contributes to the excitation of peristalsis.

Laminaria is also used as an antidote for inhalation lesions of the upper respiratory tract in persons in contact with barium salts and radionuclides. It is taken in the form of inhalation (a teaspoon of dry kelp powder is infused for an hour in 200 ml of water). The course of treatment is 10 sessions of 5 minutes. The clinical use of sodium alginate enriched with guluronide for the treatment of acute inhalation intoxication with 226RaSO4 in case of accidental damage to the ampoule has been described (O. van der Borgh, 1972). Alginates with a high content of guluronic acid intensively prevent the absorption of radioactive barium from the human gastrointestinal tract (A. Sutton and H. Shepherd, 1972). Laminaria is recommended to be included in the diet of the population living in the territory contaminated after the accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant in order to reduce the accumulation of radioactive isotopes 90Sr and 137Cs in the body.

The results of epidemiological studies indicate the existence of a direct relationship between the consumption of kelp and the low incidence of breast cancer in Japan (J. Teas, 1983). THEM. Vorontsov (1957) used kelp powder to treat cancer patients. The drug was administered to patients in a teaspoon 3 times a day after combined treatment, a course of radiation therapy or surgery, as well as in cases of an advanced tumor process. Patients took the drug for 2-12 months or more. The results of clinical observation of 500 patients with different localization of tumors showed that with prolonged use of kelp, the general condition of patients gradually improved, as well as their state of mind. At the same time, blood counts and bowel function normalized, appetite improved. As a result of the research, it is recommended to use sea kale as an adjuvant in the treatment of cancer patients.

Based on the extract of Japanese kelp, a drug was developed to lower blood pressure. Laminaria powder shows clinical efficacy in the treatment of inflammatory diseases of the uterus and its appendages, trichomonas colpitis. With gout and rheumatism, residents of coastal areas make baths with the addition of seaweed in order to reduce pain. A positive result of the use of kelp as a seasoning for food in inflammatory diseases of the photosensitive apparatus of the eye was noted. This increases visual acuity, expands the field of view and partially restores photosensitivity. Known cases of the use of seaweed in enteritis, colitis, lymphadenitis, chronic polyarthritis, for the treatment of infected wounds. However, these developments have not found wide application in clinical practice.

During electrophoresis with the use of seaweed, in most atherosclerotic patients with mental disorders, the electrocardiogram improved, blood pressure and vascular tone normalized, and cholesterol content in the blood decreased. In many patients, against the background of changes in objective data, the mental state improved. Among the natives of Japan, who regularly eat kelp, atherosclerosis is 10 times less common than among the Japanese who emigrated to the United States.

In clinical practice, bougie are also used, made from the petiole parts of the thallus of kelp palmate = dissected. In the presence of moisture, bougie quickly increase in volume and become more elastic. The described method of osmotic dilatation is used to expand the opening of the fistula, with stenosis of the esophagus, laryngotracheal stenosis in children, but more often in gynecological practice with various intrauterine procedures. The bougie looks like dense inflexible sticks with a diameter of 2-3 mm and a length of 6-7 cm. The expansion of the cervical canal occurs already 3-4 hours after the introduction of the bougie from kelp and reaches a maximum after 24 hours. During this time, kelp increases in diameter by 4-5 times, expanding the diameter of the cervical canal from 9 to 12 mm (B.W. Newton, 1972) and becomes softer and more elastic. Mizutani Inc. (Japan) special products are produced from kelp to expand the cervix (up to 5-8 mm or more).

Now laminaria bougie is widely used in gynecological practice for preoperative expansion of the rigid cervix in pregnant women at 7-12 weeks of gestation, for preparing the cervix for termination of pregnancy at 17-25 weeks, if the introduction of kelp precedes intraamniotic infusion of hypertonic urea solution, drugs prostaglandins, intravenous drip of oxytocin. It has been proven that during pregnancy termination in the second trimester (with abnormalities in the development of the fetus) with the help of extra-amniotic administration of rivanol, the use of laminaria bougies has a more pronounced effect compared to bougies made of nelaton polymer material (A. Jarnbert et al., 1999). This method of termination of pregnancy, as a rule, does not give complications, does not change the nature of the vaginal and cervical microflora when exposed for no more than 24 hours (G.R. Evaldson et al., 1986), reduces the risk of post-abortion inflammatory diseases (I. Bryman et al., 1988; A. Jonasson et al., 1989) and does not adversely affect the course of subsequent pregnancy (D. Schneider et al., 1996). Its use significantly reduces the risk of uterine perforation during abortion (D.A. Grimes et al., 1984). The method is also effective in early termination of pregnancy using vacuum aspiration (I.M. Golditch and M.H. Glasser, 1974; P.G. Stubblefield et al., 1979; F. De Bonis et al., 1988). In obstetrics, laminaria bougie is used to gently prepare the cervix for the onset of labor in women with complicated pregnancy (toxicosis of the second half of pregnancy, fetal malnutrition, antenatal fetal death, Rhesus conflict, aggravating obstetric anamnesis). This reduces the number of cases of ineffective obstetric care and the dose of oxytocin required for this, the number of caesarean sections, the risk of intrapartum fetal death, and the duration of labor is reduced (R.L. Agress et al., 1981; G.M. Kazzi et al., 1985).

The use of laminaria bougie is recognized as a safe and effective method of cervical dilatation in women with cervical stenosis during the embryo transfer procedure (I. in diagnostic hysteroscopy (D.E. Townsend and R. Melkonian, 1990), vaginal removal of intrauterine connections (F.P. Chen et al., 1997 ), subtear fibromyomas (M.H. Goldrath, 1990), with the introduction of radioactive isotopes into the uterine cavity for the treatment of cancer (C. is more widely used in dental practice. The expediency of using a complex toothpaste with biologically active compounds of kelp to improve physical, chemical and mechanical properties of tooth enamel and prevention of caries (V.A. Drozhzhina and Yu.A. Fedorov, 1991).Tooth elixirs with mineral-vitamin concentrate of kelp help to improve metabolic processes in periodontal tissue (V.A. Drozhzhina et al., 1995, 1996 ).

Laminaria alginic acid and its salts, alginates, have found quite wide practical application. They are used in the pharmaceutical industry as agents that improve the decomposition of solid dosage forms in the gastrointestinal tract, emulsifiers, thickeners, suspension stabilizers, and also for the manufacture of colloidal blood substitutes.

Sodium alginate is used as a base for biopolymer coatings on wounds and burn surfaces. Russia has developed absorbable alginate coatings and wound healing dressings Algipor and Algimaf. They are used for local treatment of wounds, including long-healing ones, burns, trophic ulcers, bedsores. Due to the unique biological properties, the preparations accelerate the cleansing and healing of wounds of various origins, counteracting their infection, and reduce the intoxication of the body. Algipor and algimaf have been clinically tested in leading clinics in Russia, and the advantages of alginate coatings over traditional dressings have been highly appreciated by experts.

On the basis of alginate, a powdered dressing "Statin" is also produced, intended for treating the skin around the stoma, for closing superficial infected wounds and burns. Statin has proven itself in operations of tonsillitis and adenoidectomy, in dermoplasty. In addition, the statin has pronounced hemostatic properties: it stops capillary bleeding immediately, and bleeding of moderate intensity within 8-10 seconds

Modern wound healing agents based on alginate algipor, algimaf and statin do not cause allergic reactions, are well tolerated by patients, and there are practically no contraindications to their use.

Alginate preparations have also been created to stop gastrointestinal bleeding, treat gastric and duodenal ulcers. The action of these drugs is associated with their ability to form a protective film, which prevents dyspepsia and inflammation.

Baths with the addition of kelp and sea mud, containing biologically active substances and microelements of algae, also have healing properties. In some coastal countries (for example, in Norway), algae baths are used to relieve joint pain. To do this, kelp thallus is added to water heated to 45 ° C. Foot baths can also be prepared from dry kelp (a pack of dry seaweed in a bucket of water). The duration of the procedure is 20-30 minutes, it is best to do them at night. The prepared suspension is designed for 3-4 procedures, then it is necessary to make fresh. Total for the course - 12-15 procedures.

Patients with osteochondrosis, neuritis and myositis are helped by compresses from "algae mud". They are prepared based on a bucket of water with a temperature of up to 50 ° C 5-6 packs of sea kale, let it brew for 30 minutes and strain through cheesecloth. The resulting mass is applied to a gauze napkin with a layer about 2 cm thick, applied to a sore spot, covered with oilcloth or cellophane and a layer of cotton and bandaged. The compress retains heat for a long time. The thermal effect can be enhanced by placing a heating pad or a bag of heated salt on top of the compress. The compress can be left for 5-6 hours. At least 5-7 and no more than 12-15 procedures are recommended for a course of treatment. The main contraindications to mud therapy are cardiovascular, skin and tumor diseases, allergic reactions.

Seaweed can be used as a diet food product. Dry powder from seaweed contains 5-20% proteins, 0.9-3.24% fats and 6-12% dietary carbohydrates, rich in trace elements and vitamins. Laminaria is eaten in China, Japan, Indonesia, and the Far East of Russia. For the needs of dietary nutrition, a technology for making processed cheese with kelp was developed (Kolomiytseva M.G. et al., 1967). It has been demonstrated that the enrichment of fish dishes with seaweed increases their biological value (Petrovsky K.S. et al., 1982). Preventive and therapeutic dose of seaweed - 2 teaspoons of seaweed: dry, canned, pickled, in the form of salads.

Sodium alginate is widely used in the food industry (production of ice cream, milk chocolate, icing sugar, confectionery, salad dressing), as an adhesive in the manufacture of cosmetics.

Medicines for kelp

• * Laminaria powder (Pulvis folii Laminariae). It is produced in packs of 75 g, 150 g, and 180 g. It is used as a mild laxative for chronic atonic constipation, as well as for constipation in patients with atherosclerosis: dilute 1/2-1 teaspoon in water, take at night. The course of treatment is 15-30 days. For the prevention of endemic goiter, 1 teaspoon of powder per week is prescribed.
• * Laminarid (Laminaridum) - granules, 1 g of which contains 0.2 g of a mixture of polysaccharides with proteins and alginic acid salts, which are obtained from kelp. Produced in a package of 50 g. Used for chronic constipation with spastic phenomena, 5-10 g (1-2 teaspoons) 1-3 times a day after meals with 1/4-1/2 glass of water at room temperature. Unlike kelp powder, the granular preparation does not irritate the mucous membranes of the mouth and throat.
• * Algigel (Algigel) - 4% gel of natural sodium alginate from brown algae. Produced in bottles of 180 g. It has anti-inflammatory, antacid, radioprotective, reparative and hemostimulating properties. It is used for the complex treatment of persons affected by accidents at nuclear facilities, with gastric and duodenal ulcers, erosive gastritis, acute and chronic hyperacid gastritis, and in violation of hematopoiesis (leukopenia, anemia). Assign inside 1 tablespoon 3-4 times a day 30 minutes after eating. The course of treatment lasts 30 days, it is recommended to conduct 2-3 courses per year with an interval of 4-6 months.
• * Algisorb (Algosorb) - a powder containing calcium alginate. Produced in bags of 2.5 and 5 g. It is used as an enterosorbent. The drug adsorbs radionuclides and heavy metals from the gastrointestinal tract, thus preventing their accumulation in the body, the development of severe toxic effects and internal irradiation of organs.

It is used as a first aid agent for acute poisoning with radionuclides and heavy metals, for the treatment and prevention of intoxication with radionuclides and heavy metals, both in case of accidental ingestion and with prolonged intake with contaminated products, for the treatment and prevention of chronic lead intoxication. As part of combination therapy, it is prescribed for chronic inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract, disorders of its motility, skin allergic reactions, hypercholesterolemia. Used inside, a single dose for adults - 5-10 g, for children - 0.5-5 g, depending on age. The frequency of administration and duration of treatment are set individually.

Side effect: occasionally there are dyspepsia, mild diarrhea. Contraindications for use have not been established. Due to the possible effect on the absorption of other drugs, the interval between taking this drug and another drug should be 1-2 hours.

• * Algipor - hermetically packed sterile sheets of porous material measuring 50x50 mm or 60x100 mm, about 10 mm thick. Contain a mixture of sodium-calcium salt of alginic acid with furacilin (as an antiseptic). Upon contact with the wound, the dressing becomes gel-like, which helps to reduce pain. The drug has pronounced hemostatic and draining properties, absorbs wound exudate, accelerates the cleansing of wounds, counteracts their infection. Dressings stimulate the processes of skin regeneration, its epithelization.
• * Algimaf - hermetically packed sterile sheets of porous material measuring 50x50 mm or 60x100 mm, about 10 mm thick. They contain a mixture of the sodium-calcium salt of alginic acid with the sulfanilamide drug mafenide acetate, as well as the antioxidant phenozan. Upon contact with the wound, the dressing becomes gel-like, which helps to reduce pain. The drug has pronounced hemostatic and draining properties, absorbs wound exudate, accelerates the cleansing of wounds, counteracts infection, stimulates regenerative processes and skin epithelialization. Due to the content of the antioxidant phenosan, algimaf has a more pronounced therapeutic effect in comparison with algipor.
• * Lamisplat is a biologically active food supplement. Available in tablets of 0.25, 0.35 and 0.5 g, containing minerals (iodine, potassium, calcium, phosphorus, iron, magnesium, zinc, boron, copper), essential amino acids, enzymes, dietary fiber and B vitamins In from kelp and spirulina, as well as vitamin C and citric acid. It has a general strengthening effect, normalizes metabolic processes in the body, reduces the level of low-density lipoproteins, helps to remove toxins, heavy metals, toxins, radionuclides from the body, reduces hunger and prevents excessive deposition of fats in the body, promotes wound healing. It is recommended for metabolic disorders (obesity, atherosclerosis), intestinal hypokinesia, hypo- and avitaminosis, mineral deficiency, hair fragility, premature skin aging, to increase the body's immunological reactivity. Take orally with meals 2 tab. 0.5 g 2 times a day, or 2 tab. 0.35 g 3 times a day, or 4 tab. 0.25 g 2 times a day. The drug is contraindicated in case of hypersensitivity to iodine compounds.
• * Dr. Theiss New figure (Naturwahren, Germany) - capsules containing 50 mg of rhubarb, 80 mg of brown algae extract (kelp, fucus), 50 mg of plum extract and 50 mg of licorice root. The drug reduces the feeling of hunger, improves intestinal activity, absorbs fluid, removes toxic compounds, activates metabolism, helps to reduce fat depots. It is prescribed for alimentary obesity, to reduce the feeling of hunger while dieting. Take 1 capsule 3 times a day (at lunchtime and in the evening) before meals.
• * Ointment "Algofin" is a combined preparation containing substances of natural origin: sodium salts of fatty acids, carotenoids, alginates, chlorophyll derivatives and film formers based on natural wax. Produced in aluminum tubes of 25 g

The ointment has an antimicrobial effect against gram-positive and gram-negative, aerobic and anaerobic, spore-forming and asporogenic microorganisms: staphylococci, streptococci, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, clostridia, peptococci and other microorganisms in the form of monocultures and microbial associations that mimic soil pollution, as well as in relation to hospital strains of bacteria with polyresistance to other chemotherapeutic drugs. Algofin is also effective against Proteus, pneumococcus, Klebsiella rhinoscleroma and fungi of the genus Candida. The drug exhibits anti-inflammatory properties, enhances regenerative and reparative processes, has hyperosmolar properties, reduces toxicosis in patients with extensive burns, trophic disorders, and radiation ulcers. The ointment also exhibits deodorizing properties, eliminating an unpleasant odor during purulent-necrotic processes, especially of a chronic nature.

The ointment is prescribed at any stage of the wound process for the treatment of purulent-inflammatory, trophic, radiation lesions of soft tissues of various localization: amputation stump, wounds, including those infected with various microflora, trophic ulcers, bedsores, complicated postoperative wounds, fistulas, abscesses, phlegmon, thermal and chemical burns II-IV degree, radiation ulcers. It is also used to treat inflammatory skin diseases, pyoderma, erysipelas.

The ointment is applied topically. After the standard treatment of wounds and burns, it is applied directly to the damaged surface or in the form of applications on sterile wipes. Treatment can be carried out in open and closed ways. Ointment-impregnated swabs can loosely fill the cavities of purulent wounds after surgical treatment, gauze turundas with ointment are injected into the fistula opening. In the treatment of purulent wounds, the ointment is used once a day on a surface previously cleared of purulent secretions and necrotic masses, in the treatment of burns - 2-3 times a week, depending on the depth of the lesion and the amount of purulent discharge. In the treatment of trophic lesions, the bandage is changed 1-2 times in 3 days, controlling the development of granulations. The duration of treatment is determined by the degree of wound cleansing from purulent-necrotic masses, the elimination of the inflammatory process and the development of granulations and averages 15-25 days.

In dermatological practice, the ointment is applied in a thin layer on the skin or on a gauze bandage, followed by application to the erosive surface 1-2 times a day for 1-2 weeks. In the presence of purulent exudate on the surface of ulcers and erosions, it is preliminarily cleaned with a solution of furacilin 1:500, 3% hydrogen peroxide or 1-2% boric acid.

Side effect. When applied topically, the ointment does not show local irritating and allergenic activity, promotes the development of granulation tissue, does not damage viable cells of the basal and superficial layers of the skin. Resorptive toxic effect and long-term effects are not observed. Rarely, in the treatment of burns and trophic ulcers, when using an ointment, a burning sensation is possible, which disappears on its own or requires preliminary treatment of the wound surface with local anesthetics.