General concept of the economy

For every person, the mention of the economy is absolutely normal. But not always an ordinary person can accurately define this concept. The fact is that this term has several interpretations and a number of derivative terms and concepts.

Initially, the economy was called the ability to manage (manage a household, house). Later, this concept was extended to the management of the estate. In many rich houses, the position of housekeeper or housekeeper has been preserved up to the present day. These people were responsible for the provision and maintenance of the residents of the house or estate.

But already in the early stages of the formation of a market economy, a scientific substantiation of the processes taking place in the economy was required. Therefore, the economy has received a new definition (and more than one).

The economy is called the whole set of enterprises and organizations that carry out the production, distribution, sale, exchange and consumption of various goods, regulate and service these processes.

In this context, along with this term, it is appropriate to use the term "economy" or "economic complex" as a synonym. The economy has its own sectoral and territorial structure. The division into branches is largely conditional. And the distribution of enterprises across the territory is subject to the main economic laws.

Economics is also called the branch of science that studies the patterns of formation and development of production, exchange, distribution and consumption of material and spiritual goods, the regulation of these processes, their theoretical justification and forecasting the further development of the economy.

Types of economic systems

The economy, as a type of economic activity, is the basis for the development of society. The joint and interconnected formation of production, social, social and political ties leads to the formation of one or another economic system. There are several criteria for identifying and classifying these systems: the form of ownership of the means of production, the role of the state in managing the economy, etc.

Remark 1

An economic system is a set of relationships in society on the issues of production, distribution and consumption of material and spiritual goods and the management of production and distribution.

Throughout the history of human development, economists distinguish four types of economic systems:

• traditional;
• market;
• planned (or command and administrative);
• mixed (but this system has several models).

Depending on the level of economic development of society, another variant of the classification of socio-economic formations is used. In one of his works, the outstanding scientist-economist E. Toffler identified three types of society. But since he considered the development of the community of people and production in dynamics, then we are talking about the stages of development of society (socio-economic formations or economies). According to his doctrine, every society goes through the following stages: agrarian, industrial, post-industrial.

Later, scientists identified more intermediate options - the agrarian-industrial and industrial-agrarian stages of the development of society. Sometimes these stages are simply called economies, so terminological confusion sometimes arises.

The essence of the agricultural, industrial and post-industrial economy

The term "agricultural economy" is used in different contexts. This is a science, and a branch of the economy, and a type of economic system (or a stage in the development of society).

Agrarian economics is a branch of economic theory that studies the features and patterns of production, distribution and consumption of agricultural products.

The agricultural economy (agrarian sector of the economy) is a set of enterprises and industries that are responsible for the cultivation and production of agricultural products, their processing and sale.

Definition 1

An agrarian economy or agrarian civilization is a form of organization of a traditional economic system with a dominant position in the economy of the agrarian sector.

The features of an agrarian civilization (agricultural economy) are:

• production is regulated on the basis of established traditions and customs;
• the basis of the economy is agriculture;
• the industry is absent or is at the initial stages of formation;
• the social structure is characterized by a rigid hierarchy;
• in the early stages, the communal form of ownership prevailed, and in the later stages, the state form of land ownership;
• production serves to satisfy immediate needs (and not for sale);
• low rates of economic development.

Agricultural production and crafts meet the emerging needs of the population. All the peoples of our planet passed through this stage of development. But in some peoples this stage exists to this day. Separate centers of agrarian civilizations have survived in some parts of the globe (Equatorial Africa, South India, among the natives of Australia).

With the emergence and development of industrial production, certain processes in society are also accelerated. Then comes the agrarian-industrial and industrial-agrarian stages. The share of industry in the economy is gradually growing.

Definition 2

An industrial economy (industrial society) is a stage in the economic development of a society in which the production of material goods is dominated by the extraction of natural resources and industry.

This category includes today most of the developed countries of the world. The share of agricultural production does not exceed 15% of the total gross domestic product. The growth of the urban population is increasing, entrepreneurship is developing.

Definition 3

A post-industrial economy is a stage in the development of society in which, as a result of the scientific and technological revolution, there was a transition of priorities from the production of goods to the production of services.

The characteristic features of the post-industrial economy are:

• the driving role of science in the economy;
• information and knowledge are a production resource;
• expansion of communication opportunities of society and economy;
• increasing the role of intellectual labor resources;
• strengthening of urbanization processes.

Throughout the existence of mankind, society has not stood still and has developed. Science considers such development from different angles, using two different types of approach: civilizational and formational. In this article, I propose to consider only the first of these approaches.

This approach provides for the division of the stages of development of society into 3 time periods. Let's look at them and try to give each a detailed description and distinctive features.

Pre-industrial (agrarian) society

The first time period in the development of society. This type of society is characterized by the employment of the population mainly in the field of agriculture, while labor is of an individual nature. The main factor of production is land, labor is carried out manually, without the use of machinery. In this society, the life span is very short (40-50 years), there is a high mortality rate, which occurs due to underdeveloped medicine, and indeed all spheres of life, which, however, is compensated by a high birth rate. There is no social mobility, class or estate affiliation is determined at birth. The form of government is a monarchy. There are no examples of states of such a way of life in the modern world, however, various tribes of aborigines living in the territories of Africa and Australia can serve as such examples.

industrial society

An industrial society is characterized by the employment of the population in all spheres of activity. Thus, 85% work in the industrial sector, 5% in the service sector, and 10% in the agricultural sector. Naturally, these figures are not absolutely accurate, but they cannot change significantly and show the approximate employment of the population in various types of activities. In this society, social mobility appears, however, it is not so high, there is a division into classes, belonging to which is not determined at birth. Unlike the agrarian society, in the industrial one there is the use of technology in many types of labor, while the main factor of production is capital. Average life expectancy is quite high (about 70 years). The form of government is a republic, which provides every person with natural rights (the right to life, freedom, etc.). A vivid example of such a society can serve as the USSR (from the time of its foundation to the collapse) and modern China.

post-industrial society

Post-industrial society is characterized by high employment in the service sector. Thus, the distribution of labor in these areas of activity is approximately as follows: the service sector - 60%, agriculture - 5%, industry - 35%. At the same time, there is a complete automation of production, and knowledge is its main factor. There is high social mobility (higher than in an industrial society), class affiliation is not assigned at birth, but is determined only by the mental and other abilities of an individual. Life expectancy in such a society is higher than in the previous two, it averages more than 70 years. The form of government is a republic, which, just like in an industrial society, provides natural and other rights to people, but at the same time, an active civil society appears, which receives many rights to participate in political life. Vivid examples of states with this type of society can be modern Sweden, Spain, France.

56. Traditional society and the problem of modernization. Industrial and post-industrial society. Information society.

A traditional society is usually understood as one where the main regulators of life and behavior are traditions and customs that remain stable and unchanged throughout the life of one generation of people. Traditional culture offers people within it a certain set of values, socially approved behaviors and explanatory myths that organize the world around them. It fills the human world with meaning and represents the “tamed”, “civilized” part of the world.

The communicative space of a traditional society is reproduced by the direct participants in the events, but it is much wider, since it includes and is determined by the previous experience of adapting the collective or community to the landscape, environment, and, more broadly, to the surrounding circumstances. The communicative space of a traditional society is total, since it completely subjugates a person's life and within its framework a person has a relatively small repertoire of possibilities. It is fastened with the help of historical memory. In the pre-literate period, the role of historical memory is decisive. Myths, tales, legends, fairy tales are transmitted exclusively from memory, directly from person to person, from mouth to mouth. A person is personally involved in the process of broadcasting cultural values. It is historical memory that preserves the social experience of a collective or group and reproduces it in time and space. It performs the function of protecting a person from external influences.

The explanatory models offered by the main religions turn out to be effective enough to keep tens and even hundreds of millions of people all over the world in their communicative space. Religious communications can interact. If this symbiosis is long-standing, then the degree of penetration of one or another religion into traditional culture can be quite significant. Although some traditional cultures are more tolerant and allow, for example, the Japanese traditional culture, to visit temples of different religions for their adherents, they are usually still clearly closed to a particular religion. Confessional communications can even supplant earlier ones, but more often a symbiosis occurs: they penetrate each other and are significantly intertwined. Major religions incorporate many of the earlier beliefs, including mythological subjects and their heroes. That is, in reality, one becomes part of the other. It is the confession that sets the main theme for religious communicative flows - salvation, the achievement of merging with God, etc. Thus, confessional communications play an important therapeutic role, helping people to more easily endure difficulties and hardships.

In addition, confessional communications have a significant, sometimes decisive, impact on the picture of the world of a person who is or was under their influence. The language of religious communication is the language of social power that stands above a person, determines the features of the worldview and requires him to obey the canons. So, the features of Orthodoxy, according to I.G. Yakovenko, left a serious imprint on the mentality of the adherents of this direction in the form of a cultural code of traditional domestic culture. The cultural code, in his opinion, contains eight elements: orientation towards syncresis or the ideal of syncresis, a special cognitive construct "due"/"existent", eschatological complex, Manichaean intention, world-reflecting or gnostic attitude, "split of cultural consciousness", sacral status power, extensive dominant. “All these moments do not exist in isolation, are not side by side, but are presented in a single whole. They support each other, intertwine, complement each other and that is why they are so stable.

Over time, communications lost their sacred character. With the change in the social structure of society, communications appeared that were not aimed at preserving the clan or the primary group. These communications were aimed at integrating many primary groups into a single whole. This is how communications that have external sources appeared and became stronger. They needed a unifying idea - heroes, common gods, states. More precisely, the new centers of power needed unifying communications. It could be confessional communications that held people together with symbols of faith. And there could be power communications, where the main method of consolidation was, in one form or another, coercion.

The big city as a phenomenon appears in modern times. This is due to the intensification of life and activities of people. A big city is a receptacle for people who came to it from different places, of different origins, who do not always want to live in it. The rhythm of life is gradually accelerating, the degree of individualization of people is increasing. Communications are changing. They become mediated. The direct transmission of historical memory is interrupted. Intermediaries, communication professionals that have appeared: teachers, cultists, journalists, etc. based on different versions of what happened. These versions can be both the result of independent reflection, and the result of the order of certain interest groups.

Modern researchers distinguish several types of memory: mimetic (associated with activity), historical, social or cultural. It is memory that is the element that holds together and creates continuity in the transfer of ethno-social experience from older to younger generations. Of course, memory does not preserve all the events that happened to representatives of this or that ethnic group during the period of its existence, it is selective. It preserves the most important, key of them, but keeps them in a transformed, mythologized form. “A social group, established as a community of remembrance, guards its past from two main points of view: originality and longevity. Creating her own image, she emphasizes differences with the outside world and, on the contrary, downplays internal differences. In addition, she develops "a consciousness of her identity carried through time", therefore "the facts stored in memory are usually selected and arranged in such a way as to emphasize correspondence, similarity, continuity"

If traditional communications contributed to the achievement of the necessary cohesion of the group and maintained the balance of “I” - “We” identity necessary for its survival, then modern communications, being mediated, have, in many respects, a different goal. This is the actualization of the broadcast material and the formation of public opinion. Currently, traditional culture is being destroyed due to the displacement of traditional communications and their replacement with professionally built communications, the imposition of certain interpretations of past and present events with the help of modern media and mass media.

When throwing a portion of new pseudo-actual information into the space of mass communication, which is already oversaturated in terms of information, many effects are achieved at once. The main one is the following: a mass person, without making efforts, without resorting to actions, gets tired quickly enough, receiving a concentrated portion of impressions, and as a result of this, as a rule, there is no desire to change anything in his life and in his environment. He, with the skillful presentation of the material, has confidence in what he sees on the screen and in the broadcast authorities. But there is no need to see here necessarily someone's conspiracy - there is no less order coming from consumers, and the organization of modern media and the situation in a significant part of cases is such that it is profitable to carry out such operations. Ratings depend on this, and hence the income of the owners of the relevant media and mass media. Viewers are already accustomed to consume information, looking for the most sensational and entertaining. With its excess, with the illusion of participation in the process of its joint consumption, the average mass person practically does not have time for reflection. A person drawn into such consumption is forced to constantly be in a kind of information kaleidoscope. As a result, he has less time for really necessary actions and, in a significant part of cases, especially in relation to young people, the skills to carry them out are lost.

By influencing memory in this way, power structures can achieve the actualization of the necessary interpretation of the past at the right time. This allows it to extinguish negative energy, dissatisfaction of the population with the current state of affairs in the direction of its internal or external opponents, who in this case already become enemies. This mechanism turns out to be very convenient for the authorities, as it allows them to deflect a blow from themselves at the right moment, divert attention in a situation that is unfavorable for themselves. The mobilization of the population carried out in this way makes it possible for the authorities to straighten public opinion in the direction they need, to defame enemies and create favorable conditions for conducting further activities. Without such a policy, holding power becomes problematic.

In a situation of modernization, risks, both social and technological, increase significantly. According to I. Yakovenko, “in a modernizing society, the nature of the city “takes its toll”. The dynamic dominant generated by the city contributes to the blurring of the cosmos of due. A person, getting used to innovations, “does not notice the subtle transformation of his own consciousness, which, along with new skills, masters cultural meanings, attitudes and attitudes. Along with the disintegration of traditional culture, the degree of individualization gradually increases, i.e. separation of "I" from the collective "We". The established, seemingly forever communicative and economic practices are changing.

Intergenerational exchange is curtailed. Old people cease to enjoy authority. Society is changing drastically. The main channels for the transfer of knowledge and traditions are the media and media, libraries, and universities. “Traditions are mainly used by those generational forces that seek to preserve the existing order and the stability of their community, society as a whole, to resist destructive external influences. However, here too, maintaining continuity is of great importance - in symbolism, historical memory, in myths and legends, texts and images dating back to the distant or recent past.

Thus, even rapidly occurring modernization processes still retain elements of the usual traditional culture in one form or another. Without this, the structures and people at the forefront of change are unlikely to have the necessary legitimacy to stay in power. Experience shows that modernization processes will be the more successful, the more the advocates of change manage to achieve a balance between the old and the new, between elements of traditional culture and innovation.

Industrial and post-industrial society

An industrial society is a type of economically developed society in which the predominant sector of the national economy is industry.

An industrial society is characterized by the development of the division of labor, mass production of goods, mechanization and automation of production, the development of mass media, the service sector, high mobility and urbanization, and the growing role of the state in regulating the socio-economic sphere.

1. Approval of the industrial technological order as dominant in all social spheres (from economic to cultural)

2. Change in the proportions of employment by industry: a significant reduction in the share of people employed in agriculture (up to 3-5%) and an increase in the share of people employed in industry (up to 50-60%) and the service sector (up to 40-45%)

3. Intensive urbanization

4. Emergence of the nation-state, organized on the basis of a common language and culture

5. Educational (cultural) revolution. The transition to universal literacy and the formation of national education systems

6. Political revolution leading to the establishment of political rights and freedoms (ex. all suffrage)

7. Growth in the level of consumption ("revolution of consumption", formation of the "welfare state")

8. Changing the structure of working and free time (the formation of a "consumer society")

9. Change in the demographic type of development (low birth rate, mortality, increase in life expectancy, aging of the population, i.e. an increase in the proportion of older age groups).

Post-industrial society - a society in which the service sector has a priority development and prevails over the volume of industrial production and agricultural production. In the social structure of the post-industrial society, the number of people employed in the service sector is increasing and new elites are being formed: technocrats, scientists.

This concept was first proposed by D. Bell in 1962. It recorded the entry in the late 50s and early 60s. developed Western countries, which have exhausted the potential of industrial production, into a qualitatively new stage of development.

It is characterized by a decrease in the share and importance of industrial production due to the growth of the service and information sectors. The production of services becomes the main area of ​​economic activity. Thus, in the United States, about 90% of the employed population now works in the field of information and services. Based on these changes, there is a rethinking of all the basic characteristics of an industrial society, a fundamental change in theoretical guidelines.

Thus, a post-industrial society is defined as a "post economic", "post labor" society, i.e. a society in which the economic subsystem loses its defining significance, and labor ceases to be the basis of all social relations. A person in a post-industrial society is no longer considered as an "economic person" par excellence.

The first "phenomenon" of such a person is considered the youth rebellion of the late 60s, which meant the end of the Protestant work ethic as the moral basis of Western industrial civilization. Economic growth ceases to act as the main, much less the only guideline, goal of social development. The emphasis is shifting to social and humanitarian problems. The priority issues are the quality and safety of life, self-realization of the individual. New criteria for well-being and social well-being are being formed.

A post-industrial society is also defined as a "post-class" society, which reflects the disintegration of the stable social structures and identities characteristic of an industrial society. If before the status of an individual in society was determined by his place in the economic structure, i.e. class belonging to which all other social characteristics were subordinated, now the status characteristic of an individual is determined by many factors, among which an increasing role is played by education, the level of culture (what P. Bourdieu called "cultural capital").

On this basis, D. Bell and a number of other Western sociologists put forward the idea of ​​a new "service" class. Its essence lies in the fact that in a post-industrial society, not the economic and political elite, but the intellectuals and professionals who make up the new class, have power. In reality, there was no fundamental change in the distribution of economic and political power. Claims about the "death of the class" also seem clearly exaggerated and premature.

However, significant changes in the structure of society, associated primarily with a change in the role of knowledge and its carriers in society, are undoubtedly taking place (see information society). Thus, we can agree with D. Bell's statement that "the changes that are fixed by the term post-industrial society may mean the historical metamorphosis of Western society."

INFORMATION SOCIETY - a concept that actually replaced at the end of the 20th century. interesting radio-controlled helicopter at a low price order the term "post-industrial society". For the first time the phrase "I.O." was used by the American economist F. Mashlup ("Production and dissemination of knowledge in the United States", 1962). Mashloop was one of the first to study the information sector of the economy on the example of the United States. In modern philosophy and other social sciences, the concept of "I.O." is rapidly developing as a concept of a new social order, significantly different in its characteristics from the previous one. Initially, the concept of "post-capitalist" - "post-industrial society" is postulated (Dahrendorf, 1958), within which the production and dissemination of knowledge begins to dominate in the sectors of the economy, and, accordingly, a new industry appears - the information economy. The rapid development of the latter determines its control over the sphere of business and the state (Galbraith, 1967). The organizational bases of this control are highlighted (Baldwin, 1953; White, 1956), which, when applied to the social structure, signifies the emergence of a new class, the so-called meritocracy (Young, 1958; Gouldner, 1979). Information production and communication become a centralized process (the "global village" theory of McLuen, 1964). Ultimately, the main resource of the new post-industrial order is information (Bell, 1973). One of the most interesting and developed philosophical concepts of I.O. belongs to the famous Japanese scientist E. Masuda, who seeks to comprehend the future evolution of society. The main principles of the composition of the future society, presented in his book "The Information Society as a Post-Industrial Society" (1983), are as follows: "the basis of the new society will be computer technology, with its fundamental function to replace or enhance human mental labor; the information revolution will quickly turn into a new productive force and will make possible the mass production of cognitive, systematized information, technology and knowledge; the potential market will be the "frontier of the known", the possibility of solving problems and developing cooperation will increase; the leading branch of the economy will be intellectual production, the products of which will be accumulated, and the accumulated information will become spread through synergistic production and share use"; in the new information society, the "free community" will become the main subject of social activity, and the "participatory democracy" will be the political system; the main goal in the new society will be the realization of the "value of time". Masuda offers a new, integral and humane utopia of the 21st century, which he himself called "Computopia", which includes the following parameters: (1) the pursuit and realization of the values ​​of the time; (2) freedom of decision and equality of opportunity; (3) the rise of various free communities; (4) synergetic relationship in society; (5) functional associations free from overriding authority. The new society will potentially have the ability to achieve an ideal form of social relations, since it will function on the basis of synergetic rationality, which will replace the principle of free competition of an industrial society. From the point of view of understanding the processes that actually take place in modern post-industrial society, the works of J. Beninger, T. Stoner, J. Nisbet are also significant. Scientists suggest that the most likely result of the development of society in the near future is the integration of the existing system with the latest mass media. The development of a new information order does not mean the immediate disappearance of industrial society. Moreover, there is a possibility of establishing total control over the banks of information, its production and distribution. Information, having become the main product of production, accordingly, becomes a powerful power resource, the concentration of which in one source can potentially lead to the emergence of a new version of a totalitarian state. . This possibility is not ruled out even by those Western futurists (E. Masuda, O. Toffler), who are optimistic about the future transformations of the social order.

There is a division of producing companies into:

1) Agricultural 2) Industrial 3) Post-industrial

Saint-Simon, Comte

1) The predominance of the rural population, agriculture is the basis of GDP, the predominance of the Army and the Church. Feudal property is conditional (belongs to a whole ladder of owners). Feudal, land allotments are received mainly for military merit. Low mobility. Extreme non-politicization - the majority of the population is indifferent to the state (considered as a tax collector). Politics on the ground, more often Civil Wars. The resource is land.

2) The edge of the transition to the industry. society:

Industrialization, Industrial Revolution (industrial production is the leading sector of the economy). Spreads out over decades. 1830-1880 - the first industrialization in Russia. Great Leap Forward Politics in the 1930s real industrialization - the working class dominates the structure of the population. The proletariat appears , when collective farms become state farms

Urbanization. "Peasant utopia" - a favorable life between the city and the countryside (50 km), they produce food for themselves.

Ch. social institutions: corporations. Vedas force: Entrepreneurs (connection of resources (labor, land, capital))

Unlike agrarian societies, they are sharply politicized (Development of political parties, the struggle for power, for the democratization of society)

Private property, resource - capital.

3) Transitional line: scientific and technological revolution (mid-20th century) - the transformation of science into a direct productive force. Resource: information, knowledge (and main product)

In the structure of GDP: the predominance of services, consumption

Ch. institute: "Universities" (a conglomerate of educational institutions, academic infrastructure, research institutes, libraries)

Opponents: BANKS (financial structures that can seize real power)

Deurbanization: manifestation. brighter (70-80s). High environmental awareness.

Social Powers: Saints (science), Technocrats (highly skilled)

Theory of post-industrial society.

post-industrial society- a society in whose economy, as a result of the scientific and technological revolution and a significant increase in the income of the population, priority has shifted from the predominant production of goods to the production of services. The theory of post-industrial society is widely used in Western political science and sociology to refer to modern society.

John Galbraith (1908 - 2006) - aspects of the activities of large corporations. Technostructures. The theory of incentives. "American Capitalism", "Great Depression", "New Industrial State", "Innocent Deception Economy".

D. Bell (1919) - American sociologist and publicist, founder of the theory of post-industrial (information) society. He once described himself as "a socialist in economics, a liberal in politics, and a conservative in culture." "The Coming Post-Industrial Society", "The Social Framework of the Information Society".

Peter Drucker (1909 - 2005) - the patriarch of modern management. Formed the theory of the global market. The author of the concept of "information worker". The main impetus for progress comes from one person. New stratification system. "The Future of Industrial Man", "Post-Capitalist Society".

E.Toffler (1928) - the relationship of technology and social change. "Shock of the future". The concept of the third war. The scientific concept of Alvin Toffler is based on the idea of ​​successive waves-types of society. The first wave is the result of the agrarian revolution, which changed the culture of hunters and gatherers. The second wave is the result of the industrial revolution, which is characterized by a nuclear family type, an assembly line education system, and corporatism. The third wave is the result of the intellectual revolution, that is, a post-industrial society in which there is a huge variety of subcultures and lifestyles.

Rostow Walt (1916 - 2003) - “Stages of economic growth. Non-Communist Manifesto". Theory of stages of economic growth: traditional society, transitional, shift stage (industrial revolution), maturity (NTR), era of high mass consumption, search for quality.

Maslow Abraham (1908 - 1970) - "Eupsyche" (to create an ideal society, to build personalities in self-actualization). Pyramid: physiological needs, security, belonging and love, respect and reverence, cognitive, aesthetic, self-actualization.

The modern world cannot imagine its life without large cities, complex technical mechanisms, and a rapidly developing market. Without such phenomena as industrial and post-industrial society, the current era in the development of mankind could not have been formed.

According to economic concepts, “industrial society” is commonly understood as a society formed during the complex process of industrialization. Its emergence was facilitated by the emergence and further active development of machine production and the emergence of forms of labor organizations corresponding to a certain time interval, so necessary for achieving scientific and technological progress.

Peculiarities

An industrial society is characterized by mass production of goods, going in a stream, it is equipped with automation and mechanization of labor. Under these conditions, the active development of the market sector, which consists of goods and services, the establishment of a humane attitude in the economic sphere, an increase in the managerial role and, at the same time, the formation of a certain segment of the population - civil society. The father of the term "industrial society" the whole world calls a sociologist and philosopher from France -.

The process of becoming

An industrial society is generally considered to be a society that was founded on the basis that constitutes industry. Industry itself, in turn, is characterized by a number of dynamic structures. Society is characterized by such indicators as the division of labor and the accelerated development of its productivity. For this kind of conditions are very important:

• High level of competition.
• Rapid development of human capital along with entrepreneurial resource.
• Formation of civil society and the necessary management systems.
• Education means of global communication.
• Progress in the field of quality of life.
• High level of urbanization.

The basis for the creation of an industrial society can be the result industrial revolution, as a result of which a redistribution of the labor force can be expected from this large-scale event. The number of people employed in agriculture drops sharply when the share of the population employed in industry, trade and other non-agricultural employment begins to rise. This trend inevitably leads to an increase in the number of population in cities.

Features of an industrial society

1. At this historical stage, there is a progressive growth and development of specialized education, infrastructure, living standards and culture.
2. Transition from manual to machine production.
3. global urbanization.
4. High labor mobility of the urban population and so on.

An industrial society is characterized by the emergence and development of:

• Printed products (newspapers).
• scientific activity.
• Possibility of conducting educational training and so on.

This concept defines a society whose economic basis is determined from an innovative sector interacting with a high-performance industry. The post-industrial society is characterized by: a high proportion of innovative and high-quality services. They are concentrated in GDP. Equally important is the ongoing competition in the economic and other spheres of activity. Many economists add to this list a high proportion of the population involved in a number of services.

Industry, which is within the framework of development in the field of post-industrial society, nourishes the desires of economic agents, the population, which is the main consumer.

Historical information

At the very beginning of the 20th century, the scientist L. Kuraswami, who specialized in the history of the economic development of Asian countries, modeled the term "post-industrialism", later it was introduced into scientific circulation. It acquired its modern shell of meaning in the 1950s thanks to Daniel Bell, a professor at Harvard University.

The main development factor

The basis of a post-industrial society, or rather, it can be called its main component, is human capital, which is made up of professionals, scientific and complex knowledge contained in all vast areas of economic innovation.

Essence

The core of this historical process lies in the growth of the quality of life of people and the area of ​​development in the field of innovative economy, which includes the knowledge industry.

Concept

Human capital requires investments in the form of investments. They, in turn, improve its quality.

Occurrence criterion

Many scientists believe that the change in the structure of employment can be called the foundation of a post-industrial society.

Common features between industrial and post-industrial society

• They are natural historical processes.
• They require the involvement of human labor.

Differences

1. High labor productivity.
2. Improved quality of life of the population.
3. The predominance of an innovative economy, accompanied by venture business and the presence of high technologies.
4. High cost of human capital.
5. The industrial society is a product of the industrial revolution.