Diseases of plants caused by mushrooms:

Viral diseases:

1. Muced Rosa

Description: On the surface of the leaf of the affected plant, there is a white row of mycelium, in which, after aging, the dispute is formed drops of liquid - from here and the name "Mutemy Dew". Mycelium is located spots most often on the leaves and young shoots, but also on stiffs, fruits and fruits. The infection usually begins with the leaves closest to the ground and gradually extends to the entire plant. Fruit contamination leads to their cracking and booting. In the rainy summer to prevent plant disease, it is often often possible even when a good prevention was carried out. Unlike others from other mushrooms, it develops in rainy and dry weather. It is transferred by the spores of the wind and insects.

Prevention: For the prevention of mildew Roses and Becklet, it is good to pollinate gray 3-4 times over the summer. Plugs of plants with nitrogen fertilizers, especially during the bootonization period increases the risk of mildew disease. On the contrary, the feeding of phosphate and potash fertilizers increases the resistance to the causative agent of mildew. Sut and burn infected parts of plants. Avoid strong rejuvenating trimming, weakening the plant.

Measures of struggle: If several leaves or buds are affected, they must be removed. Spraying every 5-7 days with special biological preparations to combat pulse dew, as well as manganese (2.5 g of 10 l water), 0.5% chlorokising Med., 1% colloid gray (30-40g \\ 10l) (except the gooseberry!) calzed soda with soap (by 10l water 50g soda and 40g soap).

Can be used drugs like "Topaz", "Vectra" (2-3ml \\ 10l) "Sorrow (2ml. \\ 10l) "Cumulus" (20-30g / 10l) "Staters" (2-3ml \\ 10l), "Tiovit" (20-30g \\ 10l) (cucumbers, zucchini). Well helps with a tormentous dee sprinkling with a mixture of antibiotics: terramicin 100 wedges / ml, penicillin 100 w / ml and streptomycin 250Ed / ml in a ratio of 1: 1.

Summer spray plants with a solution calcined (linen) soda With the addition of the economic soap (50 grams of soda and 40 grams of soap on 10 liters of water). Spraying repeat after 8-10 days.

The biological methods of struggle with pulse dew refers infusion of overwhelmed manure, Better cow (one part of the manure is poured with three parts of the water and insist three days, then the infusion is diluted with twice-three water, flickering and sprayed). Processing with infusion spend several times, it is better in the evening. The bacteria contained in the manure kill the spores of mildew fungi.

Spraying plants mixed infusion cowboy and ash (on 10 liters of water 1 kg of manure and 200 grams of ash, insist the week in a warm place, occasionally stirring, filter and sprayed). The same measures can be used to combat mildewing dew on the gooseberry and black currant, other berries. Two weeks before harvesting, all processing stops.

2. False powdery dew or peridosporosis.

Description: Amazes green parts of the plant, predominantly leaves. In patients in the plant, spots are formed, from the bottom side of which the whitish, grayish or purple raids appear - sporing the mushroom (zomostrangia with sporangiennesses). Zooporgia may occur multiple times during the growing season: extending the air through, they serve as the main source of infection. The development of the disease is favorable high air humidity and soil. In most pathogens, the annual mushrooms, dying together with the infected parts of the plant, can be a perennial, continuing in the bulbs, roots, etc. wintering bodies.

Prevention: Maintaining low humidity, regular ventilation, thinning and cleaning of bushes. Soil change and its disinfection. If the signs of the disease have already been discovered, avoid spraying and watering water to fall into the leaves.

Measures of struggle: Careful removal of patients with leaf and highly affected plants. Plant spraying with 1% Bordeaux liquid solution or soda calcined (0.5%), especially thoroughly the lower side of the leaves. Copper oxychloride can be used (40G / 10l), "Abiga Pig" (20g / 10l), "Oxycho" (20g / 10l), "Knoksat", "Katotsid" (30-40g \\ 10l), "Kurzatre" (50g / 10l),. Treatment to start at the first signs of the disease and repeat every 7-10 days. At least 5 handlers must be carried out.

3. Monilia (Monilia) or fruit rot or monilial burn

Description: Fungal disease caused ascomette Mo Nilia. . Widespread in moderate climate, especially in areas with a cold wet spring, affects mainly bone and seed crops. Plants are infected with monilion primarily through damage in the crust. Plant damage occurs during flowering. After the incubation period, the duration of 10-11 days the amazed leaves and inflorescences are drowned, faded and die. The affected fruits are mummified and fall out (or remain hanging on branches during the winter); In the amazed fruits mushroom winter.

Prevention: It is important to conduct preventive measures to combat caterpillars, frozing, weevils, a barrlast and other pests and diseases. When harvesting, care must be taken care not to apply mechanical damage to fruits and berries. The development of gray rotches is constrained by the whores of the stamps and the skeletal branches of fruit trees, held late in autumn.

Measures of struggle: It is necessary to regularly collect and destroy the affected fruits, remove the dead branches. In the gardens, trees and soil spray abundantly nitrafen, iron vigor, copper vitriol, oleokuprit or 1% bordeaux liquidyu. Spraying is carried out before flowing. The second spraying is carried out immediately after flowering 1% bordeaux liquid (100 g per 10 liters of water) or solutions cINEBA, COLOR, COPTAN, COPTAN, FTALANA, CARED and other fungicides.

When using drugs chloroksi copper and burgundy liquid For summer spraying, you need to pre-make sure that they will not cause leaves burns. For checking, check branches are chosen and sprayed only them. Burns are manifested in the form of necrotic spots on the leaves or grids on the fruits.

As well as: Horus, Abiga Pig, Planriz, soon.

Monylize resistant Apple trees: Winter Golden Parmers, Ranet Simirenko, Jonathan, Pepin Safrana, Welcy.

4. Satellites

Description: A spots of various shapes appear on the leaves of various shapes and colors. Quite often, the stains are bordered by rings of one or another color. In some cases, stains are stained. One of the varieties of spotting leaves is septoriasis. At different parts of the plants, various types are formed, the color and forms of the ignifiers (spots) of the fabrics are formed. The cort is cracking, a gum stands out from the Russian Academy of Sciences. Especially a lot of spots in thickened gardens. The infection is preserved on plant residues, weeds and in the soil. The spores of the mushroom tolerate water, wind, insects, animals and a person, when when working it moves from patients with plants to healthy.

Azalea: On the leaves of the diseased plant appear spots of yellowish color, with further development of the disease they brown. The leaves become yellow, but the green cuts remain around the spots on the leaves. Further foliage flies. On stains are visible black dots, which are picnides of the mushroom. Most often plants are affected with incorrect agrotechnology, serious errors in care.

At Irisov: At first, oval or oblong yellowish spots appear on the leaves, and later the color becomes light brown, with a pronounced dark strip along the edge of the spot. Later on the stains, the blackboard appears, mainly in the middle. The leaves will boil, dry, since the disease covers the entire record. Mushroom pumps on infected plant residues.

Floxes: Initially, the lower leaves are formed a reddish purple stains of the rounded shape, a diameter of about 2-4 mm. After the stains apply to the top leaves. Spots as the disease develops whites in the center, forming small numerous picnides of dark color. The stains further merge, causing a drying of the plant leaves. Mushroom successfully winter in contaminated leaves.

Viola: The causative agent is a mushroom Colletotrichum Violae-Tricoloris . With the defeat of this mushroom on the leaves of the plant, small rounded stains of yellowish-brown color appear, with a pronounced dark border. Over time, stains increase. If we consider stains in a magnifying glass, then dark pads can be found.

Measures of struggle: The basic measure of fighting spots is timely agrotechnical techniques, cleaning the territory from foliage and plants in the fall, as they are sources of infection. The correct irrigation regime, lighting and feeding creates optimal conditions for plant growth, and in strong copies, damage to fungal spots does not cause such serious consequences as in plants grown with errors in care. Timely application fungicida Also significantly reduces harm from mushrooms that cause spotting. In the spring to the blooming of the kidneys, the plants are 3% bordeaux liquid, and before flowering and after harvest - 1% or copper vitriol.

5. Parsha

Description: The pathogen of the paste is winter on fallen leaves. Spores picked up by the wind and fall into young leaves of apple trees and pears. If there are droplets of water on the leaves, disputes can germinate. Spring on young leaves of sick trees appear fine light green oily spots. Later, they are covered with a brownish-olive velvety raid. On the fruits are formed rounded dark stains with the same raid. In places, the fetus fabric is plugged, crack and rot. The apple tree is not striking a pear and vice versa!

Prevention: Create a good air and light mode in the garden and in crowns of trees. Do not make excessively a lot of nitrogen fertilizers.

Measures of struggle: Purchase trees process bordeaux mixture: The first time in the phase of the green cone (4%) or extension of buds (2%); second time immediately after flowering (1%); Three times 2 weeks after the second processing (1%). This spraying is called "blue", as the trees acquire a bluish color. In the fall, squeeze the soil under the crowns of trees and the fallen leaves with 7% solution urea or 10% solution ammonia Selitra. Instead of the "blue" spraying during the extension of buds, the apple and pears can be applied with 1% burglar liquid (100 g of copper sulfate and 100 -150 g of lime).

Against the brushes of apple and pears use and Chlorine of media, 90% wetting powder (30-40 g); polycarbacin, 75% s. p. (40 g) or polych80% s. p. (40 g). Bordeaux liquid and other copper preparations with wet weather can cause leaves burns, so in such years 5 days before processing, it is necessary to cleanse individual branches of trees of all varieties to check them on the vehicles.

Furious foliage is collected in the fall and burn!

6. Anznnosis

Description: Patients with anthracnose plants are covered dark spots, ulcers; ulcers are sometimes surrounded by purple border, the stains themselves are more often brown, although they can also have a pinkish, orange shade; With the development of the disease, the stains on the leaves merge, the leaves will boil, dry and fall prematurely. The antraznosis covers the entire above-ground part of the plant, developing on the leaves, stems, shoots and fruits. The fruits are infected with anthyranets.

Signs of lesion:All the above-ground organs of the plant are affected. The disease usually begins with lesions of the leaves, on which brown spots are formed with a darker border first along the edge, then the stains gradually merge. Folded spots on the branches of stems, which disturb the movement of nutrients on the plant. Symptoms of illness on shoots: Light brown oblong stains, which gradually expand, deepen, darken and bordered with a dark purple or brown rim. In dry weather, cracks occur on the affected areas, with high humidity, the stems are discharged and premounced. With the strong development of the disease, the leaves completely raged and dry out, the entire above-ground part of the plant dies. High humidity, high pH of the soil, lack of phosphorus and potassium contribute to the development of the disease.

Prevention: The disease can spread with splashing raindrops, irrigation water, insects, on equipment and inventory. Disease development promotes warm wet weather. Observe the moisture mode indoors, in the summer during a tightening raw weather, try to keep the plant in the room, without exposing it to open air, follow the appearance of pests. Use the crumpled land. The prophylactic measures are allowed to spray the plant by the duplicate, copper chlorokising, oxychom.

Measures of struggle: If the plant is not infected with much, carefully remove the diseased parts. Speak a spraying of fungicides (dubcatch, copper chlorine, oxych, sandophan M8, acrobat MC and others. Similar drugs) 2 - 3 times.

7. Fillostose

Description: Dark rounded or oval spots with a darker border with a healthy cloth appear on the leaves. Often affected fabric falls out and the sheet becomes crooked.

Prevention: Promote the development of diseases of the violation of conditions of content, as a rule, warm and humid conditions, so plants in greenhouses are most often affected, and not in the rooms. Avoid big crowned plants and excess watering. Regularly ventilate the room and provide good illumination. Watering plants using phytosporin-m drug. Delete all beginners to breathe leaves. If a piece of the sheet is cut, then you must certainly take part of a healthy tissue.

Measures of struggle: Removal and burning of patients with leaves. Systemic fungicide treatment. Reducing watering, venting, cancellation of spraying for several weeks. If suspicious spots have already appeared on the leaves, cancel the spraying with ordinary water. Preparations can be used: Vectra (2-3ml at 10l water), colloidal sulfur (50-100g by 10 l water), strides (in a system with other fungicides, 4V water), ABIGA peak (40-50g by 10 l water) , Bordeaux mixture (100g copper sulfate + 100g lime for 10 l water), copper sulphate (500g by 10 l water). Repeat processing in 7-10 days.

8. Cockclock

Description: Cockkcomcose affects the leaves and fruits of cherries, plums and other bone crops. Mushroom Winters on fallen leaves. Spring wind spreads disputes. First, a reddish-brown dots appear on the surface of the leaves, then they merge and grow in stains. From the bottom side of the leaves, a white-pink flare is formed. At the end of July, the sick trees can reset to 80% of the leaves. On the fruits appear as depressed brown spots with a whitewasted raid.

Measures of struggle: Process plants Bordeaux mixture: For the first time in the phase of the green cone (4% solution) or the extension of buds (2%), the second time immediately after flowering (1%) and the third one after 2 weeks (1%). In the fall spray the soil under the crowns of trees and the fallen leaves 7% urea solution or 10% solution ammonium nitrate.

To combat the cockclock (its pathogens are also persisted in last year's leaves during the winter) at the beginning of the dissolving kidney of the cherry trees of unstable varieties, too, spray 1% bordeaux liquid or chlorokising Med. In the specified concentrations.

Bordeaux liquid and other copper preparations with wet weather can cause leaves burns, so in such years 5 days before processing, it is necessary to cleanse individual branches of trees of all varieties to check them on the vehicles.

During the years with a arid spring, the need to combat the pair and other moisture-loving pathogens of plant diseases in the period from the dissolution of the kidneys before flowering trees disappears.

9. Cytospose

Description: Cytosporosis - this disease is a vehicle and chronic. In the first case, reddish brown and yellow-brown spots of the wrong shape appear on the cortex. Gradually, they grow up and surround the branch, which soon dries. The tree may die in 2-3 years. In the second case, a tubercle appears on the surface of the reddish-brown bark. The bark resembles a goose skin. Wood dies. Separate small and large branches dry.

Protection: Do not damage the bark. When the wound appears, disinfect them with a 3% copper or iron vigor and cover the garden water.

Prevention: Do not damage the bark.

Measures of struggle: With the emergence of RAS, disinfect them with 3% copper or iron vitality and cover sadovy Vary..

10. Verticillosis or Vilt

Description: A plant is affected through the roots on the roots and stems - the mushroom is stored in the soil. As in the fusarium, the disease is manifested by the loss of the turgora and fading shoots. On transverse sections of the stalks of plants as noticeably toured conductive vessels. But first, as a rule, turn yellow and lower the lower leaves, as if the plant was flooded. Then I begin to fade the upper leaves and all the plant. Plants are losing a decorative look. In the acute course of the disease, the plant suddenly fade and dies in a few days. At the same time, obvious signs of the disease are not visible, and only the brown rings of the nutrient vessels on the cut stems can be evidence of the disease.

Measures of struggle: Perhaps only in the initial stages, by spraying fundazole, Vectra or topcin-M. At a concentration of 0.2% .- Do not allow oveurgement of soils, not to apply excess doses of nitrogen fertilizers, not allowing the root of the roots of 3 mm in the next soil processing.

11. Gray rot

Description: They are affected mainly in protected ground. Flowers, leaves, stems, fruits are affected. First of all, weakened plants may be affected, the clinical picture is manifested at the beginning on the lower aging leaves, then the causative agent applies to the stem. The stem is formed light brown dry stains. The lesion of fruits begins with the fruits, then a gray spot appears, quickly embracing all the fruit, its surface becomes water and covered with a gray fluff (conidial spioning).

Prevention: Regular air ventilation, removal of dying leaves and breaking seedlings, good lighting. Avoid oveurgement of the soil, especially when cool content. It is advisable to avoid falling into fertilizer leaves with an increased nitrogen concentration. Too large amount of nitrogen leads to the fact that the walls of the cells are softened, and such fabrics become susceptible to infections.

The care of the plant in its formation, especially when removing the leaves, reduces the wound surface and, thus, reduces the number of decoctions of rot. Cutting damaged sections of stalks and fruits are carried out with a sharp knife in dry weather. All plant residues are mandatory, as they can become a source of plant infection.

Measures of struggle: At the first signs of the disease, patients with leaves, inflorescences and whole plants are removed. Spraying with solution topcin-M. (0,1%), fundazol (0,2%), copper-soap (0.2% copper vapor and 2% of the economic soap) or other systemic fungicide. Repeated processing are carried out in 10-12 days.

In the case of weak infection, you can spray burgundy liquid or drugs Topaz, Oxychik, Champion, Kuroskat. To combat the gray rot, you can use the drug integral. You can also apply such "medicines" as Mattotside, Sorrow. With the appearance on the plants of the foci of sulfur, some practicing the coating of the affected sections of the stalks of glue based on CMC and Triphodermina. Strongly affected areas are pre-cut with a sharp knife.

12. Rust

Description: It is expressed in the appearance on the top surface of the sheet of orange-brown tubercles, and on the reverse side of the sheet, the pustulas, oval or round form are visible. Gradually, stains are growing into stripes, the leaves are yellow and fall. Amazes many decorative plants and vegetable cultures. There are various types of rust, depending on the causative agent of the disease.

Prevention: Like other fungal diseases, the rust appears at elevated humidity, therefore prevention lies in uniform irrigation.

Measures of struggle: The best means of combating rust is prevention. Do not leut water on the leaves. Remove the affected leaves and branches. Tools Treat alcohol. Around the infected plant, collect fallen leaves. Apply spraying with drugs: "Topaz", "Vectra", "Staters", Bordeaux mixture, dubcatch. Processing is repeated 2-3 times after 10 days.

13. Phytoofluorosis

Tomato phytoftor: South phytoophluorosis of tomato affects both seedlings and adult plants. The stalks are formed on the stem, fruits are a water-bearing rot with concentric zones from gray to red-brown. With high humidity in the fruits, a white mushroom appears.

Measures of struggle: The main focus should be given to the prophylaxis of phytoophluorosis not only during the growing season, but also in the offseason. After harvesting, it is necessary to collect plant residues and bury in a specially reserved place. The soil to move to a depth of about 20 cm. In greenhouses and greenhouses, it is recommended to replace the upper layer of the soil. If possible, the crop turnover should be observed - the tomato return to the previous place no earlier than 4 years. Before sowing, seed treatment with a 1% solution of potassium mangartage (1 g per 100 ml of water) for 20-25 minutes, followed by washing and drying; feeding seedlings by phosphorus-potash fertilizers; During the growing season - processing of copper-soap emulsion (2 g of copper mosap and 200 g of soap on 10 liters of water; plants treatment with garlic with mangartee-acid potassium (1.5 glasses of garlic mezgi, 1.5 g of potassium waters); watering Plants with a solution consisting of 40 drops of iodine and 30 g of potassium chloride by 10 liters of water (0.5 liters per plant). If the temperature at night decreases and the threat of strong development of phytoofluorosis, green fruits are removed, disinfected in hot water (60 ° C For 1.5-2 minutes or at T 40-45 ° C - 4 minutes) and after drying, they dance in the dark at a temperature of about 25 ° C.

Phytoftor apple trees: The root neck of trees amazes mainly, where the bark acquires a blue-purple color and cracks, dark brown cloth (chocolate-brown).

Measures of struggle: The collection and destruction of the Padalitsa, on which the mushroom is wintering, treatment of trees by stripping and disinfection of the Russian Academy of Sciences or burning the affected areas. Copper-containing drugs of contact or combined action (copper sulfate, dason, oxicha, etc.) can help as a prophylactic measure. On time spent spraying reduces crop loss from phytoofluorosis.

14.Belly rot

Description: Amazes all parts of plants: stems, cutters, leaves, mustache, fruits. The affected fabrics are becoming soft, they are fused, covered with a white mushroom. On the surface and inside the stems are formed black dots. In plants affected in the root part, the leaves are tied and dry. Only the inspection of the stem makes it possible to establish that the cucumbers died as a result of the lesion by white rot. The most susceptible to the disease of the plant in the phase of fruction. The development of the disease contributes to the increased moisture content of soil and air, sharp fluctuations in temperature, thickened planting plants. In addition to cucumbers, the disease affects tomatoes, parsley, eggplant, pepper, cauliflower. Therefore, after these crops, cucumbers can not be grown.

Measures of struggle: Compliance with alternation of cultures. Plushing the lime of stalks of the stem with signs of the disease. Cutting the affected parts of plants with a part of a healthy fabric. With a strong dissemination of the disease, the removal of leaves in the hot dry clock of the day (so that the wounds faster dried). Sprinkment of the location of the cut with poured coal or wiping with a 0.5% copper sulfate solution. Evening watering warm water and periodic ventilation of greenhouses. The use of non-rooted feeding (1 g of sulfate zinc, 2 - copper sulfate and 10 g of urea). Watering into the wells when planting seedlings of cucumbers with a solution of potassium mangartage (5 g).

15. Sent fungus (mobile)

Measures of struggle: Timely spraying from pests forming sweet selection. The affected plants wipe the sponge dipped in soapy water and treat the systemic fungicide against pests. Copper-soap solution can be processed (0.2% of copper sulfate and 2% of the economic soap).

16. Vascular (trachemic) wadering

Description: The disease begins with rot from roots. The pathogens penetrate the soil at first in small roots, then, as the grills are growing, - in larger. Then the conductive vessels rise into the stem and reach the leaves. The lower leaves are faded, the rest of the rest become watery, and separate areas are pale green or light yellow. The vessels of the leaves and the cuffs weaken, and the sluggish leaves are hanging along the stem. At temperatures below + 16 ° C, sick plants die quickly. At the same time, the mushrooms are distinguished toxins that cause the decomposition of cell tissues, rotting roots, taking and drying the branches and leaves. With elevated humidity on the surface of the leaves, a gentle white flare is formed.

Measures of struggle: At the initial stage of the disease, you can try to cure the plant. To do this, use spraying with one of the drugs: vitaros, Benalt, Fundazole, Preview, Topcin-M At a concentration of 0.2%.

If the plant is seriously painful, it should be destroyed.

17. Black leg

Description: This disease is most often manifested in the greenhouses in the process of distinguishing seedlings of cabbage, tomatoes, eggplant, pepper. The plants are affected mainly the root neck. This manifests itself in its darkening, the stem in this place becomes thin, the plant is longly dying and will soon die. Plants fall out of the development cycle by foci. More intensely disease occurs during thicken crops, when humidity and temperature are increased. The infection remains in the soil.

Measures of struggle: To replace the soil in the greenhouse every year. Maintain at the optimal level of the plantation of plants. Maintain normal humidity and temperature in the greenhouse by timely ventilation. It is necessary to remove sick plants in the foci, where the black leg is developing or to produce their 1% Bordeaux fluid at the rate of 1 liter per square meter, followed by a layer of sand, layer in 1 centimeter to form new additional roots above the damage site . Also, at the appearance of a black leg, it is possible to water the seedlings with a solution of manganese (0.1 grams per 1 liter of water) or a drug Xome (copper chlorine), at the rate of 40 grams per 1 liter of water. Effective method of combating plant disease The black leg is tortigate seeds before sowing Fentiouram (65% wetting powder), at the rate of 4 grams per kilogram of seeds or TMTD (80% wetting powder), at the rate of 8 grams per 1 kilogram of seeds. Before starting processing, the seeds need to be moistened (1 kilogram of seeds - 10 milliliters of water). Summary watering seedlings. To produce soil disinfection, having warmed it in the oven for 30 minutes at a temperature of 110 degrees. After it is possible to squeeze the soil "gray colloid", at the rate of 20 grams of powder for 10 liters of water. Soil for seedlings should not be very acidic. Seedlings before landing on the garden must be selected.

Viral diseases

18. Jaundice

Description: The pale green color of the leaves of the plant, in some cases - and shoots, also increased their branching, the appearance of a large number of buds, of which, however, the deformed flowers are obtained. Petals in the plant are greasy, in some cases, the part of the flower changes their shape, with a pronounced directivity to transform into a sheet. Seeds affected jaundice plants usually do not form.

In some cases, as the chlorosis plant grows, the new leaves and all green above-ground parts of the plants are captured. Young leaves acquire almost white color. Sick plants often have a delay in the growth of the main escape. In the development of the disease in the tissues of the stem, necrotic stains begin to occur, causing death of affected areas. In the sinuses of the leaves can form subtle runs of second order. Also, sometimes a sign of the disease is to change the direction of the leaves - they are located in the vertical direction.

Measures of struggle: Unfortunately, chemicals cannot be effectively combined against viral diseases. The only way to struggle is a prevention of the disease, which is included as active with sucking insects, which, as a rule, are carriers of pathogens and the content of planting clean, regular weeding, high-quality agrotechnology.

If the plant is already affected by the virus, then all the affected parts of the plant remove. After work, it is necessary to thoroughly wash your hands with soap, used inventory to wipe with alcohol. Cuttings should only be taken from healthy plants.

Bacterial diseases of plants

19.Bacterial spotting

The stains appear as a result of the death of the leaves of the leaves, but in contrast to the spots caused by mushrooms, these spots do not have such pronounced borders - they have blurry edges. Spots can be vitreous or oily. The stains usually increase quickly in size, the sheet can dry, turn yellow and then dies. Warm wet conditions contribute to a faster dissemination of the disease.

20.Bacterial necrosis or cancer

Description:An abnormal growth is completely healthy on the type of plant tissues. On the roots and sometimes tumor growths are formed on the stems. With the strong development of these growths, the plants are poorly growing and, ultimately, die.

Cancer bacterial root. On the roots and root cake, small, soft, tumor-shaped outcrops with a smooth surface occur. Then they grow, harden, the surface of them becomes a bug. In the fall, the growths can be destroyed. The pathogens remain in the soil and retain the viability of 3-4 years.

Protection: Do not use seedlings for landing with cancer signs. In place where the causative agent is cancer, do not grow plants subject to this disease for four years.

21. Nose (tuberculory) necrosis.

Description: The fungus causes the formation of local and annular necrosis of branches and trunks, without changing the color of the affected crust. Mushrooms - necrosis pathogens - infect both weakened and viable trees of many wood and shrub breeds of different ages. Starting from early spring in the cracks of the cortex, the sporing of the pathogen is formed - stroma. They constitute the plexus of mycelium, on the surface of which disputes develop. Stromas are a characteristic feature of the disease and have the form of numerous, convex, smooth, pink or brick-pink cushions with a diameter of 0.5 - 2 mm and a height of up to 1.5 m, located rows or randomly. The duration of the disease from infection to the death of trees ranges from several weeks to several years.

Measures of struggle: Timely removal of safe branches. Spraying in the spring to the dissolution of the leaves with copper-containing drugs.

The cereals are perhaps the most common faculty crop. In order to obtain large crops of such plants, behind them, as well as for any other, of course, you need to care. Much attention to the cultivation of cereals is given to the prevention of various fungal diseases. Infection similar infections significantly reduces the yield, and therefore, and causes huge losses to agricultural enterprises. Most often, cereals are infected with the heads. This fungal disease is capable of destroying and the whole harvest of wheat, rye or, for example, corn.

What causes

How to infect grain crops with head mushrooms

The diseases caused by Basidiomycetes for researchers for a long time remained a real mystery. Explaced the blackery of the column scientists first disruption of metabolism inside the plants. Later also suggested that such changes appear as a result of the vital activity of any insects or infusories.

Spores of the mushrooms of the head in the blackened plants researchers were found only at the end of the XIX century. Since then, struggling with this disease became, of course, it is easier.

How Mushlinnitsa develops

Head is The disease is not only common, but also difficult to treat.A feature of Basidiomycetes mushrooms is a very strong and viable mycelium. It extends along the affected fabric, it is usually between the cells, but sometimes it can last and penetrate through.

Before disintegrating on the disputes, the Mushroom Basidiomycetes begins to branch very much. Its gifs are shared by additional transverse partitions. After some time, the membranes of the mycelium cells are eaten, and then replaced with more dense. Next, the cells are packed from the main branch of the mushroom. Such isolated areas and called head disputes. On the colosum, they form a well-visible black mass (sometimes dense, sometimes dusty).

The entire plant entirely of the mycelium of this type of mushrooms usually does not permeate. Depending on the specific type of pathogen, it can be seen, for example, in crop strings, in the stem, in parts of the cha.

What types of head exist

stem;

bubble;

hard;

dust;

dwarf.

By the nature of manifestation ongraincultureshead is divided into solid and dust. In the first case, the plant affects only the grains themselves. Their shells are almost completely preserved. In them, as in the bags, and there are arms disputes.

When infected with a dust head, the plant is destroyed almost completely. The disputes of the mushroom at the same time do not delay on the colosum. The winds of the wind very quickly spread them all over the field.

What harm is making a mushroom

Flour from wheat, rye, etc., infected with heads, it turns out poor quality. At the production stage, the infected grain has to additionally sift from the spore of the mushroom. However, the bilbo-bakery products from such flour are still obtained by nonsense. Products, unfortunately, acquire a characteristic taste of the head.

How to fight

To prevent infection of grain crops of the head, follows:

be sure to diverge the seeds before landing;

observe agrotechnik - alternate grain sowing with other C / C cultures.

You also need to try to grow on the fields only stable grades of cereals. Such breeders were made a lot. For instance,pretty rarely develops on such varieties as Kinelel 92, Kharkiv 86, Saratov 3, etc.

Drying is usually carried out by maintaining planting material in warm water (about 47 o 4th C) for 3 hours. Also kill head disputes with special drugs, for example, "Vitavax".

As already mentioned, the infection of cereal cultures of this disease can occur directly through the soil. In addition to alternating the types of agricultural plants, therefore such measures should be taken as the soil pushing in the spring.

What damage the disease can apply a dacket

In order to protect the plants, in the garden, as in the fields of agricultural enterprises, one must first adhere to the rules of crop rotation. If this condition is met, the dacket is likely to be faced with such a problem as a bubble head of corn.

Also, to reduce the risk of crop loss due to the mushroom, it is worth using the sowing material only resistant to the heads of varieties and rushing it before planting the Tritikonazole preparation. Corn bushes themselves need from time to time to prevent any fungicide. In the fall, all plant residues should be collected from the bed and burn. At the same time, the land itself on the plot needs to be swapped to the bayonet shovel.

Diseases of indoor and street plants caused by mushrooms.

First, on the lower sides of the leaves, brown concentric spots appear. Later, the stains appear on the upper sides of the leaves. The stains increase in diameter, black, gray condias are visible on them. The reason is the high humidity of 90% and the high temperature above 28-30 degrees.

As a prevention, more often carry out the room, remove the colors with flowers away from the heating devices. Do not put pots with flowers too close from each other, cut out extra shoots and leaves. Watch that flower bushes are well ventilated with fresh air. The main methods of combating the disease are Fungicides: ABIGA, Vitaros, Hom.

The antraznosis is manifested in the formation of dark spots on the leaves of palm trees and ficuses. Most often, it affects plants in greenhouses, but indoor flowers, such as cyclamen, calla, azalea can also suffer from disease. Antraznosis - plant disease caused by deuteromycetes (imperfect mushrooms) of GloEosporium, Colletotrichum, Kabatiella. From cultural plants, the cucumber, peas, beans, grapes, zucchini, pumpkin, watermelon, melon, citrus, almonds, walnuts, and berry shrubs - raspberries, currant, gooseberries are affected by anthracnose.

Patients with anthracnose plants are covered with dark stains, ulcers; ulcers are sometimes surrounded by purple border, the stains themselves are more often brown, although they can also have a pinkish, orange shade; With the development of the disease, the stains on the leaves merge, the leaves will boil, dry and fall prematurely. The antraznosis covers the entire above-ground part of the plant, developing on the leaves, stems, shoots and fruits. The fruits are infected with anthyranets.

The antraznosis is transmitted with infected vegetable residues, seeds, soil. It has the greatest distribution in areas with a temperate climate, especially actively developing in the wet years (favorable conditions for the development of anthrand - air humidity about 90% and the temperature of over 22 ° C).

Currently, there are varieties of plants that are immune to anthracnose. The basic measures to combat the disease - the destruction of plant residues after harvesting; cutting and burning parts of the plant, the most damaged anthracnose; Spraying with 1 percent burglar liquid. You can conduct the processing of Fundazole.

Ascohitosis

Manifests in the form of spots of various shape and painting with a darker border; The stains are covered with small brown dots for special fruit bodies fungus (picnides). Spots appear on the leaves, stems, fruits and seeds. A. Amazes peas, beets, buckwheat, cucumbers, melon, cereals, tobacco, beans, etc. The source of infection is sick seeds and residues from the crop. Measures of struggle: the destruction of the residues from the crop, the right crop rotation, healthy seeds. Treatment is, as with an anthracnose.

False malievous dew or peridosporosis - amazes many indoor plants. The causative agent - Mushroom genus peronospora sparsa. The disease is developing mainly on the leaves, but goes to stems and flowers with conditions favorable for its development. Initially, on the upper side of the leaves, pale grayish-yellow stains appear with a weakly pronounced contour, which with the development of the disease increase. On the underside of the leaves, a light gray raid, consisting of mycelium mushroom, is formed on the affected areas. It looks as if the flour is sprinkled. Damaged leaves become wrinkled or corrugated, withering and dry. By the way, on the signs of the manifestation of false mildew, it is easy to confuse with the defeat by a bypass tower. Therefore, if on the upper side of the sheet is grayish or yellowish divorces, and on the back side of gray dandruff, but insects are not visible even through the magnifying glass, most likely it is a false mildew.

Prevention

Maintaining low humidity, regular ventilation, thinning and cleaning of bushes. Soil change and its disinfection. If the signs of the disease have already been discovered, avoid spraying and watering water to fall into the leaves.

How to deal?

Careful removal of patients with leaf and highly affected plants. Plant spraying with 1% Bordeaux liquid solution or soda calcined (0.5%), especially thoroughly the lower side of the leaves. Can be used by "oxych", "kidnoksat". Treatment to start at the first signs of the disease and repeat every 7-10 days. At least 5 handlers must be carried out.

Puffy dew is a common disease caused by the SPHAEROTHECA Pannosa mushroom. At the beginning of the disease on the flowers and leaves, small tormenting specks appear. They are easily erased, but then appear again and increase in size, rich gray color becomes. Gradually, the fungita is compacted and becomes almost drow. Mucuded fly can be on both sides of the sheet. The leaves are gradually drying out, removed and fall, buds and flowers are tremendous, the growth of the plant is stopped. The most favorable conditions for the development of the disease - increased humidity - about 60-80% and warm air in the range of 18-20 ° C.

Prevention

For the prevention of mildew Roses and Becklet, it is good to pollinate gray 3-4 times over the summer. Plugs of plants with nitrogen fertilizers, especially during the bootonization period increases the risk of mildew disease. On the contrary, the feeding of phosphate and potash fertilizers increases the resistance to the causative agent of mildew. More often, ventilate the room, avoiding cold drafts.

How to deal?

If several leaves or buds are affected, they must be removed. Spraying every 5-7 days with special biological drugs to combat pulse dew, as well as a manganese (2.5 g of 10 liters of water), 0.5% copper chlorokising, 1% colloidal gray, mixture of soda soda with soap (on 10l water 50g soda and 40g soap). You can use such drugs as "Topaz", "Vectra", "Sorrow" and others.

Well helps with a tormentous dew spraying with a mixture of antibiotics: Terramicin 100 U / ml, penicillin 100 U / ml and streptomycin 250 U / ml in a 1: 1 ratio.

Rust is a fairly common and very dangerous disease of the plant. It causes a rustful fungus. It causes the death of leaves, and in case of severe defeat - and other parts of the plant. As a result, winter hardiness, yield and quality of fruits, berries or vegetables decrease, and if we are talking about grain crops, the disease leads to the complete loss of bakery properties of grain. Rust affects a huge number of plants, including vegetable, floral, spicy, fruit, berry and grain crops.

Methods of struggle

Well, and overcome the disease, using drugs, as part of which is sulfur (for example, colloidal), as well as using treatment with 1% burglar liquid and other allowed fungicides (abiga peak, cumulus, polyamm, strobe).

The septoriasis is manifested in the form of gray or brown spots with a yellow framing, which over time drawn on the center. Spores of the mushroom can survive winter and start multiply in spring again. For treatment, take 1 ml of Vitaros and spread in 500 ml of water. Treat the plant and repeat the procedure after 7 days.

The best way to combat septorize is competent prevention and creation of favorable conditions. Preventive measures include the following:

• collection and disposal of plant residues (focusing foliage, bold grass, tops, terrestrial parts of plants). It is important to remember that vegetable material affected by mushroom infections cannot be put in compost, and you need to burn. Such cleaning must be carried out in the fall, and with outbreaks of the disease and in the summer, in order to prevent the dispute into the soil;
• delete affected shoots in a timely manner;
• a good measure of the struggle is spraying with copper-based drugs - burglar liquid and copper cune. It should only be remembered that the biological preparations give effect only with regular spraying of plants (once in 7-10 days throughout the warm season) and with a minor distribution of infection;
• with a strong defeat, annuals is better to immediately destroy, and in perennial plants, fruit trees, cutting up the top and destroy, so that the next year new healthy shoots appear.

Keep in mind that the disease amazes weakened plants.

Gray rot (Botrytis Cinerea) - plant disease, including cultural: tomatoes, grapes, etc. The pathogen is a Botrytis Cinerea mushroom. Gray rot roots, which occurs during storage and transportation and caused by the same pathogen is called "Kagatnaya Gnile". Source of infection - conidia and sclerotes in plant residues and soil. A prerequisite for plant infection is the presence of dead sections of the tissue (damaged or naturally dead), an important factor may also be a drop-liquid moisture.

They are affected mainly in protected ground. Flowers, leaves, stems, fruits are affected. First of all, weakened plants may be affected, the clinical picture is manifested at the beginning on the lower aging leaves, then the causative agent applies to the stem. The stem is formed light brown dry stains. The lesion of fruits begins with the fruits, then a gray spot appears, quickly embracing all the fruit, its surface becomes water and covered with a gray fluff (conidial spioning).

The disease amazes a large number of plant species. The greatest economic damage can be a gray grill of grapes, strawberries, cabbage kochens, stem rotting buckwheat, cannabis, kagatnic rotting of sugar bells, rotting fruits of pumpkin. In a wet greenhouse, decorative plant flowers can be affected, such as peonies, gladiolus.

Method of struggle and prevention

On decorative plants and flower cultures, a very effective fungicide is the Telfor's drug, it does not cause burns of leafy plates and petals even in such sensitive plants as orchids. Additional permitted fungicides against gray rot: Alin-b, Gamiir, discor (emulsion), Maxim, Sump (emulsion).

In the quality of the prevention, observe the optimal planting scheme of plants, it is impossible to make a thickening. Timely thinning of the crown and moderate, without excessive soil moisturizing, watering. Removal of plant residues after the end of vegetation and soil looser in the bonus area. For vegetables, observe the crop rotation. For fruit plants, do not thicken, while cut and destroy the affected fruits and branches.

Trachemicosis is a disease at which plant vessels are affected. First of all, the mushroom strikes the roots and the root neck, and in the future it passes along the vessels in the above-ground parts, causing the plant wilting. The disease is detected at any age ASTR, but more often and especially striking them during the period of bootonization and flowering. On the above-ground parts, the disease occurs primarily on the lower leaves, causing their yellowing, which gradually spreads to other leaves; The affected stalk will rage. The patient plant gradually fades and dies. On the reinforced roots and at the base of the stem, the development of mycelial nalea and the conidial sputure of the fungus is observed. Plants, weakened by picking and transplantation, is getting stronger. The most often affected by plants grown on clay and thin soils, which contributes moisture stagnation and increased soil acidity. The disease is strongly developed at air temperature from 12 to 32 °, with optimum 20-27 °. Below 12 ° and above 32 ° disease development is suspended. Mycelium Mushroom with an affected root system penetrates the vessels in the stems, leaves, flowers and seeds, causing their infection. There are such types of tracheosicosis:

• Verticherais
• Fusariosis
• Malsecco Citrusov

The disease is poorly treatment, since it is found only with full lesions of the vessel. Especially susceptible to the disease orchid, rose, ficus, orchid, petunias and others. Supply treatment is necessary at the initial stages. For this, the plant is treated with Fundazole, now, topsin - m.

Treatment and prevention

Prevention. The development of the disease contributes to the high humidity of the soil and air, so more often carry out the premises, loose the upper layer of the Earth and disinfect the soil before use. When working, sterilize the tools - a knife, scissors and even the garter material (wire, thread) with alcohol. When using water from natural reservoirs or rainwater, it can be kept pre-with the preparation of phyto-m.

Eden (Waterka)

Wasyanka is a disease that is not caused by a fungus nor bacteria. Waterka arises as a result of the mooring of the soil, as well as as a result of insufficient lighting. Waterka is manifested in the form of cork outlook on the bottom of the sheet. The leaves affected by the water can not be cured, but with proper care of the plant will appear new leaves.

Treatment is simple and consists in breaking the soil and adjusting the irrigation mode.

Diseases caused by mushrooms, as well as products of their metabolism, are called mycopathy and include the following disease groups.

microorganisms are more or less bonded pathogens (so-called primary mycoses);

microorganisms are only optional pathogenic (secondary mycoses), and macrodganism has functional or immunological deviations.

The microbiological classification of these diseases is quite complex. They are called mainly dermatophytes (dermatophytes), yeasts (yeast) and moulds (mold mushrooms). There are several groups of mycoses.

DermatomicosisDermatomycoses are a group of zoonose diseases of the skin and its derivatives diagnosed in agricultural and domestic animals, fur animals, rodents and humans. Depending on the generic affiliation of the causative agent of the disease, the diseases are divided into tricochitosis, microspore and favus, or a pass.

Causative agents molding mycosesserve various Aspergillas, Muko-Ry, Penicillies and others very common mushrooms. Molded mycoses are found in almost all countries of the world.

Diseases caused by radiant mushrooms (actinomycetes) are currently referring to the so-called pseudomicosis.Some of them are recorded on all continents, others - only in certain countries. Radial mushrooms - sapropytes are found in nature in large quantities and on various substrates, have strong proteolytic properties, endotoxins form, many are antagonists of bacteria and mushrooms. More than 40 types of pathogenic for man and animal actinomycetes are known. The main diseases caused by actinomycetes: actinomycosis; actinobacillosis, or pseudo-assecast-mixing; Nocardiosis; Micotic dermatitis. Some researchers in the nature of the clinical manifestation combine the actinomycosis and actinobacillosis under the general name "actinomycosis", considering it a polyimicrobrical disease.

2. Micoallergoseenclose all forms of allergies provoked by mushroom allergens (mycelium, disputes, conidia, metabolites). In most cases, allergies cause them inhalation.

472 3. Mycotoxicose- acute or chronic intoxication, the cause of which are not mushrooms themselves, are widespread in nature, often present in food products and animal feeds, and their toxins. Despite the fact that such mushrooms cannot be defined as pathogenic words in the strict sense, since they themselves do not affect animals and people, diverse the pathological role of their products that have toxic, carcinogenic, teratogenic, mutagenic and other harmful effects.

4. Micetyism - The poisoning of higher (hawp) mushrooms caused by toxic peptides present in primary-poisonous mushrooms or resulting from damage during improper storage or making fungi.

5. Mixed diseases - mycotoxicosis or toxicomicosis with allergy phenomena. Diseases of this group are common, probably most widely.

Myxotoxicosis is the term until he has received wide recognition among the Mikogov. It is believed that this is a large group of animal mushroom diseases associated with the presence of a causative agent in the body that can not only grow and multiply in various organs and tissues, but also produce endotoxins (similar to toxicoinfection with a tetanus or botulus of birds). Endotoxins type toxins are installed, for example, the mushrooms of Blastomyces dermatitidis, Candida Albicans, Dermatophytes, Coccidioides Immitis, Actinomyces Bovis, etc. The toxins of mushrooms are less toxic than bacterial endotoxins.

Myxotoxicosis occupy the intermediate position between classical methods and mycotoxicosis.

Currently, in medicine, including veterinary, the term "micubiota" is adopted, and not the "microflora", since mushrooms are not true plants.

For the Mikosam, animals are susceptible, especially young, almost all kinds. Some mycoses are dangerous for a person.

Plant diseases may occur under the influence of adverse conditions of the external environment, as well as under the influence of vital activity of various pathogenic organisms.

Depending on the cause of the pathological process, plant disease is divided into noncommunicable and infectious.

Such a value of mushroom diseases (mycoses) is explained by the fact that in mushroom cells there is a set of enzymes that break down cell shells and carbohydrates of plants, especially the shell of cells of wood plants, as well as the ability of mushrooms to make an acidic medium, overwhelming the development of many bacteria. Most infectious diseases of woody and shrubs cause mushrooms, the number of species of which on individual rocks exceeds hundreds. For example, over 400 species of various mushrooms are registered on Duba, of which there are many dangerous causative agents of diseases, on a pine - over 300 different species. Rot - the most common and malicious diseases of woody breeds and wood are caused exclusively mushrooms. All this gives reason to believe that mushrooms play a major role as causative agents of diseases, as a result of which there are so much attention in forest phytopathology, and the fungal diseases are studying in detail.

Each mushroom disease, or mycosis, is caused by a certain pathogen, is accompanied by a change in the inner tissues of the plant and is characterized by external features or symptoms for which one disease differs from the other. Symptoms of diseases, like the diseases of forest breeds, are diverse. In forest phytopathology, both in general phytopathology, a description of only the basic types of plant diseases, a group of diseases with similar external signs is provided. The main and most common fungal diseases of woody breeds are: drone drying, rot, fading, deformation, necrosis, ulcers and cancer tumors, mushroom raids, mummification.

The drying of the crown begins by changing the color, premature drying and the dejunation of the needles and leaves, is accompanied by the filling of the branches and branches, ends with a drying and dying of the entire crown of the tree. The disease is caused by various reasons, most often it is observed in the damage to mushrooms (for example, Peridermium Pini Kleb., Lophodermium Pinostri Chev., Vuilleminia Comedens Mair.).

The rotors are characterized by the softening and destruction of plant tissues, individual organs and plants under the influence of enzymes allocated by mushrooms. The seeds, fruits, leaves, branches, trunks, roots and wood are susceptible to reinforcement, but more often, rich, rich in water and spare nutrients, ripe fruits and young shoots. The growing tree rot, depending on the vertical location in the tree, is divided into vertex, stem and root. Rinel on the structure divide on the daughters, prismatic, fractured; at the place of education - to the central, peripheral, mixed; On color they are white, brown, black (Zhuravlev, 1966). Stem and root rotes of trees contribute to the burmamas and windows in the forest.

Withering is externally characterized by reflice and fading of leaves and branches, followed by drying individual bans or all wood. The disease occurs due to the penetration of the pathogen into the vascular system of the stem, the impact of the toxins allocated to them and the blockage of blood vessels conducted from the roots in the leaves. An example of a general wiping of woody rocks can be vascular micaosis, or trachemicosis, oak, caused by sample mushrooms from Ophiostoma genus (O. Roboris Georg, et Teod; O. QUERCUS Georg, et nannf. Etc.), and mycosis of Ilmovov vessels (Dutch disease ), caused by the imperfect Graphium Ulmi Schwl.

The deformation is manifested in changing the shape of branches, leaves, fruits and the entire plants under the influence of mushrooms, less often than other factors. An example of deformation of the branches caused by mushrooms can be witch brooms on birch and other woody rocks and shrubs. On the birch of fluffy witch brooms causes Taphrina Betulina Rostr., On a wart birch - Taphrina Turgida Sadeb. The curvature of branches and shoots in the pine, the so-called pine alpine, causes a rust mushroom MELAMPSORA PINITORQUA ROSTR.

Necrosis is the motion of individual sections of the plant fabric with a change in their coloring. This type of disease is widespread, manifested in various forms. So, distinguish the cow and spotted necrosis. Corporal necrosis - motion of cortex under the influence of mushrooms. For example, oak crust necrosis caused by an imperfect Mushroom Naemospora Crocela SACC. (Schep Stage Diatrype Stigma WINT), cow necrosis ash - causative agent Cytophora Pulchella WINT (Supper stage Hysterographium Fraxini de Not). Spotted necrosis, or spotted leaves differ in shape, color, boring, as well as by causative agent. For example, white oak spot, ascochyta quercus sacc causative agent. ET SPEG., Red-brown spottedness of maple leaves - PhylLosticta Aceris Sacc., Brown spotty ash leaves - Cercospora Fraxini Lacc.

Mushroom raids characterize the type of disease in which on the surface of the affected leaves, shoots, branches and other organs of plants develops white mycelium and the spioning of mushrooms of various color. A typical example of this type of disease is the torment of oak (Microsphaera Alphitoides Griff, et. Maubl.), Mublen dew dew (Phyllactinia Suffulta Sacc.). In particular cases of mushroom raids are: Mobile - the appearance on the leaves and shoots of dark painted films consisting of mycelium and the spioning of various fungi; Mold - Education on the surface of seeds and other organs of a plant of microscopic fungi of various color.

Cancer and cancer tumors are manifested in excessive, improper growth of individual parts of the plant, leading to the formation of growths and other neoplasms on the trunks, branches and roots. Cancer diseases include education in the trunks of in-depth, difficult to heal wounds or ulcers leading to the destruction of the affected organ. Cancer is found on the trunks of coniferous and hardwood. Larch and fir shaft cancer causes Dasyscypha Willkommii Hart sample mushroom., Crack ash - CENANGIUM POPULNEUM REHM., Crack Chestnut Edible - Endothia Parasitica and. ET and. American chestnut cancer was delivered to the United States in 1914, and after 10 years, all the brown forests of America were destroyed by this disease, which thus turned out to be a destroying disease (glass and Harar, 1963).

Mummification lies in piercing the fungus of the amazed organ of the plant and turning it into false scleros. Such a disease is often observed on the fruits and seeds of woody rocks. For example, oak urvice mummification causes the rush stromatinia pseudotuberosa rehm., Mummification of birch seeds - SCLEROTINIA BETULAE WORON.

Other types of mushroom and other diseases, a more detailed description of the listed types of mushroom diseases of woody breeds and shrubs are considered in special leadership in forest phytopathology (S. I. Vanin. "Forest phytopathology", 1955; I. I. Zhuravlev. "Diagnosis of forest disease" , 1962), as well as in the manuals in general phytopathology (A. A. Cheremisinov. "General pathology of plants", 1965).

Various mushroom diseases affect trees, shrubs and herbaceous plants in the forest, on wood and finished forest products. Some diseases completely destroy vegetative plants (shoots, pigs, young plants), others weaken the vital activity of plants during their growth, the third limit the area of \u200b\u200btheir cultivation and, finally, many mushrooms developing on the diverse and other wood spoil it and reduce commodity value. In all cases, mushroom diseases adversely affect plants and cause great damage to forestry.

In the practical activity of a person to assess the value of plant diseases in forestry and the determination of damage caused by them, the terms of maliciousness or harm are sometimes used. Meanwhile, these terms have a different entity, and they should be used with the value.

Harm is a value that characterizes the loss of crop or productivity from the disease at the moment for this economy and in these conditions. The harm is the concept of economic, it can be expressed in the relevant commodity or monetary units.

Mushroom diseases of woody and shrubs, widespread in the forests of the Soviet Union, cause large losses to forestry. Diseases are striking seeds and fruits when collecting and storing, seedlings in nurseries, natural piglets, forest stripes, as well as trees in escape and ripe forests. On the spread of mushroom diseases in forest nurseries and forests there are numerous literature, indicating that mushroom diseases are an important factor affecting seed and forestry events. Diseases and damage to coniferous, mixed and deciduous forests are caused by the death of forests on a significant area. In this regard, the study of biology and patterns of development of causative agents of diseases, as well as the development of measures to combat them has important state importance.

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