UDC 323.174

A. B. Volynchuk, Ya. A. Frolova

CHINA in the transboundary region of northeast azia: the economic and geographical basis of geopolitical status

The analysis of the formation of China's geopolitical status in the transboundary region of Northeast Asia is given. The economic and geographical factors that form the geopolitical status of the northeastern provinces of China are considered. The nature of the existing transboundary interactions between the PRC and Russia is assessed. The forecast scenarios of the geopolitical interaction of the USA-China-Russia are proposed.

Key words: Northeast Asia, China, cross-border region, geopolitical status, cross-border processes, Dongbei, northeastern provinces of China, Russian-Chinese economic cooperation, "triangle of power".

China in cross-border region of North-East Asia: economic and geographic basis of its geopolitical status. ANDREY B. VOLYNCHUK (Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok), YANA A. FROLOVA (Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, Vladivostok).

The article analyzes the formation of China's geopolitical status in the cross-border region of NorthEast Asia. It also considers economic and geographic factors that shape the geopolitical status of the northeastern provinces of China. The authors study the cross-border cooperation between China and Russia and suggest the possible scenario of the geopolitical interaction US-China-Russia.

Key words: North-East Asia, China, cross-border region, geopolitical status, cross-border processes, Dongbei, north-eastern provinces of China, Russian-Chinese economic cooperation, "triangle of force".

Like Russia, China belongs to the category of giant countries. In terms of the size of the state territory, the People's Republic of China ranks third in the world, behind the Russian Federation and Canada. The size of the country largely determines the characteristics of economic, social, political and geopolitical processes, and influences the nature of domestic and foreign policy of the state. Vast spaces serve as the primary cause of the emergence of processes of territorial differentiation, which is the main basis for the formation and further development of all types of regions - territorially isolated political and economic formations of the country. Differentiation based on natural differences of territories in climatic conditions, geographic location, endowment with natural resources, comfort of living, fixes and then reinforces regional differences. The region is involved in the development

personal types of division of labor, from interregional, within the country, to international.

The People's Republic of China is embedded in the transboundary region of Northeast Asia (NEA) by four administrative territories - Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning provinces and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Together they form the Dong Bay economic region1, which is an integral, internally welded economic organism. The area of ​​the region is almost 2 million km2, about 1/8 of the country's territory. Rich natural resources (oil, coal, oil shale, ferrous and alloying metals, hydropower resources, timber, seafood), favorable international economic and geographical position, specificity

1 Dongbei is the most common name for sev-

ro-east of the country. However, in the Russian historical and geographical tradition, the toponym Manchuria is most often used to designate this territory.

VOLYNCHUK Andrey Borisovich, PhD in Geography, Senior Researcher, Laboratory of International Institutions and Multilateral Cooperation of the Asia-Pacific Region, School of Regional and International Studies (Far Eastern Federal University, Vladivostok), e-mail: [email protected]; FROLOVA Yana Aleksandrovna, Candidate of Political Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Institute of Law and Management (Vladivostok State University of Economics and Service, Vladivostok), e-mail: [email protected]© Volynchuk A.B., Frolova Ya.A., 2012

The article was prepared with the support of the grant of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 6.1602.2011 " Government regulation Development of Border Regions: Balancing the Needs of National Security and Economic Progress ”.

China in the cross-border region of Northeast Asia

A. B. VOLYNCHUK, Y. A. FROLOVA

development - all these factors contributed to the consolidation of the northeast as a strategic region of the country. And if other territories of China are foreign-economic and foreign-policy oriented to the south and south-west, then the economic and political interests of the PRC, implemented through Manchuria (the historical name of Northeast China), are directed exclusively to NEA.

The influence of China's northeastern provinces on modern economic and territorial-political processes in NEA is enormous. Relying on its economic and military potential, China is here the initiator and participant of most economic projects and political initiatives. In this regard, it is interesting to determine the nature of its geopolitical status in cross-border interaction in order to identify the prospects for promoting the national interests of the PRC in this region of the world. The most suitable tool for achieving the goal set in the article is geopolitical expertise, the use of which is aimed at forming an objective idea of ​​the status of the territory and forecasting its further development.

The category of the status of the territory is a complex multistage structure, which includes the components of natural resource, demographic, economic, political, military and other levels. They are the subject of the analysis of this publication.

The basis of the status of Northeast China is its demographic potential. The average population density in the region is about 69 people. per 1 km2. In absolute terms, the population of Dongbei significantly exceeds the number of neighbors in the transboundary region. According to the 2010 census, more than 136 million people live within four provinces, which is significantly more than not only the population of the Russian Far East (6.3 million) and two Koreas (74.5 million), but also Japan (126 , 2 million) 2. The difference in the demographic potentials of individual sectors of the cross-border region creates the conditions for the emergence of cross-border migration processes. They are especially powerful in the direction of the Russian Far East, which is facilitated by the peculiarities of the economic and geographical position (EGP) of the northeast of China.

Northern Dongbei has a long land border with the Russian Federation, which provides

2 The data of the 2010 population census in China are still presented in official sources only in a generalized form.

bakes him direct access to 5 Russian subjects: the Trans-Baikal Territory, the Amur and Jewish Autonomous Regions, the Khabarovsk and Primorsky Territories. The eastern contact line is defined by the border of North and South Korea. In the West, the region is bordered by Mongolia. The favorable nature of the cross-border interaction of the Chinese sector of the cross-border region of NEA is determined by the presence of a large number of neighboring countries, and most of the foreign border regions are significantly inferior to China in a number of socio-economic indicators. This also applies to the level of economic development of cross-border territories, and their population potential. Today, the fact of border proximity provides China with practically free access to relatively inexpensive and scarce resources of the Russian Far East and Mongolia: ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, oil, gas, electricity, timber, etc. Due to low transport costs for the movement of resources, Russian resources cheaper than Brazilian, Canadian or Australian. Sustainable flows of natural resources and raw materials from Russia have changed the spatial pattern of the distribution of production facilities in the provinces of Northeast China.

Another positive factor of EGP for northeast China is its proximity to powerful industrial and scientific centers China (Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai), territorially forming its southern border. The presence of a developed transport infrastructure of roads and railways provides the northeast with a strong connection with the provinces of other economic regions of China, thereby expanding its resource base and increasing the marketing opportunities of regional enterprises. Moreover, in addition to a developed network of railways of national importance, the region has in its transport structure a railway of international importance - the China-Eastern Railway, which crosses the entire north-east in a latitudinal direction and provides access for Chinese enterprises to the markets of Russia and Europe. The region is distinguished by a relatively dense railway network. The total length of the region's railways exceeds 26 thousand km, almost 1/3 of the length of the country's roads. The main volume of freight traffic in the region is carried out by rail.

Assessing the level of the region's transport position, one cannot fail to note the presence of an outlet to the waters of the Yellow Sea. A network of various specialized port facilities created over

political science. history. PHILOSOPHY

the entire coast, provides the opportunity to realize their economic and geopolitical interests in the countries of the Korean Peninsula and Japan. Moreover, the successful combination of access to the sea and numerous cheap labor resources allows attracting significant foreign investments to the region in the form of direct financial injections into the region's economy or in the form of introducing new technological solutions.

The natural resource and industrial potential of the region is mainly based on its own natural base. Large deposits of tungsten, molybdenum and copper are being developed in the northeast of China. Vein and placer gold is found in different regions. Of non-metallic minerals, it should be noted the huge reserves of coal. The region under consideration accounts for about 80% of oil produced in China. The largest deposits are Daqing (north of Harbin) and Shengli (near Leizhuo-wuan bay).

Northeastern China is one of the most industrially developed regions, which accounts for 20% of the country's gross industrial production, the largest producer of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, machinery, electricity, coal, oil products, chemical products, cement, timber. The average gross regional product (GRP) in 2009 was 19,318 yuan per person. ...

In general, the natural resource base of Dongbei can be assessed quite high. However, the region is increasingly showing negative results of many years of intensive development of the territory's resources, which significantly increases the level of environmental stress. Problems in almost all natural environments: industrial and municipal wastewater pollution of rivers and lakes, chemical pollution and salinization of the soil cover, deforestation, atmospheric pollution with gas emissions from metallurgy and the chemical industry.

State of the art international economic relations is determined by China's transition from a "planned commodity" economy to the construction of a "socialist market economy" with the implementation of the strategy of export orientation of the economy. The 2000s marked the beginning of a new stage of industrialization based on increasing export potential. Thanks to the implementation of the strategy of all-round openness of the external economy in Northeast China, both imports and exports are growing rapidly. Trade ties and technical and economic cooperation are maintained with 159 countries

and regions of the world, the main ones being Japan, USA, South Korea, Holland, Hong Kong.

The foreign economic policy of the northeastern regions of China is aimed at solving the following problems of long-term development:

1. Concentration of foreign investment in knowledge-intensive industries - aviation and space, instrument making, modern agricultural engineering, services, infrastructure, environmental protection, etc .;

2. Development of foreign trade. Increased exports of high-tech goods with high added value, labor-intensive goods and agricultural products. Restricting the export of energy-consuming goods and raw materials;

3. Development of cross-border trade, strengthening of ties with the countries of the cross-border region of NEA, development of the market of the countries of Southeast Asia, Europe and America;

4. Expansion of international economic and technological cooperation;

5. Development of transport infrastructure, provision of access to international transit corridors.

Implementing the development strategy of Northeast China, Liaoning province, taking into account its geographical position, focuses on Japan and South Korea; Jilin province, which has the Korean national district Yanbian in its administrative structure, into South and North Korea and Russia; Heilongjiang Province has been assigned the role of the main mediator between the provinces of China and the CIS countries by the government.

Over the past decade, Russian-Chinese economic cooperation within the cross-border region of Northeast Asia has reached the level of strategic partnership. The governments of the two countries coordinated regional development programs - the Russian Far East and the northeast of China. As a strategic priority for the socio-economic development of the Far Eastern territories of both countries, a course was announced to unite efforts in achieving the main goal: modernizing the economic potential and improving the quality of life of people.

Since the beginning of the 1990s, a "frontier belt of openness" has been functioning in the outlying regions of China; For about two decades, the Chinese authorities have been stimulating the development of border trade with Russia, Kazakhstan, North Korea, Mongolia, Myanmar, Vietnam, emphasizing that this is the way for the prosperity of border territories. Open door policy in border

regions of the PRC was aimed at creating favorable conditions for the life of the population and for commerce. In 1992, the State Council of the People's Republic of China granted the status of "open border cities" to more than 13 cities, county centers and towns, including Heihe and Suifenhe (Heilongjiang Province), Manzhouli and Erenhot (Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region), Hunchun (Jilin Province), Dandong (Liaoning province). Zones of cross-border economic cooperation have been created in the specially designated areas of most of these settlements. The most successful of these provinces in terms of the dynamics of foreign trade turnover was Heilongjiang province (an increase of more than 33 times), followed by Jilin (19 times) and Liaoning (11 times).

The Russian-Chinese strategic partnership, despite the relatively low level of trade and economic ties in comparison with other large partners of China (USA, Japan, EU), is extremely important for the PRC. Russia and China have a solid legal basis for the development of economic ties. These are intergovernmental agreements on trade and economic cooperation, on the encouragement and mutual protection of investments, on scientific and technical cooperation, on the avoidance of double taxation and the prevention of tax evasion with respect to taxes on income, on cooperation and mutual assistance in customs matters, on cooperation in the field protection of intellectual property, etc., as well as dozens of interdepartmental agreements. The official program document defining the prospects for the long-term development of Chinese-Russian strategic cooperation is the Treaty signed on July 16, 2001 between the PRC and the Russian Federation on good-neighborliness, friendship and cooperation.

It should be noted that, in general, in recent years there has been a serious breakthrough in trade and economic cooperation between Russia and China. High growth rates of bilateral trade at over 30% remain, and bilateral trade in 2011 reached a record high of -83.5 billion dollars.Russian President Vladimir Putin, speaking at the APEC summit in Vladivostok, noted that trade between Russia and China in the near future will reach $ 100 billion.

A comparative analysis of the levels of geopolitical potential of the Chinese and Russian sectors of the cross-border region of NEA showed the superiority of the Chinese status, which determines

the systemic nature and flexibility of the strategy of China's advancement into the economy of the Far East. It highlights the following areas: trade in energy resources, forest resources, construction of a network of filling stations in China and a network of refineries in the Russian Far East, increasing Chinese exports to the Far East market.

China's economic interests are outlined in the "Plan for the revival of the economy of the northeast of the PRC", developed under the auspices of the State Committee for Reform and Development and promulgated in August 2007. The main macroeconomic benchmarks: an increase in the volume of GRP per capita from 15 318 yuan in 2005 to 21 889 yuan in 2012. R&D spending increased to 2% of GRP.

The policy of the Chinese authorities is aimed at the restoration and reconstruction of industrial centers in the north-east of the country. Pragmatic China intends to attract all possible resources from Siberia and the Far East to implement a program to revive the region's old industrial base. The consequence of this is the active propaganda in the PRC of the idea of ​​coordinating this program and Russian plans for the development of the Far East. The advantages from the territorial proximity of the three northeastern provinces, especially Heilongjiang, to Russia are obvious, their production structure is comparable, and economic complementarity is strong.

Recent years have been marked by important changes in the global geopolitical environment. To a large extent, they are associated with the growing role of China both in the regional (NEA and APR) and in the world balance of power. This was facilitated by the long-term economic crisis, which primarily negatively affected the economic condition of the leading countries of the world. In the race for world leadership, Beijing plans not only to rely on the industrial potential of its northeastern provinces, but also to use the rich experience of cross-border cooperation with the Russian Far East.

Currently, the rapidly developing China is positioning itself as a force gaining international significance. He seeks equal cooperation with the world community in maintaining global and regional stability. But the economic development of China on the basis of integration into the world economy evokes a response, and not always in China's favor, a reaction from the United States, the EU, and Japan. While in the PRC remain

political science. history. philosophy

authoritarian regime and the monopoly of the Chinese Communist Party on political power, China will remain for them "alien" in politics. However, China's growing economic and military power raises its credibility and expands its political influence in the world. The PRC remains an ascending "center of power" with an independent foreign policy. And if in global politics Beijing is not yet very active, then in the APR China is already positioning itself as a regional leader who readily assumes the burden of responsibility for maintaining sustainable development, peace and stability. At the APEC summit in Vladivostok, President of the People's Republic of China Hu Jintao said: “China's development will continue. China intends to remain the locomotive of development in the region. "

The shift of the center of economic power from the Atlantic to the Pacific brings back to life the model of international relations that was very popular at the end of the last century - the "triangle of power" - the USA-China-Russia. It seems that the current alignment of forces in the "geopolitical trio", like forty years ago, will again have a decisive influence on the situation not only in the Asia-Pacific region, but throughout the world. Despite the obvious and hidden problems, the United States and China are the most powerful economies in the world. In turn, Russia, under favorable conditions and sound financial policy, has every chance to restore the lost status of a global geopolitical player.

Considering the prospects for the interaction of the three powers within the "triangle", we can talk about the possible development of the situation according to four scenarios.

The first scenario is possible with a successful "reset" of relations between the Russian Federation and the United States, which presupposes the removal of basic contradictions in the issues of security, the export of democracy and human rights. In order to curb the growth of China's influence in the APR and in the world, Russia is taking the path of political and economic integration of the EU, joining or creating with NATO a joint security system "from Lisbon to Vladivostok." In this scenario, the strategic position of the PRC will deteriorate sharply. China will come under pressure from both land and sea: north / northwest - Russia and NATO; east / north-east - Russia, Japan, Republic of Korea, USA; southeast - Taiwan, USA; south / southwest - Vietnam and India. China's response will be limited to two steps. The first is trade, economic, military

and political rapprochement with Iran, which is unlikely to significantly improve Beijing's position, but will seriously increase the degree of antagonism with the United States. The second is the improvement of relations with the United States and NATO, the rejection of an independent foreign policy, compromise and concessions in matters of national and geopolitical interests. China is no longer an independent center of power, and the world political system will once again become unipolar.

According to the second scenario, the result of a "reset" in relations between Russia and the United States will not lead to an alliance against a growing China. On the one hand, Moscow will strive to improve its image in Europe, economically move closer to the EU, cooperate with NATO, on the other, Russia will develop friendly relations with China in order to maintain room for political maneuvers and obtain geopolitical and trade and economic benefits. In this situation, there is a high probability of maintaining the bipolar world for a significant period.

According to the third scenario, V.V. Putin on the creation of a single Eurasian economic and political union will take on real shape in the post-Soviet space. Integration processes with the CIS countries can significantly accelerate the restoration of Russia's lost geopolitical positions. The economic, demographic and military potential of the new Eurasian Union will significantly increase Moscow's geopolitical status, which, in turn, will increase tensions towards the West. Russia will perceive the expansion of NATO to the east, the deployment of a missile defense system, the export of "color" revolutions as the most serious strategic threat for itself. In this case, Russia will try to rely on Chinese power and will continue to have a strategic partnership with China to oppose the West. In addition, despite the awareness of Russia and China of their strategic interests in the confrontation with the United States, both sides will not escalate the conflict with the West to an extreme degree of aggravation. At the same time, strategic partners will avoid formal allied commitments to each other in order to preserve room for political maneuver.

The fourth scenario involves the unification of the forces of China and Russia in the struggle against the global hegemony of the United States. The creation of a Russian-Chinese military-political alliance will again “split” the world into two warring camps and, in fact, will plunge the existing security system into a new “cold war”.

Analyzing the current balance of power in the world and in the Northeast Asia region, we can say that

that there are no prerequisites for the development of the first and fourth "allied" scenarios, and Sino-Russian relations are more striving for the realization of the second and third. If "Eurasianism" prevails, the situation will follow the third scenario, and if the "European scenario" prevails, it will follow the second. Of course, the boundaries between these scenarios are rather vague and fuzzy.

A "cooling" in US-Russian relations inevitably gives China a strategic chance. China is both a land and a sea power. In the new history, he was repeatedly subjected to aggression, but mainly from the sea. During a period of tense relations between China and the USSR, Soviet troops were stationed on the Sino-Mongolian border just a few hundred kilometers from Beijing - face to face with the enormous power of China. With the establishment of a strategic partnership between China and Russia, China freed itself from pressure from the north. The establishment of good-neighborly relations also affected such regions of China as the west, north-west, northeast and southeast, which entered the regime of secure existence due to the preservation of traditionally friendly relations with Russia of the countries bordering China, which were optimistic about the friendship between China. and Russia.

Despite some friction between China and the United States, the two countries generally maintain normal relations with each other. China is not sticking out, not waving flags, or challenging American strategic interests, and Americans are shifting their strategic focus to Europe and the Middle East without seeing China as their strategic threat. Relations in the "triangle" are stable and balanced, which gives China a gain in time - 20 years of peaceful development. If in the next 20 years China develops at the same speed as now, then its prospects are unpredictable.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Volynchuk A.B. The Russian Far East: Challenges of Cross-Border Interaction // Humanitarian Research in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. 2010. No. 4. S. 29-35.

2. Gelbras V.G. China: Search for a New Development Model // Asia and Africa Today. 2009. No. 3. S. 3-9.

3. Cities and features of China. URL: http: //www.terravision. ru / country / view / 357 / І (date of access: 10.10.2011).

4. Devaeva E., Kotova T. Russian Far East and Asia-Pacific: foreign trade aspect // Problems of the Far East. 2007. No. 6. S. 45-52.

5. Treaty on good-neighborliness, friendship and cooperation between the PRC and the Russian Federation of July 16, 2001. URL: http: //russian.china. org.cn/russian/31979.htm (date accessed: 01.09.2012).

6. Information materials on the preliminary results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census. URL: http: // www.perepis-2010.ru/results_of_the_census/results-inform. php (date accessed: 10.06.2011).

7. People's Republic of China: politics, economics, culture. To the 60th anniversary of the PRC. M .: FORUM, 2009.592 p.

8. Larin V. Interregional interaction between Russia and China at the beginning of the XXI century: experience, problems, prospects // Problems of the Far East. 2008. No. 2. S. 40-53.

9. The population of the Republic of Korea has exceeded 50 million. URL: http://rus.ruvr.ru/2012_06_24/79145974/ (date of access: 10.09.2012).

10. General information about China. URL: http://greater-china.ru/ (date of access: 25.10.2011).

11. Regions of China. URL: http://russian.china.org.cn/

russian / 56317.htm (date of access: 27.10.2011).

12. Ryzhova N. The role of cross-border cooperation in the development of the outskirts of China and Russia // Problems of the Far East. 2009. No. 4. S. 59-74.

13. Sazonov S. Reform of the transport system of the PRC and the global financial and economic crisis // Problems of the Far East. 2010. No. 2. S. 20-32.

14. Tatsenko K.V. Trends in economic interaction between the Russian Far East and Northeast China. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2006.216 p.

15. Frolova Ya.A. Pacific Russia in Northeast Asia: Problems and Prospects for Cooperation // Humanitarian Research in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. 2010. No. 4. S. 40-46.

16. Hu Jintao. China will continue to lead in the Asia-Pacific economy. URL: http://www.vz.ru/news/2012/9/8/597192.html (date of access: 09.09.2011).

17. Zhao Xin. International cooperation in plans for the socio-economic development of the regions of Russia and China // Geopolitical potential of cross-border cooperation of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region / scientific. ed. A.B. Volynchuk; under total. ed. Ya.A. Frolova. Vladivostok: Dalnauka, 2010.S. 195-208.

2012 № 4 HUMANITARIAN RESEARCH IN EASTERN SIBERIA AND IN THE FAR EAST

Dongbei (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) Dongbei (Chinese 東北 ， 东北, that is, "northeast") is the name adopted in China for the northeastern part of this country, including the extreme eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang Province, ... ... Wikipedia

Northwest China- (Chinese trad. 西北, ex. 西北, pinyin: Xīběi) ... Wikipedia

East China- Eastern region in the People's Republic of China Eastern China (Chinese trad. 华东, exercise 华东 ... Wikipedia

North-Eastern Federal University- named after M.K. Ammosov (NEFU named after M.K. Ammosov) ... Wikipedia

North-Eastern Administrative District of Moscow- North-Eastern Administrative District Squares ... Wikipedia

North-East and North-West passages- In the history of polar research, several moments can be distinguished, such as: the search for the north-east and north-west passages and then the exploration of the polar countries, carried out directly with a scientific purpose. For the latter see Polar countries. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

China- People's Republic of China, PRC (Chinese. Zhonghua renmin gunhego). I. General information Kazakhstan is the largest in terms of population and one of the largest states in the world in terms of area; located in Central and East Asia. In the east ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

China- The great Wall of China. The great Wall of China. China () a state in Central and East Asia. Area 9.6 million sq. km. The population is over 1.18 billion people. The capital is Beijing. China is one of the oldest states in the world. In the 2nd millennium BC ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary "World History"

China- People's Republic of China, PRC, state in the Center, and East. Asia. The name China adopted in Russia from the ethnonym Kidane (they are also Chinese) of the Mongol group. tribes who conquered the territory of the sowing in the Middle Ages. areas of modern. China and formed the state in Liao (X ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

North-Western Administrative District of Moscow- North-Western Administrative District Area ... Wikipedia

Books

• Russian Cossacks in Northeast China: Exodus, Resettlement and Political Struggle (1920–1937), GI Malyshenko. The monograph on the history of the Cossack emigration to Northeast China is based on a wide range of sources and special studies, both domestic, emigrant and foreign ... Buy for 550 rubles eBook
• On the distant lines, Melnikov Gennady Ivanovich. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Russian Empire pursued a very active policy in the Far East, seeking to strengthen and strengthen its influence in the region and, above all, in China. In 1898 ...

Dongbei (Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning) Dongbei (Chinese 東北 ， 东北, that is, "northeast") is the name adopted in China for the northeastern part of this country, including the extreme eastern part of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Heilongjiang Province, ... ... Wikipedia

- (Chinese trad. 西北, ex. 西北, pinyin: Xīběi) ... Wikipedia

Eastern region in the People's Republic of China Eastern China (Chinese trad. 华东, exercise. 华东 ... Wikipedia

Named after M.K. Ammosov (NEFU named after M.K. Ammosov) ... Wikipedia

North-Eastern Administrative District Squares ... Wikipedia

Several points can be distinguished in the history of polar research, such as the search for the north-east and north-west passages and then the exploration of the polar countries, which were carried out directly with a scientific purpose. For the latter see Polar countries. ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary of F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron

People's Republic of China, PRC (Chinese. Zhonghua renmin gunhego). I. General information Kazakhstan is the largest in terms of population and one of the largest states in the world in terms of area; located in Central and East Asia. In the east ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia

The great Wall of China. The great Wall of China. China () a state in Central and East Asia. Area 9.6 million sq. km. The population is over 1.18 billion people. The capital is Beijing. China is one of the oldest states in the world. In the 2nd millennium BC ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary "World History"

People's Republic of China, PRC, state in the Center, and East. Asia. The name China adopted in Russia from the ethnonym Kidane (they are also Chinese) of the Mongol group. tribes who conquered the territory of the sowing in the Middle Ages. areas of modern. China and formed the state in Liao (X ... ... Geographical encyclopedia

North-Western Administrative District Area ... Wikipedia

Books

• , G. I. Malyshenko. The monograph on the history of the Cossack emigration to Northeastern China is based on a wide range of sources and special studies, both domestic, immigrant and foreign ... eBook
• , Melnikov Gennady Ivanovich. At the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the Russian Empire pursued a very active policy in the Far East, seeking to strengthen and strengthen its influence in the region and, above all, in China. In 1898 ...

Northeast China

The landscapes of Northeast China or Dongbei are represented by plains, sometimes hilly, sometimes flat and swampy, and the surrounding mountains in a horseshoe shape. Only in two places do the mountains have passages: one along the Songhua Valley leads to the northeast to the Amur, the other along the Liaohe Valley to the south to the Liaodong Bay. The mountains are covered with forests, which in the gentle foothills give way to a wide strip of forest-steppe, turning into the prairies and steppes of the plains. The relief of the mountains and plains developed in conjunction: the plains, underlain by the rigid massifs of the Chinese platform, experienced mainly subsidence, the mountains were uplifted. At the same time, in some cases, mountain uplifts rose as obliquely set blocks of the same platform (Big Khingan), and acquired asymmetry of slopes, and in others, as anteclises (Manchur-Korean mountains), in the form of extensive arches. As a result of vertical stresses, a series of large faults arose that crossed the territory of Dongbei, mainly in the meridional direction. In some places, volcanic eruptions have occurred in connection with deep rifts. In addition to the plains, basaltic lavas and volcanoes are found in the Manchu-Korean mountains, especially in their southeastern part, called the North Korean mountains, where large areas are covered with basalts and such volcanic massifs as Baitoushan (2744 m), the highest peak of Manchuria, rise. Korean mountains. The mountain rivers have done a great job, having covered the uneven bed of the Songliao plain with their sediments. Alluvium gradually replaced the lakes that existed here in the Pleistocene. Modern rivers wander among alluvial and lacustrine sediments, at times bypassing ancient basement ledges and volcanic outpourings. The plains of the Sungari-Nonni are almost perfectly flat lowlands (below 200 m) with hills and low ridges along the periphery. River valleys are often swampy and difficult to reclaim due to the almost annual summer floods during monsoon rains. Recently, the northern part of Songliao (Central Manchurian Plain) has been intensively developed for agricultural land. The South Manchurian Plain is located along the Liaohe River and is much more densely populated. Not only river valleys, but also watersheds are completely plowed up for rice, gaoliang, soybeans, garden and vegetable crops. Crossing it from north to south, you can see a wide variety of not only agricultural but also industrial landscapes. Around the coal and iron mining centers of Fushun, Fuxin, Benxi, Anynan and other large industrial cities and workers' settlements, huge quarries alternate with mountains of waste rock and chimneys of factories.

Climatic conditions in the north and south are quite different due to changes in latitude and orographic conditions. The Central Manchurian Plain is located in the rain zone in winter and is exposed to frequent invasions of cold air from Siberia and Central Asia. Cold winters are almost never interrupted by thaws, as in the South Manchurian Plain. The average January temperature in Harbin is -20 ° С (absolute minimum is -33 ° С). Precipitation, respectively, falls in the north of Songliao 550 mm and in the south 665 mm per year. During the summer rains, which account for up to 75% of annual precipitation, the rivers widely overflow and flood the surrounding areas, which maintains the regime of valley swamps and lakes. Only in winter, when rivers and lakes are covered with a thick layer of ice, communication from one bank to the other becomes unimpeded. There is almost no snow on the plains. By spring, the snow evaporates due to the dry air, so there is no spring flood on the rivers. Spring is cold, dry and windy. Summer begins: in May, and the heat abruptly replaces the cool spring days. The warmth immediately affects the lush development of vegetation. The Manchurian steppes develop on various meadow chernozem soils (leached, calcareous, saline in places) and thin chernozems. The soil-forming process on the plains occurs under the influence of high summer temperatures, high humidity (in some places up to 800 mm of precipitation) during the summer growing season. Long-term freezing of soils and soils and stagnation of water in soils close to the surface (top water) are also important. Even in elevated areas, the soils are very wet, often gleyed. Developing under a cover of lush grassy vegetation like the prairies of North America, they differ significantly from the soils that form under the steppes of the Russian Plain, mainly in their hydromorphic regime (waterlogging). As the moisture decreases to the west, chernozem soils, the most typical, of the plains are developed in the steppe regions at the foot of the Great Khingan and on its slopes. In the mountains, under the forests, mountain brown forest soils, often podzolized, develop. Their large massifs occupy the foothills and western slopes of the Manchu-Korean Mountains under mixed forests. The landscapes of the Greater Khingan in the west, Lesser Khingan in the north and the Manchur-Korean mountains in the east are different from each other. Occupying a different position with respect to the prevailing oceanic air masses in summer, dry and cold air masses in winter, the mountain uplifts are humidified to varying degrees. This mainly determines the especially lush development of the Manchu relict flora in the better humidified Manchurian-Korean mountains. Continuous tracts of dense mixed (coniferous-deciduous) forests on the slopes of these mountains constitute a great wealth of the country.

In the lower zone, in places dense oak-linden forests with rich undergrowth and lianas have survived. From a height of 700-800 m spruce trees appear in them, and above 1000 m spruce-fir forests already dominate. uplifted plateaus of the axial zone or crowned by high ridges stretching in parallel from the southwest to the northeast. The ridges are separated by wide longitudinal valleys alternating with narrower transverse ones. At the intersection of these valleys, wide intermontane basins are often located. On some of them there are traces of former lakes, later drained by rivers. This orographic scheme is complemented by the different heights of the ridges, their complex branching and the presence of a dense network of rivers. The Sungari and other rivers flow in all directions and receive numerous tributaries along the way on the high watershed plateau. The rivers are fast, have rapids and waterfalls formed by basalt dams. Large hydroelectric power stations have been built on some rivers, and intermontane basins are the most densely populated. Forests are almost completely cut down around large cities. In the mountains, dense forests are well preserved; Korean cedars alternate with oaks (Quercus mongolica), lindens and flat-leaved and Daurian birches (Betula platyphylla, Betula dahurica). Cedar often forms pure stands and is the dominant species among conifers. Ayan and Siberian spruces are often found together with Siberian fir (Abies sibirica) and Daurian larch (Larix Gmelinii L. dahurica), forming mountain taiga forests. The Big Khingan has an asymmetric structure: the western slope is gentle, the eastern one is steep; its tops (up to 1750 m in height) flat river valleys have a transverse strike. In the north and south, the ridge loses its linearity, its asymmetric structure is no longer expressed. The mountainous relief acquires the features of low uplands without clearly defined watersheds. The proximity of the southern half of the Greater Khingan to Central Asia and the dryness of the air explain the richness of its forests, forest-steppes and steppes with representatives of the Mongolian flora dominated by xerophytic plants. In the northern part of the ridge, the Daurian flora dominates. Taiga forests of Daurian larch (Larix dahurica) with an admixture of Mongolian oak (Quercus mongolica) and other deciduous species cover mainly the northern and northeastern slopes. The southern slopes and foothills are covered with deciduous forests and steppes.

Bibliography

For the preparation of this work were used materials from the site rgo.com

Perhaps the administrative division of China is as complex as its hieroglyphic alphabet and dialects. Most often you will come across such a concept as "traditional regions", further they will be designated.

The administrative division has three levels: provinces, counties (cities) and parishes (townships).

The country is divided into 22 provinces, 5 autonomous regions and 3 cities under the central government. Administrative divisions of provincial subordination or subordination of autonomous regions include autonomous regions, counties, autonomous counties and cities.

Volosts, national volosts and settlements are subordinate to a county or autonomous county. Central cities and major cities are divided into districts and counties, while the autonomous regions are divided into counties, autonomous counties and cities.

Autonomous regions, counties and counties are regions of national autonomy. Administrative districts, districts and aimags are not government bodies, but represent the power of the provinces and autonomous regions, which exercises jurisdiction over the respective counties (khoshuns) or cities.

District departments are also not government bodies, but represent urban areas or not divided into city districts. In some provinces, district administrative units were abolished, and in their place were the counties of regional subordination under the jurisdiction of the cities of provincial subordination.

The three cities of central jurisdiction are Beijing, Shanghai and Tianjin.

Twenty-two provinces - Hebei, Shanxi, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Gansu, Qinghai, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangxi, Fujian, Henan, Hubei, Hunanch, Taiwangzhou, Gwandong.

The five autonomous regions are Inner Mongolia, Ningxia, Xinjiang, Guangxi and Tibet.

These cities, provinces and autonomous regions have 31 autonomous region, 321 cities and 2046 counties.

There is also an economic approach, both geographic and climatic. The central regions of China, southern and northern regions differ in all respects. Let's dwell on the traditional approach, these names are most often found in tourist guides. We have compiled for you a list of the names of the country's regions tied to six economic regions:

• Eastern China:, Anhui, Fujian, Jiangsu, Shandong, Jiangxi, Zhejiang
• Northern China:, Tanjin, Hebei, Shanxi, Inner Mongolia
• Northeast China: Heilongjiang, Jilin, Liaoning
• Northwest China: Gansu, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Xinjiang, Ningxia
• Central South China: Guangdong, Hainan, Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Guangxi,