Entropy is a term that is used not only in the exact sciences, but also in humanitarian. In general, it is a measure of chaoticness, disorder of some system.

As you know, humanity has always sought to shift as much as possible on the shoulders on the shoulders to machines and mechanisms using as many resources as possible. The mention of the eternal engine was first discovered in the Arabic manuscripts of the XVI century. Since then, a lot of designs have been proposed for a potentially perpetual engine. Soon, after many unsuccessful experiments, scientists understood some of the features of nature, which subsequently determined the foundations of thermodynamics.

Figure Eternal Engine

The first top of the thermodynamics says the following: To perform the work, the thermodynamic system will require either the internal energy of the system, or external energy from additional sources. This statement is the thermodynamic law of energy conservation and prohibits the existence of an eternal engine of the first kind - a system that performs work without energy consumption. The mechanism of one of such engines was based on the inner energy of the body, which can go to work. For example, it can occur due to expansion. But humanity is unknown by the bodies or systems that can endlessly expand, and therefore sooner or late their internal energy will end and the engine will stop.

A few later, the so-called Eternal Engine of the second kind, which did not reread energy conservation law, and was based on the heat transfer mechanism required for work surrounding bodies. An ocean was taken as an example, which, presumably, it would be possible to get an impressive heat reserve. However, in 1865, a German scientist, mathematician and physicist R. Clausius identified the second beginning of the thermodynamics: "The repeated process cannot exist if the result will only be transmitted heat from a less heated body to a heated, and only." Later, he introduced the concept of entropy - some function, the change in which is equal to the ratio of the amount of transmitted heat to the temperature.

After that, an alternative to the second beginning of thermodynamics was the law of restoration of entropy: "In a closed system, entropy does not decrease."

Simple words

Since entropy takes place in a wide variety of areas of human activity, its definition is somewhat vague. However, on the simplest examples, it is possible to understand the essence of this magnitude. Entropy is a degree of disorder, in other words - uncertainties, disordering. Then the system of scattered papers on the street, which even periodically throws the wind, has a high entropy. And the system of folded papers on the desktop has a minimal entropy. To reduce the entropy in the system with flocks of paper, you will have to spend a lot of time and energy to glue paper blocks into full sheets, and folding them into a stack.

In the case of a closed system, just just. For example, your things in a closed closet. If you do not turn on them from the outside, then things will have long time, it seems to maintain your value of entropy. But sooner or later they will decompose. For example, a woolen sock will decompose up to five years, but leather shoes will need about forty years. In the case described, the cabinet is an isolated system, and the decomposition of things is the transition from ordered structures to chaos.

Summing up, it should be noted that the minimum entropy is observed in a variety of macroscopic objects (those that can be observed with a naked eye) having a certain structure, and the maximum - vacuum.

Entropy of the Universe

As a result of such a thing as entropy, many other statements and physical definitions appeared, which allowed more details to describe the laws of nature. One of them has such a concept as "reversible / irreversible processes." The first is the processes, the entropy of the system of which does not increase and remains constant. Irreversible - such processes in the closed system of which entropy grows. It is impossible to return the closed system to the process to the process, because In this case, entropy would have to fall.

According to Clausius, the irreversible process is the existence of the Universe, at the end of which it is waiting for the so-called "thermal death", otherwise there is a thermodynamic equilibrium that exists for closed systems. That is, entropy will reach the maximum indicator, and all processes will simply appear. But, as soon as it turned out, Rudolf Clausius did not take into account the gravity forces that are present everywhere in the universe. For example, thanks to it, the distribution of particles at maximum entropy is not required to be uniform.

Also, another disadvantages of the theory of the "heat death of the Universe" include the fact that we do not know whether it really is finite, and is it possible to apply the concept of "closed system" to it. It is worth considering that the state of maximum entropy, as itself, and the absolute vacuum is the same theoretical concepts as the perfect gas. This means that in reality entropy will not achieve the maximum value due to various random deviations.

It is noteworthy that the visible in its volume retains the value of entropy. The reason for this is already known for many phenomenon - the universe. This interesting coincidence once again proves to mankind that in nature nothing happens just like that. According to scholars estimates, in order of magnitude, the value of entropy is equal to the number of existing photons.

• The word "chaos" is called the initial state of the universe. At that moment it was only a non-shaped set of space and matter.
• According to research by some scientists, the highest source of entropy are supermassive. But others believe that due to the powerful gravitational forces, attracting everything to the massive body, the measure of chaos is transmitted to the surrounding space in minor quantities.
• Interestingly, the life and evolution of a person is directed in the opposite direction from chaos. Scientists argue that this is possible due to the fact that throughout their lives, a person, like other living organisms, takes over the meaning of entropy, rather than in the environment.

Entropy (from Dr. Greek. Ἐντροπία "Rotate", "Transformation") - the term widely used in natural and accurate sciences. It was first introduced within the framework of thermodynamics as a function of the state of the thermodynamic system, which determines the measure of irreversible dispersion of energy. In statistical physics, entropy characterizes the likelihood of any macroscopic state. In addition to physics, the term is widely used in mathematics: information theory and mathematical statistics.

In science, this concept entered in the XIX century. Initially, it was applied to the theory of thermal machines, but quite quickly appeared in the rest of the physics areas, especially in the theory of radiation. Very soon entropy began to be used in cosmology, biology, in theory of information. Different areas of knowledge allocate different types of chaos measure:

• information;
• thermodynamic;
• differential;
• cultural and others.

For example, for molecular systems there is a boltzmann entropy that determines the measure of their chaoticness and homogeneity. Bolzman managed to establish the relationship between the chaos measure and the probability of a state. For thermodynamics, this concept is considered a measure of irreversible energy scattering. This is the function of the state of the thermodynamic system. In a separate system, entropy is growing to maximum values, and they eventually become an equilibrium state. Entropy information implies some measure of uncertainty or unpredictability.

Entropy can be interpreted as a measure of uncertainty (disorder) of some system, for example, any experience (test), which can have different outcomes, which means that the amount of information. Thus, another interpretation of entropy is the information container system. With this interpretation, the fact that the creator of the concept of entropy in the theory of information (Claude Shannon) was first wanted to name this amount of information.

For reversible (equilibrium) processes, the following mathematical equality is carried out (a consequence of the so-called equality of clauses), where - the heat supplied, the temperature, and states, and the entropy corresponding to these states (the process of transition from the state to the state) is considered here.

For irreversible processes, an inequality flows from the so-called inequality of Clausius, where - the suspended heat is the temperature, and states, and the entropy corresponding to these states.

Therefore, entropy adiabatically isolated (no supply or heat removal) of the system with irreversible processes can only increase.

Using the concept of entropy Clausius (1876) gave the most general formulation of the 2nd start of thermodynamics: with real (irreversible) adiabatic processes, entropy increases, reaching the maximum value in the equilibrium state (2nd the beginning of thermodynamics is not absolute, it is broken during fluctuations).

Absolute entropy (s) substance or process - This is a change in the available energy during heat transfer at a given temperature (BTU / R, J / K). Mathematically entropy is equal to heat transfer, divided into absolute temperature at which the process takes place. Consequently, the transmission processes of a large amount of warmth increase the entropy. Also, entropy changes will increase when heat transfer at low temperatures. Since absolute entropy concerns the suitability of the entire energy of the universe, the temperature is usually measured in absolute units (R, K).

Specific entropy (S) Measure relative to the mass of the mass of the substance. Temperature units that are used in calculating the differences of entropy of states are often given with temperature units in Fahrenheit or Celsius degrees. Since differences in degrees between Fahrenheit and Renkin or Celsius scales and Celvin are equal, the solution in such equations will be correct regardless of whether entropy is expressed in absolute or ordinary units. Entropy has the same temperature as this enthalpy of a certain substance.

We summarize: entropy increases, therefore, by any other acts we increase chaos.

Just about the difficult

Entropy - measure of disorder (and characteristic of the condition). Visually, the more evenly things are located in some space, the more entropy. If sugar lies in a cup of tea in the form of a piece, the entropy of this state is small, if dissolved and distributed over the whole volume - great. The mess can be measured, for example, by considering how many ways it is possible to decompose objects in a given space (entropy then proportional to the logarithm of the number of layouts). If all socks are folded extremely compact one stack on the shelf in the closet, the number of layout options is little and is reduced only to the number of rearrangements of the socks in the stack. If the socks can be in an arbitrary location in the room, then there is a unthinkable number of ways to decompose them, and these layouts are not repeated during our life, like the shape of snowflakes. The entropy of the state of "socks scattered" is huge.

The second law of thermodynamics states that the entropy does not decrease in a closed system (usually it increases). Under its influence, the smoke is dissipated, sugar dissolves, scattered with the time of stones and socks. This trend is explained simply: things move (moved by us or by the forces of nature) is usually under the influence of random impulses that have no common goal. If the impulses are random, everything will move from order to the mess, because the ways to achieve disorder is always greater. Imagine a chessboard: the king can get out of an angle in three ways, all the ways possible for it are from the angle, and come back into the angle from each neighboring cell - only in one way, and this course will be only one of 5 or from 8 possible moves. If you deprive his goals and allow moving randomly, he in the end with an equal probability can be in any place of a chessboard, entropy will be higher.

In a gas or liquid, the role of such disordering power plays a thermal movement, in your room - your shortened desires to go there, here, to be sought, work, etc. What these desires do not matter, the main thing is that they are not related to cleaning and are not connected with each other. To reduce entropy, you need to expose the system to external influence and make work over it. For example, according to the second law, entropy in the room will continuously increase, until the mother goes and does not ask you a slightly to gain. The need to do the work means also that any system will resist the reduction of entropy and guidance. In the Universe, the same story - entropy as started to increase with a large explosion, so will grow until mom comes.

Mea Chaos in the Universe

For the universe, the classic embodiment of entropy cannot be applied, because it is active in it, the gravitational forces are active, and the substance itself cannot form a closed system. In fact, for the Universe is a measure of chaos.

The main and largest source of disorder, which is observed in our world, are considered to be all known massive education - black holes, massive and supermassive.

Attempts to accurately calculate the value of Chaos Measure can not be called successful, although they occur constantly. But all the estimates of the entropy of the Universe have a significant variation in the values \u200b\u200bobtained - from one to three orders. This is explained not only by the lack of knowledge. There is no insufficiency of information about the effects on the calculations not only of all known celestial objects, but also of dark energy. The study of its properties and features is still in the ensuing, and the effect may be decisive. Mera chaos universe changes all the time. Scientists constantly conduct certain studies to obtain the possibility of determining common patterns. Then it will be possible to make quite sure forecasts for the existence of various space objects.

Thermal death of the universe

Any closed thermodynamic system has a finite state. The universe is also no exception. When the directional exchange of all types of energies stops, they are rejected into thermal energy. The system will switch to a state of thermal death if the thermodynamic entropy will receive the highest value. The conclusion about such late our world was formulated by R. Clausius in 1865. He took the second law of thermodynamics as a basis. According to this law, a system that is not exchanged with energies with other systems will look for an equilibrium state. And it may well have parameters characteristic of the thermal death of the universe. But Clausius did not take into account the influence of gravity. That is, for the universe, in contrast to the system of perfect gas, where the particles are distributed in some volume evenly, the homogeneity of the particles cannot correspond to the greatest value of entropy. Nevertheless, it is not clear to the end, entropy is the permissible measure of chaos or the death of the universe?

Entropy in our lives

In the peak of the second beginning of thermodynamics, according to the provisions of which everything should develop from difficult to simple, the development of earth evolution is moving in the opposite direction. This inconsistency is due to thermodynamics of processes that are irreversible. Consumption by a living organism, if it is to imagine as an open thermodynamic system, occurs in smaller volumes, rather than ejected from it.

Foodstuffs have less entropy than produced products produced from them. That is, the body is alive, because it can throw away this measure of chaos, which is produced in it due to the flow of irreversible processes. For example, by evaporation from the body, about 170 g of water is derived, i.e. The human body compensates for the decrease in entropy with some chemical and physical processes.

Entropy is a certain measure of the free state of the system. It is the more fuller than the smaller limitations this system has, but provided that there is a lot of degrees of freedom. It turns out that the zero value of the measures of chaos is complete information, and the maximum is absolute ignorance.

Our whole life is solid entropy, because the chaos measure sometimes exceeds the measure of common sense. Perhaps not so far away when we come to the second beginning of thermodynamics, because sometimes it seems that the development of some people, and entire states, has already gone reversed, that is, from complex to primitive.

conclusions

Entropy - the designation of the function of the state of the physical system, the increase in which is carried out due to the reversible (reversible) heat supply to the system;

the value of internal energy that cannot be transformed into mechanical work;

the exact definition of entropy is made by means of mathematical calculations, with which the corresponding state parameter (thermodynamic property) of the associated energy is installed for each system. The most clear entropy is manifested in thermodynamic processes, where the processes, reversible and irreversible, and in the first case, the entropy remains unchanged, and in the second it is constantly growing, and this increase is carried out by reducing mechanical energy.

Consequently, all that many irreversible processes that occur in nature are accompanied by a decrease in mechanical energy, which ultimately should lead to a stop, to "thermal death". But this cannot happen, because from the point of view of cosmology it is impossible to complete the empirical knowledge of all the "integrity of the Universe", on the basis of which our idea of \u200b\u200bentropy could find sound applications. Christian theologians believe that, based on entropy, it can be concluded about the limb of the world and use it to evict the "existence of God." In cybernetics, the word "entropy" is used in a sense, different from its direct value, which can only formally derive from a classic concept; It means: medium fullness of information; Inscript regarding the value of the "expectations" of information.

Entropy is the value that characterizes the degree of disordex, as well as the thermal state of the universe. The Greeks determined this concept as a transformation or coup. But in astronomy and physics, its meaning is somewhat excellent. In simple language, entropy is a measure of chaos.

Views

In science, this concept entered in the XIX century. Initially, it was applied to the theory of thermal machines, but quite quickly appeared in the rest of the physics areas, especially in the theory of radiation. Very soon entropy began to be used in cosmology, biology, in theory of information. Different areas of knowledge allocate different types of chaos measure:

• information
• thermodynamic
• differential
• cultural

For example, for molecular systems there is a boltzmann entropy that determines the measure of their chaoticness and homogeneity. Bolzman managed to establish the relationship between the chaos measure and the probability of a state. For thermodynamics, this concept is considered a measure of irreversible energy scattering. This is the function of the state of the thermodynamic system.

In a separate system, entropy is growing to maximum values, and they eventually become an equilibrium state.

Entropy information implies some measure of uncertainty or unpredictability.

Entropy of the Universe

For the universe, the classic embodiment of entropy cannot be applied, because it is active in it, the gravitational forces are active, and the substance itself cannot form a closed system. In fact, for the Universe, it is a measure of chaos. Purchases accurately calculate the value of chaos. But all the estimates of the entropy of the Universe have a significant variation in the values \u200b\u200bobtained - from one to three orders. This is explained not only by the lack of knowledge. There is no insufficiency of information about the effects on the calculations not only of all known celestial objects, but also of dark energy. The study of its properties and features is still in the ensuing, and the effect may be decisive. Mera chaos universe changes all the time.

Thermal death of the universe

Any closed thermodynamic system has a finite state.The universe is also no exception. When the directional exchange of all types of energies stops, they are rejected into thermal energy. The system will switch to a state of thermal death if the thermodynamic entropy will receive the highest value. The conclusion about such late our world was formulated by R. Clausius in 1865. He took the second law of thermodynamics as a basis. According to this law, a system that is not exchanged with energies with other systems will look for an equilibrium state. And it may well have parameters characteristic of the thermal death of the universe. But Clausius did not take into account the influence of gravity. That is, for the universe, in contrast to the system of perfect gas, where the particles are distributed in some volume evenly, the homogeneity of the particles cannot correspond to the greatest value of entropy. Nevertheless, it is not clear to the end, entropy is the permissible measure of chaos or the death of the universe?

In our life

In the peak of the second beginning of thermodynamics, according to the provisions of which everything should develop from difficult to simple, the development of earth evolution is moving in the opposite direction. This inconsistency is due to thermodynamics of processes that are irreversible. Consumption by a living organism, if it is to imagine as an open thermodynamic system, occurs in smaller volumes, rather than ejected from it.

Foodstuffs have less entropy than produced products produced from them.

That is, the body is alive, because it can throw away this measure of chaos, which is produced in it due to the flow of irreversible processes. For example, by evaporation from the body, about 170 g of water is derived, i.e. The human body compensates for the decrease in entropy with some chemical and physical processes.

Entropy is a certain measure of the free state of the system. It is the more fuller than the smaller limitations this system has, but provided that there is a lot of degrees of freedom. It turns out that the zero value of the measures of chaos is complete information, and the maximum is absolute ignorance.

Our whole life is solid entropy, because the chaos measure sometimes exceeds the measure of common sense. Perhaps not so far away when we come to the second beginning of thermodynamics, because sometimes it seems that the development of some people, and entire states, has already gone reversed, that is, from complex to primitive.

Entropy can be interpreted as a measure of uncertainty (disorder) of some system, for example, any experience (test), which can have different outcomes, which means that the amount of information. Thus, another interpretation of entropy is the information container system. With this interpretation, the fact that the creator of the concept of entropy in the theory of information (Claude Shannon) was first wanted to call this value information.

Such an interpretation is also valid for the entropy of the Reni, which is one of the generalizations of the concept of information entropy, but in this case the effective number of system states is determined (it can be shown that the entropy of the Reni corresponds to an effective number of states determined as a mean power-weighted with a parameter Q ≤ 1 (\\ DisplayStyle Q \\ LEQ 1) from magnitude 1 / P i (\\ DisplayStyle 1 / P_ (I))) .

It should be noted that the interpretation of the Shannon formula based on a weighted average is not an rationale. The strict output of this formula can be obtained from combinatorial considerations using the asymptotic styling formula and is that the distribution combinatoriality (that is, the number of methods that it can be implemented) after taking logarithm and normalization in the limit coincides with the expression for entropy in the form, proposed by Shannon.

In a broad sense, in which word is often used in everyday life, entropy means the measure of disorder or chaotic system: the smaller the elements of the system are subject to any order, the higher the entropy.

The specified axiom set uniquely leads to the formula for the Entropy of Shannon.

Different disciplines

• Thermodynamic entropy is a thermodynamic function that characterizes the measure of irreversible energy dissipation in it.
• In statistical physics, it characterizes the likelihood of a certain macroscopic state of the system.
• In mathematical statistics - measure of the uncertainty of probability distribution.
• Information entropy - in the theory of information of the measure of the uncertainty of the source of messages, determined by the probabilities of the appearance of certain characters when they are transmitted.
• The entropy of the dynamic system - in the theory of dynamic systems of the measure of chaoticness in the behavior of the system trajectories.
• Differential entropy is a formal generalization of the concept of entropy for continuous distributions.
• Reflection entropy is part of the discrete system information that is not reproduced when the system is reflected through the totality of its parts.
• Entropy in the theory of control is a measure of the uncertainty of the state or behavior of the system in these conditions.

In thermodynamics

The concept of entropy was first introduced by Clausius in thermodynamics in 1865 to determine the measure of irreversible dispersion of energy, the measures of rejection of the real process from the ideal. Defined as the sum of the resulting heat, it is a function of the state and remains constant with closed reversible processes, while in irreversible - its change is always positive.

Mathematically entropy is defined as a system status function defined with an accuracy of an arbitrary constant. The difference of entropy in two equilibrium states 1 and 2, by definition, is equal to the reduced amount of heat ( Δ Q / T (\\ DisplayStyle \\ Delta Q / T)), which must be reported to the system to translate it from state 1 to state 2 for any quasistatic path:

Since entropy is defined up to an arbitrary constant, then it is possible to conditionally take the condition 1 for the initial and put S 1 \u003d 0 (\\ DisplayStyle S_ (1) \u003d 0). Then

Here the integral is taken for an arbitrary quasistatic process. Differential function S (\\ DisplayStyle S) Has appearance

Entropy establishes a link between macro and micro states. The feature of this characteristic is that this is the only function in physics that shows the direction of processes. Since entropy is a function function, it does not depend on how the transition from one system state to another is carried out, but is determined only by the initial and end states of the system.

Both physics and lyrics operate with the concept of "entropy". Translated from ancient Greek to Russian, the word "entropy" is associated with turning, transformation.

Representatives of the exact sciences (mathematics and physics) introduced this term in scientific use and distributed it to computer science, chemistry. R. Clausius, and L. Boltzman, E. Janes and K. Shannon, K. Jung and M. Plunk defined and investigated the above phenomenon.

This article summarizes, systematize the main approaches to the definition of entropy in various scientific fields.

Entropy in accurate and natural sciences

Starting from the representative of the exact sciences of R. Clauses, the term "entropy" is denoted by:

• irreversible dispersion of energy in thermodynamics;
• the probability of the implementation of a macroscopic process in statistical physics;
• uncertainty of any system in mathematics;
• information capacity system in computer science.

This measure is expressed by formulas and graphs.

Entropy as a humanitarian concept

K. Jung introduced a familiar concept to us in psychoanalysis, studying the dynamics of the person. Researchers in the field of psychology, and then sociology allocate and identify identity entropy or social entropy as a degree:

• uncertainty of the state of personality in psychology;
• mental energy that cannot be used when it is investing in the object of study in psychoanalysis;
• the amount of energy inaccessible to social change, social progress in sociology;
• dynamics of identity entropy.

The concept of entropy turned out to be in demand, convenient in theories, both natural science and humanitarian. In general, entropy is closely related to the measure, the degree of uncertainty, chaos, disorder in any system.