Banknote is a special type of credit money issued by the issuing bank of the country and is an indefinite debt obligation and is secured by a guarantee of the central bank, which is state-owned in many countries.

In the era of the gold coin standard, a banknote was nothing more than a bill to the banker, according to which the bearer could receive valid money at any time and with which the banker replaced private bills. This characteristic of the banknote related to its classical form. The classic banknote had characteristic features:

issued by the issuing bank instead of commercial bills;

had gold backing by law and was exchanged for gold;

had double security (promissory note - commodity and gold).

The listed features of a classic banknote were reflected in the following patterns of its circulation:

1) the circulation of a classic banknote was made according to vicious circle... This is due to the fact that banknotes were issued in the order of issuing a loan against a commercial bill, and the return was made by repaying this loan;

2) the classic banknote is stable in nature. This was ensured, firstly, by issuing commercial bills of exchange in order to account for which specific commodity transactions stood, and secondly, by the fact that the banknotes that were superfluous for circulation were returned to the bank of issue by exchange for gold.

The classic banknote was fundamentally different from paper money:

* by origin - the emergence of paper money is associated with the peculiarities of the function of money as a means of circulation, the appearance of a banknote is associated with the function of money as a means of payment;

* by emission sources - paper money is issued by the state treasury, banknotes - by the issuing bank;

* according to the laws of circulation - a classic banknote circulates in a vicious circle and returns to the bank of issue, paper money does not have such a return mechanism, it “gets stuck” in the circulation channels;

* by change - a classic banknote, if necessary, could be exchanged for metal, paper money - not.

With the collapse of the gold coin standard during the First World War, the exchange of banknotes for gold ceased in most countries, which led to the loss of the gold backing of banknotes and their stability. In addition, the bill of exchange security for the issue of banknotes worsened significantly, since the bill of exchange portfolio of the bank of issue consisted more and more of treasury bills and other debt obligations of the state. All this testifies to the features of modern banknotes that differ significantly from the classic ones.

Consequently, the following properties are characteristic of a modern banknote:

it has no gold backing and is not exchangeable for gold;

the issue is carried out not only in the manner of lending to trade, but in the manner of bank lending to the state.

Based on the foregoing, three channels of emission of modern banknotes can be distinguished:

1) bank lending to the economy, which provides a connection between monetary circulation and the dynamics of reproduction;

2) bank lending to the state in the form of buying a bank and government securities;

3) release against the growth of official foreign exchange reserves, as a rule, in countries with an active balance of payments.

The modern banknote is paper money in a broad sense. Nevertheless, it cannot be completely identified with paper money in its classical form. The modern banknote retains its credit nature, and for the most part its issue is carried out in the manner of bank lending to the economy.

Consequently, the modern banknote has a dual nature: in essence, it is a product of the splicing of paper and credit money, or paper money in a broad sense. Therefore, in economic theory, paper money in the narrow sense is usually distinguished - treasury bills, which from the very beginning acted as signs of gold, and paper money in a broad sense - banknotes - signs of not only gold, but also credit.

Another type of credit money is a check. Check circulation arose and developed in the course of the evolution of credit operations, centralization of the banking system and the concentration of temporarily free funds on the current accounts of commercial banks.

Receipt - This is a monetary document of the established form, containing an unconditional order from the owner of the account on credit to the institution to pay the holder of the check the specified amount.

Checks are:

registered (to a specific person without the right to transfer),

warrant (with the right to transfer by endorsement),

bearer (can be transferred without endorsement),

settlement (used only for cashless payments),

accepted (for which the bank gives acceptance, or consent to make payment within the specified time period), etc.

The check has a specific shape and details. It is a private obligation, and the term of its circulation is limited by legislative acts, therefore, to ensure the guarantee of payment on the check great importance has an acceptance of checks from reliable banks.

When paying by checks, the following entities enter into economic relations with each other: - Receiver - legal or individual paying by check and signing it;

- Receiver-enterprise, which is the recipient of funds under the check; - Issuing bank - a bank that issues a checkbook (check) to an enterprise or individual.

The check contains the following elements:

a) the name "settlement check";

b) the name of the owner of the checkbook and his account number;

c) the name of the issuing bank and its MFO number;

d) identification codes of the drawer and the payee;

e) the name of the recipient;

f) order of the drawer to the issuing bank to pay a certain amount;

g) the purpose of the payment;

h) date, month and year of drawing up the check, place of drawing up the check;

i) the signatures of the drawer and the seal imprint.

A check missing any of the specified details is considered invalid and is returned to the drawer bank without execution.

banknotes issued into circulation and guaranteed by central (issuing) banks. Currently, they are the only legal tender on the territory of the Russian Federation. Their counterfeiting and illegal manufacture are punishable by law. B. and the coin are recognized as unconditional obligations of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation and are secured by all of its assets.

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BANKNOTE (bank, or bank, ticket)

1) initially - a security that certifies the order of the issuing bank to itself to pay it to the bearer immediately upon presentation of the amount of money in the coin in circulation; 2) currently - a substitute for paper banknotes, issued by the central bank of issue.

The mention of the first B. refers to Ancient Babylon. The largest banking houses of Babylon issued documents confirming the fact that the issuer had accepted a certain amount of money for storage and the custodian's obligation to return it at the request of the bearer of the document. Usually their bearer was the one who deposited the money, although there were no obstacles to the transfer of the corresponding rights.

In Europe, the first bills were issued in 1694 when the Bank of England was established. With the adoption in 1844 of the R. Peel Banking Act, the right to issue B. became monopoly and was granted only to the Bank of England. This act also provided for a special security system for B., which later received the name English: the entire issue, with the exception of a fixed amount, was to be secured by the metal reserve of the issuing bank, mainly gold. This was the first system of partial security for B., which replaced the system of full security.

Issue B. in Russia was first organized by the Moscow and St. Petersburg Assignment Banks in 1769, these B. were called bank notes. Subsequently, Russian bills were also called state credit notes, and later - bank notes or State Bank tickets. The last name was retained for Byelorussia and in the USSR. At present, Russian bills are called Bank of Russia tickets.

In France, the issue of currency began in 1800-1803; in Germany, Prussia, in 1846. Regular bank failures due to uncontrolled issues of currency, an increase in social tension and the aggravation of economic turmoil led all continental European states (like England earlier) to introduce monopoly production of biology. These countries gave a new system of support for biology, which received the name German. In contrast to the English system, with its limit of fiduciary issue (bank issue, not backed by a stock of precious metals of the issuing bank), the German system provided for a minimum share of security for B. At the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century. in various countries, such a share ranged from 50 to 30% of the total volume of bailouts. Later, another security system, called the American one, was formed, the essence of which consisted in a kind of "doubling" of partial security: 15% of the bailout volume was provided by gold and, in addition, 90% - government securities. A special kind of prescriptions existed in France, where the legislator simply determined the maximum amount of B. that could be in circulation, without indicating what and how much it was secured, although, of course, it also proceeded from some minimum security standards.

Thus, the volume of the currency issue was tied to the size of the gold reserves of the issuing banks, which created, first, the possibility of exchanging the currency for gold, which at that time played the role of a money metal, but, secondly, during periods of the outflow of the gold reserve, it led to financial crises. During the First World War, the exchange of gold for gold was actually discontinued, although this circumstance received legal confirmation much later. B. became substitutes, first of the actual money in circulation, and then of paper money.

Due to the loss of connection between gold and gold backing, it can be concluded that at the present time they should be issued either against the growth of national wealth, or in the manner of crediting production, foreign and domestic trade. Consequently, billing turns into obligations of the state as a whole, since it gives them a coercive course, i.e. is obliged to guarantee that each holder of bills, regardless of their amount, will be able to exchange them for real goods, works, services - elements of an asset of the national economy.

Thus, today's record of "securing" the Bank of Russia tickets is tantamount to the assumption by the state, represented by the Central Bank, of the obligation to ensure a stable and sustainable purchasing power of the monetary unit. Moreover, the obligation of the state to ensure the purchasing power of banknotes (bills and coins) makes sense only on condition of the reservation of the scale of prices for which the state is not entitled to go.

B. and a coin of the Bank of Russia cannot be declared invalid (invalidated as a legal tender), unless a sufficiently long period of their exchange for B. and a coin of a new sample is established. A sufficiently long term means a period of at least a year. No restrictions on the amounts or subjects of exchange are allowed. Decisions on the issue of new currency and coins into circulation and on the withdrawal of old ones, as well as the denominations and samples of new banknotes, are made by the Board of Directors of the Bank of Russia. Descriptions of new banknotes, including B., must be published in the media. Dilapidated and damaged B. are exchanged by the Bank of Russia without restrictions. At present, B. in denominations of 5, 10, 50, 100, and 500 rubles are circulating in Russia.

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See what "Banknote" is in other dictionaries:

BANKNOTE

BANKNOTE- BANKNOTE, banknote, man., And BANKNOTE, banknotes, wives. (English bank note) (Fin.). An interest-free banknote issued in round amounts issued by an issuing bank is the same as a banknote. Exchange of banknotes (or banknotes) for gold. ... ... Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary

banknotes- banknote, m., and BANKNOTE, banknotes, f. [eng. bank note] (Fin.). An interest-free banknote issued in round amounts issued by an issuing bank is the same as a banknote. Exchange of banknotes (or banknotes) for gold. Big dictionary... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

banknotes- banknotes, m. and banknotes, f., pl. banknotes, genus. banknotes and banknotes ... Dictionary of pronunciation and stress difficulties in modern Russian

banknotes- noun, number of synonyms: 5 banknote (3) money (3) banknote (3) ... Dictionary of synonyms

banknotes- ah, genus. pl. ov, m. The main type of paper money, a credit sign issued by an issuing bank and replacing metal money as a means of circulation and payment. New banknotes. Synonyms: de / tender sign Related words: bank / tny ... ... Popular dictionary of the Russian language

banknotes- note, h. Ol. Banknotes, paper pennies, bank notes ...

Banknotes- m. see banknotes Efremova's Explanatory Dictionary. T.F. Efremova. 2000 ... Modern Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language by Efremova

banknotes- banknotes, banknotes, banknote, banknotes, banknote, banknotes, banknotes, banknotes, banknotes, banknotes, banknotes, banknotes (

1. The first banknotes

2. Banknotes the USSR

3. Facts about banknotes

The largest at par bank note the world

The largest current banknote in terms of purchasing power

The largest bill for internal payments in terms of purchasing power

The country's largest denomination banknote

Smallest denomination country

The largest banknote of United Russia in terms of size and purchasing power

The largest banknote in terms of purchasing power of the RSFSR / USSR / RF

The largest banknote of Belarus at face value

The largest denomination banknote of Yugoslavia

4. Women on the banknotes of the world

Banknote- in the broadest sense of the word, a banknote made of paper, thick fabric (usually silk), metal or plastic, usually rectangular;

Banknote- a bank note of a large denomination (as opposed to a treasury note of a small denomination or a change sign, which replaces a change coin).

Later, in the 18th century, starting in 1719, the Riksens Standers Wexel-Banco began issuing banknotes of various denominations. By the way, these banknotes of the 1759-1776 model became the prototypes of the first Russian banknotes. (See the article by A. Alyamkin and A. Baranov "Counterfeiting" a la rus. "Who and how counterfeited paper banknotes in Moscow Russia". "BSM", No. 1, 2006).

3. Assignant in denomination of 50 livres (1790),

The first banknotes in Finland were issued in 1790 during the Russian-Swedish war of 1788-1790. Banknotes of 1790 were issued on behalf of the Royal Finnish military chief commissariat (in fact, by the command of the Swedish troops in Finland). These banknotes were issued in denominations from 8 skilling to 2 rigsdaler in two languages ​​- Finnish and Swedish.

By the way, in 1788 due to unpopularity wars v Sweden unrest began in the army. Finnish units refused to fight the war, citing the fact that it was being fought without the consent of the Riksdag (Swedish parliament). Created by Finnish officers of the so-called. Anyal Union entered into negotiations with the Russian Federation on the granting of independence Finland.

The Swedish king Gustav III barely managed to liquidate it only in 1789.

In Denmark in 1713 during the Northern wars By a decree of April 8, 1713, the royal treasury issued paper banknotes of various denominations (from 1 mark to 100 rigsdalers). The Copenhagen Assignment, Bill and Loan Bank (Kiobenhavnske Assig-nation-, Vexel- og Laane-Banque), which was transformed in 1819 into a national bank in Copenhagen (Natio-nalbanken i Kiobenhavn), began to issue regular banknotes in 1737. From the end of the 18th century, paper banknotes were also issued in the Danish West Indies.

In Norway (which until 1814 was in union with the Kingdom of Denmark, and from 1814 to 1905 as part of the Kingdom of Sweden), the first paper banknotes were issued in 1695 by the royal treasury(Danish royal treasury in Copenhagen for the kingdom Norway) in denominations from 10 to 100 rigsdalers.

These tokens were issued at the initiative of the merchant Thor Mahlen and were named "Thor Mohlen's money". Permanent issue of banknotes in Norway began in 1817 by the Norwegian bank in Trondhjem (Norges bank i Trondhjem).

In France paper banknotes appeared at the beginning of the 18th century. In 1716, the Scotsman John Law received the opening of a commercial bank (Banque Generale) with the right to issue metal bank notes. These tickets began to be accepted as payment of taxes on a par with hard coins. In 1718, Lowe's bank was renamed the State Bank. He believed that the lack of hard currency could be filled with paper money, that the country's prosperity depended on the development of credit, which had capital-creating power. The success of the bank, the enormous confidence in its shares and banknotes, the frenzied speculation that began on the shares of the bank and its Western company, created fertile ground for the use of unlimited bank notes for the budgetary purposes of the royal government. By the end of 1719, the bank began to have difficulties with the exchange of tickets. At the beginning of 1720, a massive pressure on the bank of those wishing to exchange tickets for hard currency began. The exchange was first slowed down and then suspended.

By a decree of March 11, 1720, it was announced that it was prohibited to use hard currency after May 1; found on someone, it was subject to confiscation. John Lowe himself became Comptroller General of Finance in January 1720. France... Low's system, based on the issue of unsecured banknotes, which caused unheard-of excitement and speculation on the stock exchange, quickly led Low's bank to bankruptcy, and he himself was forced to flee France.

By a decree of May 22, 1720, it was announced that the nominal rate of bank notes had been halved. And on October 10, 1720, a decree was issued on the termination of circulation of tickets after November 1. It was decided to exchange small tickets for state tickets. bonds with a halving of the nominal rate of tickets. The remaining state on tickets was decided to pay off in the form of 2% perpetual and 4% life annuities. Thus, the first experience of France with the monetary issue of paper banknotes ended. He produced so strong impression that 50 years later, in 1771, to France, Louis XV pledged for the good of his subjects "to banish forever any system and theory from their finances."

The next issue of paper banknotes in France was carried out only in 1776-1790 by the private credit institution "Caisse D'Escompte" with denominations of 200 to 1000 livres. In 1783, the government of Louis XVI stopped the exchange of these banknotes and used to cover the budget deficit new money issues of these tickets, which received a compulsory exchange rate and turned into paper fiat money. Soon

for this there was a mess on a metal coin. The number of tickets in circulation has grown almost fivefold in five years.

The largest banknote in terms of purchasing power of the RSFSR / USSR / RF

25 chervontsev 1922 (250 rubles) - the largest banknote of the RSFSR and the USSR in circulation after 1917, backed by 215 grams of gold.

The largest banknote of Belarus at face value

Five million undenominated Belarusian rubles in 1998.

The largest denomination banknote of Yugoslavia

Five hundred billion dinars in 1993.

Women on the banknotes of the world

For a long time, the woman has been the object of worship of men. She was depicted on canvases and frescoes, sculpted in marble and cast in bronze. Images of women were found further on the walls of the dwellings of cavemen. Dishes, weapons, household items were decorated with images of women. Naturally, such an important aspect of human life as money circulation could not do without it. Almost immediately after the appearance of paper money, they began to depict allegorical female figures and portraits symbolizing fertility, art, etc., among the fanciful design characteristic of the culture of the 19th century. Often, the figures were stylized as images of ancient goddesses with all their inherent attributes.

In the 19th century, for the first time on banknotes, portraits of female reigning persons appeared as well-being (the queen Great Britain Victoria) and those who died in the Bose (Catherine II the Great on 100 ruble bills Russian Federation). This tradition was continued in the next, XX century, which gave us the opportunity to contemplate the Dutch queens Wilhelmina and Juliana, the husband of the Belgian kings Baldwin and Albert, as well as the English queen Elizabeth II.

Many women famous for their deeds are immortalized on banknotes Of Italy, Federal Republic of Germany, Greece, Ireland, Lithuania and other countries of the world.

Most often on banknotes all over the world, especially those issued before World War II, there are so-called "personifications", that is, figures and portraits symbolizing the country that issued this banknote, for example, a portrait of Italy on the 2 lira bill shown here or the figure of Argentina on 10 australs ...

In the post-war years, in connection with the flourishing of the socialist system, the so-called "woman of labor" began to actively develop banknotes of most countries of the socialist camp. And, although the State Bank of the USSR did not please us with such subjects, preferring to them the duty portraits of Ilyich in the FAS and a profile, the views of the Moscow Kremlin, banknotes of Albania, Bulgaria, the People's Republic of China (PRC) and other countries of "people's democracy" were full of puffy smiling collective farmers , weavers and representatives of other "female" professions of socialism.

Some governments have shown women from an unusual, so to speak, ethnographic point of view. We see images of this kind on almost all banknotes of the French colonies. He paid tribute to his multinationality by placing on his series of 1980 banknotes many beautiful representatives of Chinese peoples in national costumes.

Synonym dictionary

BANKNOTE- (banknote) A note of paper money issued by the central bank. Banknotes arose from receipts for the safe storage of gold issued by London goldsmiths in the 17th century. These receipts began to be used as money, and their ... ... Business glossary

BANKNOTE- (banknote) A note of paper money issued by the central bank. Banknotes in England originated from receipts for the safe storage of gold issued by London goldsmiths in the 17th century. These receipts began to be used as money ... Financial vocabulary

bank note- A note of paper money issued by the central bank. Banknotes in England originated from receipts for the safe storage of gold issued by London goldsmiths in the 17th century. These receipts began to be used as money, and their ... ... Technical Translator's Guide, Twain M .. This book contains the best stories of the brilliant comedian. Seventeen stories, written in the great language of the classics of American literature, will help improve not only English, but also ...