Our own solar system seems too big, extending more than 4 trillion miles from the sun. But it is just one of the billions of other stars that make up our Galaxy Milky Way.

General characteristics of the planets of the solar system

Normal picture Solar system The following: 9 planets rotate in its oval orbits around a constant, always burning sun.

But the characteristic of the planets of the solar system is much more complicated and more interesting. In addition to them, there are many of their satellites, as well as thousands of asteroids. Far outside the orbit of Pluto, which was recognized as a dwarf planet, are tens of thousands of comets and other frozen worlds. Tied with gravity to the Sun, they rotate around it at huge distances. The solar system is chaotic, constantly changing, sometimes even sharply. Gravity forces make neighboring planets to influence each other, with time by changing orbits to each other. Hard collisions with asteroids can give planets new tilt corners. The characteristic of the planets of the solar system is interesting because they sometimes change climatic conditions, because their atmosphere is developing and modified.

Star named sun

No matter how sad it is to realize, but the Sun gradually consumes its nuclear fuel supply. Through billions of years, it will expand to the size of a giant red star, absorbs the planet Mercury and Venus, on the ground the temperature will rise to such indicators that the oceans evaporate into space, and the earth will become a dry rocky world that looks like today's Mercury. Having exhausted the entire supply of nuclear synthesis, the sun will decrease to the size of white dwarf, and after millions of years, it will turn into black dwarfs as a burnt shell. But 5 billion years ago, the sun and his 9 planets were not yet. There are many different versions of the appearance in the clouds of space gas and dust of the Sun as the protozoa and its system, but as a result of billions of years of nuclear synthesis, a modern person is watching it as now.

Together with the Earth and other planets, the star named the Sun was born about 4.6 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust, which turned into space. Our star is a bowl of flaming gases if the sun could be weighed, the scales would show the 1990,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 kg of substance consisting of helium and hydrogen.

Gravity strength

Gravity, according to scientists, the most mysterious mystery in the universe. This is the attraction of one matter to another and what gives the planet shape of the ball. The sun gravity is quite powerful in order to hold 9 planets, a dozen satellites and thousands of asteroids and comets. All this hold around the sun invisible thread gravity. But with an increase in the distance between the space objects, the attraction between them quickly weakens. The characteristic of the planets of the solar system directly depends on gravity. For example, the attraction of a pluto to the Sun is much smaller than the force of attraction between the sun and Mercury or Venus. The sun and the land mutually attract each other, but due to the fact that the mass of the sun is much larger, then the attraction from his side is more powerful. The comparative characteristic of the planets of the solar system will help to understand the main features of each of the planets.

The sun rays travel in different directions in outer space, reaching all nine planets that rotate around the sun. But depending on how long the planet is distinguished, a different amount of light comes to it, hence the different characteristics of the planets of the solar system.

Mercury

On Mercury, the planet closest to the Sun, the sun seems to be 3 times large, compared with the earth's sun. Day can be dazzling bright. But the sky is dark even during the day, because there is no atmosphere on it to beat and disperse sunlight. When the sun beats on the stone landscape of Mercury, the temperature can reach up to 430 C. But nevertheless, all the heat returns freely into space, and the surface temperature of the planet may fall to -173 C.

Venus

The characteristic of the planets of the Solar System (Grade 5 examines this topic) leads to the consideration of the nearest planet for earthlings - Venus. Venus, the second from the sun of the planet, is surrounded by an atmosphere, which mainly consists of a carbon dioxide gas. In such an atmosphere, clouds of sulfuric acid are constantly observed. Interestingly, despite the fact that Venus is more removed from the Sun than Mercury, its surface temperature is higher and reaches 480 C. The carbon dioxide that creates a greenhouse effect and keeps the heat on the planet. Venus has a similar size and density of the earth, but its atmosphere properties are destructive for all living things. Chemical reactions in clouds produce acids capable of dissolving lead, tin and stones. In addition, Venus is covered with thousands of volcanoes and lava rivers that have formed millions of years. Near the surface of the atmosphere of Venus is 50 times ground than the atmosphere of the Earth. Therefore, all objects penetrating through it are exploded even before they fall on the surface. Scientists have discovered about 400 flat spots on Venus, each of which is from 29 to 48 km in diameter. These are the scars of meteorites that drove over the surface of the planet.

Land

Earth, where we all live, has perfect atmospheric and temperature conditions for life, because our atmosphere consists mainly of nitrogen and oxygen. Scientists prove that the Earth rotates around the Sun, leaning over one side. Indeed, the position of the planet deviates from a direct angle by 23.5 degrees. This tilt, as well as its sizes, according to scientists, our planet received after a powerful collision with a cosmic body. It is this slope of the Earth forms seasons: winter, spring, summer and autumn.

Mars

After the land there is Mars. On Mars, the Sun seems three times less than from the ground. Only a third of the light, compared to what they see Earthlings, gets Mars. In addition, hurricanes often occur on this planet, raising red dust from the surface. But, nevertheless, in summer days Temperature on Mars can reach 17 C, as on earth. Mars has a red shade, because minerals with iron oxide in its soil beat off reddish - orange light of the Sun, in other words, Martian soil has a lot of rusty iron in its composition, so Mars often call the red planet. Martian air is very resolved -1 percent of the glove of the earthly atmosphere. The atmosphere of the planet consists of carbon dioxide. Scientists admit that on this planet once, about 2 billion years ago, there were rivers and water in a liquid state, and the atmosphere contained oxygen, because iron is covered with rust only when reacting with oxygen. It is possible that the atmosphere of Mars was once suitable for the occurrence of life on this planet.

As for the chemical and physical parameters, the characteristic of the planets of the solar system (table for the planets of the earth group) is shown below.

As you can see chemical composition The atmosphere of all three planets is very different.

Such is the characteristics of the planets of the solar system. The table above clearly shows the ratio of various chemicals, as well as pressure, temperature and water availability on each of them, so that it is not possible to draw up a general idea about this.

Giants of the Solar System

Mars are planet giants, consisting mainly of gases. Interesting physical characteristics The planets of the solar system, such as Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.

All the giants are covered with thick clouds, and each subsequent gets from the sun and less light. With Jupiter, the sun looks like a fifth part of what they see earthlings. Jupiter - Planet in the Solar System with the largest dimensions. Under thick clouds from ammonia and water, Jupiter is covered by the ocean of metal liquid hydrogen. A feature of the planet is the presence of a giant red spot on the clouds that hang over its equator. This is a gigantic storm for almost 48,000 km long, which rotates over the planet for more than 300 years. Saturn is a planet show in the solar system. On Saturn Sunlight is still weaker, but still it has enough power to illuminate the huge system of rings of this planet. Thousands of rings, which consist mainly from ice, are illuminated by the sun, turning them into giant circles of light.

Saturn rings were not studied by earthen scientists. According to some versions, they were formed as a result of the collision of his satellite with a comet or asteroid and under the action of huge gravity turned into rings.

Planet Uranus is a cold world, which is located from the main shone at a distance of 2.9 billion km. The average temperature of its atmosphere is -177 C. This is the planet and the greatest inclination and rotates around the sun, lying on the side, and even in the opposite direction.

Pluto

The most distant 9 Planet - Ice Pluto - shines with remote cold light, and is located at a distance of 5.8 billion kilometers and looks like a bright star in the dark sky.

This planet is so small and so distinguished from the Earth that scientists know very little about it. Its surface consists of nitrogen iceIn order to make one turn around the Sun, it needs about 284 of the world. The sun on this planet is no different from billions of other stars.

Full characteristics of the planets of the solar system

Table (5-graders study this topic in sufficient detail), located below, allows not only to make an idea of \u200b\u200bthe planets of the solar system, but also makes it possible to compare them by the main parameters.

As you can see, there is no planet like the land in our galaxy. The above characteristic of the planets of the Solar System (Table, Grade 5) makes it possible to understand it.

Conclusion

A brief description of the planets of the solar system will allow readers to plunge into the world of space and remember that earthlings are still the only reasonable creatures among the huge universe and the world around them must constantly protect, save and restore.

Hello, dear blog readers Website. The solar system is a combination of planets rotating around the sun in orbits, the sun and a number of other celestial bodies of smaller sizes.

The composition includes only natural objects that make a turn around a star or any planet. Of course, satellites, launched from the ground, do not belong to them.

But let's see what the solar system is and what is its structure. We find out what small and large bodies form it. What is the biggest planet, and what is the smallest. We list them all in order, look at her and layouts.

Planets of the Solar System

You can read about the sun (central star star) by the above link or briefly familiarize yourself with the information on it at the bottom of this article. Of interesting facts It can be added that the mass of the sun is 99.86% of the mass of the entire solar system, which speaks of its indisputable importance.

How many planets in the solar system and their order

The next largest bodies are planets. How many planets in the solar system? Recently it was believed that 9 planets rotate around our star:

For children, there are special layouts or drawings of the solar system that helps them understand what the rotation is around the Sun, such as the model shown above.

The biggest and the smallest planet of the solar system

Pluto is a planet or no longer?

Pluto Recognized the smallest planet of the solar system. However, recently there have been a lot of questions about whether Pluto planets correctly. Why? Here are some facts that Dali the reason to doubt In whether this object is it possible to call the planet:

1. Pluto mass is less than the mass of the moon - the satellite of the Earth. It is not enough so that Pluto clears the space in orbit from other bodies. The orbit of Pluto is populated by many objects that have the same composition.
2. Detection of the orbit of a pluto of a body having a greater mass and. This object was named Erid.
3. The center of the mass of the Pluton-Charon system (Charon - satellite) lies outside of these two bodies.

Much has become clear after detailed studies of the bed belt. It consists of a variety of ice objects with a diameter of 100 km. Pluto itself has a diameter of 2400 km.

After a series of such discoveries, astronomers arose the task of re-identifying the concept of the planet.

One of the requirements was that the planet must be somewhat Clean the space around your orbit. This was the reason for the exclusion of Pluto from the list of planets and assign him the name of the dwarf planet.

The planet of the earth group including the smallest

The planets of the solar system rotate in orbits. The first 4 in order of the planet of the Solar System generalize as an earthly group:

1. Mercury - this is the smallest And the closest to the shining planet. The period of its rotation around the star takes 88 days.
2. Venus. She rotates around its axis in the opposite direction relative to the movement in orbit. Another such planet is uranium. Venus is the hottest planet. The temperature of the atmosphere reaches + 470 ° C.
3. Earth is the third in order of the sun of the planet of the solar system. It has the greatest density and diameter in its group. Here in the atmosphere there is free oxygen. The land has one natural satellite - the moon.
4. Mars. The atmosphere of the fourth planet consists of carbon dioxide. Due to the presence of iron oxide in the soil, the planet has a reddish tint.

Planets giants including the largest

For four planets of the earth group, the planets of the Giants of the Solar System are followed:

1. Jupiter - the largest planet. Its mass is 318 times higher than the mass of our planet. It consists of H (hydrogen) and not (helium), has many satellites, one of which is more than even Mercury in size.
2. Saturn. He is known to us thanks to his rings. The planet has many satellites.
3. Uranus. This planet has the smallest mass among the giants. It is characterized in that the angle of inclination of its axis to the plane is almost 100 °. Therefore, this planet can be said that it is not so much rotated as it rolls in its orbit.
4. Neptune. Rotation period - 248 years. It is the last planet, but not the last body in the solar system.

Above in the photo shows the planets of the solar system and the real ratio of their size.

Small solar bodies

These are small bodies that make a turn around our shining. Most often they do not have a spherical shape, but look like stone boulders. They have no atmosphere. Asteroids may have satellites. They are not included in the solar system model.

After the orbit, the fourth planet is the belt of asteroids. It ends to the orbit of the fifth planet - Jupiter. Asteroids are the most common small bodies of the solar system. Their sizes can vary from several meters to hundreds of kilometers. Although they are much smaller than planets, however such bodies may have satellites.

In addition to the asteroid belt, there are other asteroids. The paths of some of these bodies intersect with the orbit of our planet. However, we can not worry that the asteroid movement will break the location of the planets in the solar system.

Dwarf planets

A series of asteroids that have a large mass and diameter began to classify as dwarf planets. Among them:

1. Ceres.
2. Pluto (before the planet was previously considered).
3. Erida (located behind Pluto).

This is a heavenly glowing object with a pronounced head and tail. The brightness of the comet directly depends on its distance to the sun.

Comet consists of the following parts:

1. Core. It contains almost the entire weight of the comet.
2. Coma is a foggy shell located around the kernel.
3. Tail. It is located in the opposite direction.

One of the famous comet is a galeus comet. She approaches the Sun, then distinguished from him. The comet's head consists of frozen water, metal particles and various connections. The diameter of the core of this comet is 10 km. The period of passage of the orbit (ellipses) is about 75 years.

The point in the orbit in which the body is as close as possible to the star is called perieghielium, and the opposite (the most distant) - aphelius.

Meteorites

These are relatively small bodies that fall on the surface of other celestial objects of greater magnitude. May be iron, stone or iron-stone. About 2,000 tons of meteorites per year fall on the surface of our planet per year. Some have a lot of several grams, while others are somewhat tens of tons. For example, the Tungusian meteorite tungal meteorite fell to the ground in 1908, poured forests.

The studies of our solar system will continue for many more years, so we will probably become all new facts and information about planets, comets, asteroids and other space bodies in the future.

Sun - Star of the Solar System

The sun refers to a number of stars, which is called "yellow dwarfs". Yellow called stars, the temperature on the surface of which ranges from 5,000 to 7500 K.

Structure of the Sun.

Considering the structure of the solar system, it is worth starting from her center, namely from the center of the Sun. The luminaire can be divided into several layers:

1. Core. In the depths there is a rupture of hydrogen atoms, which is accompanied by excretion of huge energy. There also the fusion of protons and neutrons in the kernel of helium atoms. In the kernel, the temperature reaches 15 million k, which is 2.5 times more than on the surface. The kernel extends 173 kilometers from the center of the Sun, which is about 20% of the star radius.
2. Radiation zone. In it, the photons emitted by the core, are wandering about 200 thousand years and lose their energy because of the stagnation with plasma particles.
3. Convective zone. It is similar to a boiling mass, in which the lifting of particles on the border of radiation and convective zones constantly occurs. Here, the path of particles to the surface of the shine occupies much less time than the duration of the processes in the radiation zone. The convective zone extends from 70% and almost to the surface of the shone.
4. Photosphere. It has an extremely small thickness - only 100 km (compared to the sizes of the Sun is really a bit). This is the visible surface of the shone.
5. Chromosphere is called an inhomogeneous layer of the solar atmosphere, which is located directly over the photosphere. Here the temperature increases from 6,000 to 20,000 K.
6. The crown is an outer layer of the atmosphere. Due to the fact that her shine is much less than the star, the crown is not visible to the naked eye (it is visible without additional equipment only during eclipses). The temperature here is the highest in the entire solar system - 1,000,000 K.

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Solar system is a planetary system that includes a central star - the sun - and all the natural objects of space rotating around it. It was formed by gravitational compression of a gas-pepped cloud about 4.57 billion years ago. We learn which planets are part of the solar system, as they are located in relation to the Sun and their brief description.

Summary of the Planets of the Solar System

The number of planets in the solar system is 8, and they are classified in order of removal from the Sun:

• Interior planets or planets of the earth group - Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars. They consist mainly of silicates and metals
• Exterior planets - Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune - the so-called gas giants. They are much more massive than the planets of the earthly group. The largest planets of the solar system, Jupiter and Saturn, consist mainly of hydrogen and helium; Smaller gas giants, uranium and neptune, in addition to hydrogen and helium, contain methane and ditch gas as part of its atmospheres.

Fig. 1. Planets of the Solar System.

The list of planets of the solar system in order of the Sun looks like this: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Listing the planets from greater to the smaller, this order changes. The largest planet is Jupiter, then Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Earth, Venus, Mars, and Finally, Mercury.

All planets turn around the sun in one direction with the rotation of the Sun (counterclockwise, if you look from the north poles of the sun).

Mercury has the biggest angular speed - he has time to make a complete turn around the Sun in just 88 terrestrial day. And for the most remote planet - Neptune - the period of appeal is 165 of the world.

Most of the planets revolves around their axis to the same side as he draws around the sun. Exceptions are Venus and Uranus, and Uranus rotates almost "lying on her side" (the tilt of the axis is about 90 degrees).

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Table. The sequence of location of the planets in the solar system and their features.

Planets of the earth group (interior planets)

Four nearest planets consist mainly of heavy elements, have a small number of satellites, they have no rings. To a large extent, they consist of refractory minerals, such as silicates that form their mantle and bark, and metals, such as iron and nickel, which form their core. For three of these planets - Venus, Earth and Mars - there is an atmosphere.

• Mercury - It is the nearest planet to the Sun and the smallest planet system. The planet has no satellites.
• Venus- close in size to the ground and, like the Earth, has a thick silicate sheath around the iron core and the atmosphere (because of this, Venus is often called the "sister" of the Earth). However, the amount of water on Venus is much smaller than the earth, and its atmosphere is 90 times tight. Venus has no satellites.

Venus is the hottest planet of our system, the temperature of its surface exceeds 400 degrees Celsius. Most probable reason Such a high temperature is a greenhouse effect resulting from a dense atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide.

Fig. 2. Venus - the hottest planet of the solar system

• Land - It is the largest and most dense of the planets of the earth group. The question of whether life exists somewhere except the Earth remains open. Among the planets of the earth group, the Earth is unique (first of all, at the expense of the hydrosphere). The atmosphere of the Earth is radically different from the atmospheres of other planets - it contains free oxygen. The earth has one natural satellite - the moon, the only large satellite planets of the earth group of the solar system.
• Mars - Less land and Venus. It has an atmosphere consisting mainly of carbon dioxide. There are volcanoes on its surface, the largest of which, Olympus, exceeds all earth volcanoes, reaching a height of 21.2 km.

External region of the solar system

The external region of the solar system is the location of the gas giants and their satellites.

• Jupiter - It has a mass of 318 times more earthly, and 2.5 times the massive than all other planets, combined. It consists mainly of hydrogen and helium. Jupiter has 67 satellites.
• Saturn - It is known for its extensive rings system, this is the least dense planet of the solar system (its average density is less than the density of water). Saturn has 62 satellites.

Fig. 3. Planet Saturn.

• Uranus - The seventh planet from the Sun is the easiest of the planets giants. It is unique among other planets, it does that he rotates "lying on the side": the inclination of the axis of its rotation to the plane of the ecliptic is approximately 98 degrees. Uranium has 27 satellites.
• Neptune - The last planet in the solar system. Although a little less uranium, more massive and therefore more dense. Neptune has 14 famous satellites.

What did we know?

One of the entertaining topics of astronomy is the structure of the solar system. We learned what names of the planets of the solar system are, in what sequence they are located in relation to the sun, what are their distinctive features and brief characteristics. This information is so interesting and informative, which will be useful even for children of grade 4.

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Planets of the solar system in order are located in such a sequence:
1 - Mercury. The smallest of the real planets of the solar system
2 - Venus. The description of hell was taken from her: terrible heat, evaporation of sulfur and eruption of many volcanoes.
3 - Earth. The third planet in order of the Sun, our home.
4 - Mars. The most distant planets of the earth group of the Solar System.
The main belt of asteroids is then located, where the dwarf planet Ceres and the small planets of Vesta, Pallada, etc. are located.
Next, there are four giant planets in order:
5 - Jupiter. The largest planet of the solar system.
6 - Saturn with his famous rings.
7 - uranium. The coldest planet.
8 - Neptune. This is the most distant "real" planet in order of the Sun.
And here is curious:
9 - Pluto. Dwarf planet, which is usually mentioned after Neptune. But, Pluto orbit is such that sometimes it is closer to the Sun than Neptune. For example, it was from 1979 to 1999.
No, Neptune and Pluto cannot face :) - their orbits are such that they do not intersect.
The location of the planets of the solar system in order in the photo:

How many planets in the solar system

How many planets in the solar system? This is not so easy to answer. For a long time it was believed that in the solar system nine planets:
Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune and Pluto.

But, on August 24, 2006, Pluto ceased to be considered a planet. It was caused by the opening of the planet Erida and other small planets of the solar systemIn connection with which it took to clarify - which heavenly bodies can be considered planets.
There were several signs of the "real" planets and it turned out that Pluto does not fully satisfy them.
Therefore, Pluto was translated into the category of dwarf planets, to which there are for example and Ceres - former asteroid number 1 in the main belt of asteroids between Mars and Jupiter.

As a result, when trying to answer the question how many planets in the solar system, the situation is even more confused. Because besides the "real" now there are also dwarf planets.
But there are still small planets, which were called large asteroids. For example, Vesta, asteroid # 2 in the above-mentioned asteroid belt.
Recently, the same Erida, Mac Mac, Haumet and a few more small planets of the solar system, the data on which is not enough and not clear what to consider them - dwarf or small planets. Not to mention the fact that some small asteroids are mentioned in the literature precisely as small planets! For example, an asteroid ICAR, the size of which is only about 1 kilometer, often referred to as a small planet ...
Which of these bodies should consider when answering the question "how many planets in the solar system" ???
In general, "wanted it better, but it turned out as always."

It is curious that many astronomers and even simple people Speakers "in defense" of Pluto, continuing to consider it to the planet, sometimes suitable little demonstrations and hardly promote this idea on the net (mainly abroad).

Therefore, when answering the question "How many planets in the solar system" is easiest to say to the "eight" to say, and do not even try to discuss something ... otherwise it will immediately be found that there is simply no accurate answer :)

Planets-Giants - the largest planets of the solar system

In the solar system there are four giant planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune. Since these planets are located outside the main belt of asteroids, they are called "external" planets of the solar system.
In size among these giants, two pairs are distinguished clearly.
The largest planet giant - Jupiter. Saturn is quite a bit inferior to him.
And Uranus and Neptune sharply less than the first two planets and they are located on the sun.
Look at the comparative dimensions of the planets-giants regarding the Sun:

Planets-giants protect the inner planets of the solar system from asteroids.
Do not be these bodies in the solar system, our land would be more likely to fall asteroids and comets.
How do the planets-giants protect us from the falls of unwanted guests?

Read more about the biggest planets of the solar system here:

Planets of the earth group

The planet of the earth group is the four planets of the solar system, similar to their size and composition: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.
Since one of them is Earth, then all these planets attributed to the Earth Group. Their size is very similar, and Venus and Earth are almost almost the same. Temperatures on them are relatively high, which is explained by the intimacy to the Sun. All four planets are formed by mountain rocks, while planets giants are gas and ice worlds.

Mercury is the closest to the Sun and the smallest planet of the solar system.
It is believed that Mercury is very hot. Yes, it is so, the temperature on the sunny side can reach + 427 ° C. But, in Mercury there is almost no atmosphere, so it happens to -170 ° C on the night side. And on the poles because of the low sun, it is generally assumed to lay a layer of underground eternal permafrost ...

Venus. For a long time, she was considered the "sister" of the Earth, while the Soviet research stations did not fall on its surface. It turned out to be a real hell! The temperature is + 475 ° C, the pressure is almost a hundred atmospheres and the atmosphere from poisonous compounds of sulfur and chlorine. To colonize it - you have to try to very much ...

Mars. Famous red planet. This is the most distant of the planets of the earth group in the solar system.
Like Earth, Mars has satellites: Phobos and Dimimos
Mostly it's a cold, rocky and dry world. Only at the equator at noon can warm up to + 20 ° C, the rest of the time - fierce frost, to -153 ° C on the poles.
The planet has no magnetosphere and cosmic radiation mercilessly irradiates the surface.
The atmosphere is very sparse and not suitable for breathing, nevertheless its density is enough so that sometimes the most powerful dust storms happen on Mars.
Despite all the flaws. Mars is the most promising planet for colonization in the solar system.

More information about the planets of the earth group is told in the article the largest planets of the solar system

The largest planet solar system

The largest planet of the solar system is Jupiter. This is the fifth planet from the Sun, her orbit is located behind the main belt of asteroids. Look at the comparison of the sizes of Jupiter and the Earth:
The diameter of Jupiter is 11 times more terrestrial, and its mass is 318 times. Due to the large sizes of the planet, the parts of its atmosphere rotate with different speeds, so the belt of Jupiter is clearly visible in the picture. At the bottom of the left, the famous large red stain of Jupiter is visible - a huge atmospheric whirlwind, which has been observed for several centuries.

The smallest planet solar system

What planet is the smallest planet in the solar system? This is not such a simple Volpros ...
Today it is believed that the smallest planet of the solar system is Mercury, which we mentioned above. But, you already know that until August 24, 2006, Pluto was considered the smallest planet of the solar system.

More attentive readers can remember that Pluto is a dwarf planet. And they are known as many as five. The smallest dwarf planet - ceres, with a diameter of about 900 km.
But that's not all ...

There are still so-called small planets, the size of which starts with only 50 meters. Under this definition, the 1-kilometer Icar and 490 kilometer pallades fall. It is clear that there are many of them, and the smallest choose is difficult due to the complexity of observation and size calculation. So, when answering the question "what is called the smallest planet of the solar system", it all depends on what exactly to understand under the word "planet".

solar system - This is the system of celestial bodies sold by mutual attraction. It includes: the central star is the sun, 8 large planets with their satellites, several thousand small planets, or asteroids, a few hundred who observed comets and countless meteoric bodies, dust, gas and small particles . She formed a way gravitational compressiona gas-pepped cloud of about 4.57 billion years ago.

The sun

Mercur iY

Mercury - the closest planet to the sun.

Ancient Romans considered Mercury by the patron of commerce, travelers and thieves, as well as the Baznik of the gods. It is not surprising that a small planet, quickly moving across the sky after the Sun, received his name. Mercury was known since ancient times, but the ancient astronomers did not immediately realize that in the morning and in the evening they see the same star. Mercury closer to the Sun than the Earth: The average distance from the Sun is 0.387 A.E., and the distance to the Earth ranges from 82 to 217 million km. Obligation of the orbit to the ecliptic I \u003d 7 ° is one of the largest in the solar system. Mercury's axis is almost perpendicular to the plane of its orbit, and the orbit itself is very elongated (eccentricity E \u003d 0.206). The average speed of Mercury in orbit is 47.9 km / s. Due to the tidal effect of the Sun, Mercury fell into a resonant trap. The period of its appeal period measured in 1965 (87.95 terrestrial days) refers to the period of rotation around the axis (58.65 terrestrial days) as 3/2. Three full turns around the axis of Mercury completes in 176 days. For the same period, the planet makes two turns around the sun. Thus, Mercury takes relative to the sun the same position in orbit, and the orientation of the planet remains the same. Mercury satellites has no. If they were, then in the process of formation of the planet fell to the proposerucleus. Mercury weight is almost 20 times less than the mass of the Earth (0.055m or 3.3 10 23 kg), and the density is almost the same as in the Earth (5.43 g / cm3). The radius of the planet is 0.38r (2440 km). Mercury is less than some satellites of Jupiter and Saturn.

Venus

The second planet from the Sun, has an almost a circular orbit. She passes towards Earth closer than any other planet.

But dense, the cloud atmosphere does not allow directly to see its surface. Atmosphere: CO 2 (97%), N2 (approx. 3%), H 2 O (0.05%), impurities CO, SO 2, HCl, HF. Thanks to the greenhouse effect, the surface temperature is heated to hundreds of degrees. The atmosphere, which is a dense carbon dioxide blanket, holds the heat that came from the sun. This leads to the fact that the temperature of the atmosphere is much higher than in the oven. The pictures obtained using the radar demonstrate a very large variety of craters, volcanoes and mountains. There are several very large volcanoes, up to 3 km high. and width of hundreds of kilometers. The outpouring of the lava on Venus occurs much longer than on Earth. Pressure on the surface of about 107 pa. Surface breeds Venus are close in composition to earth sedimentary rocks.
Finding Venus in the sky is easier than any other planet. Her dense clouds reflect the sunlight, making the planet bright in our sky. Every seven months, within a few weeks, Venus is the brightest object in the western part of the sky in the evenings. Three and a half months later, she rises three hours earlier than the sun, becomes a sparkling "morning star" of the eastern sky. Venus can be observed an hour after sunset or an hour before sunrise. Venus has no satellites.

Third from SOL. nCA planet. The rate of circulation of the Earth along the elliptical orbit around the Sun is equal to - 29.765 km / s. The slope of the earth axis to the 66 O 33 "22" plane. "Earth has a natural satellite - Moon. Earth has Magnanother electric fields. The Earth formed 4.7 billion years ago from the gas scattered in the protocused system-Ivoy Substances. As part of the Earth dominate: iron (34.6%), oxygen (29.5%), silicon (15.2%), magnesium (12.7%). Pressure in the center of the planet - 3.6 * 10 11 Pa, the density of about 12 500 kg / m 3, the temperature is 5000-6000 o C. Most partthe ocean (361.1 million km 2; 70.8%) occupies the ocean; Susha is 149.1 million km 2 and forms six motherscove and islands. It rises above the ocean level on average 875 meters (the highest height of 8848 meters - Jomolsungma). Mountains occupy 30% sushi, the deserts close about 20% of the surface of the sushi, savanna and gentlemen - about 20%, the forests are about 30%, glaciers - 10%. The average depth of the ocean is about 3,800 meters, the highest - 11022 meters (Marian chute in the Pacific), water volume of 1370 million km 3, the average salinity is 35g / l. The atmosphere of the Earth, the total mass of which is 5.15 * 10 15 tons, consists of air - mixtures mainly nitrogen (78.1%) and oxygen (21%), the rest - water pair, carbon dioxide, noble and other gases. About 3-3.5 billion years ago, as a result of the natural evolution of matter on Earth, life arose, the development of the biosphere began.

Mars

The fourth planet from the Sun, similar to Earth, but less largest and colder. On Mars there are deep canyons, Giant volcanoes and extensive deserts. Around the Red Planet, as elsewhere called Mars, two small moon fly: Phobos and Dimimos. Mars is the following planet for Earth, if you count from the Sun, the only, except for the moon, a cosmic world that can already be achieved with modern missiles. For astronauts, this journey in a length of 4 years could be the next borders in the study of outer space. Near the Equator Mars, in the area called Tarsis, there are volcanoes of colossal sizes. Tarsis is a name that astronomers gave rise to an exaltation with 400 km. In width and about 10 km. Height. There are four volcanoes on this plateau, each of which is just a giant in comparison with any terrestrial volcano. The most grandiose volcano Tarsis, Mount Olympus, rises above the surrounding area by 27 km. About two thirds of the surface of Mars is a mountainous area with a large number of craters that occurred from shocks and surrounded by chips of solid rocks. Near Tarsice volcanoes, sniffing the extensive canyon system is about a quarter of the equator. Valley Mariner has a width of 600 km., And its depth is such that Mount Everest would have fallen entirely on her bottom. The sheer cliffs come out for thousands of meters, from the bottom of the valley to the plateau at the top. In ancient times, there were plenty of water on Mars, large rivers flowed on the surface of this planet. On the South and Northern Poles of Mars are ice hats. But this ice consists not from water, but from frozen atmospheric carbon dioxide (freezes at temperatures -100 o C). Scientists believe that surface waters are stored in the form of ice blocks buried in the soil, especially in polar regions. The composition of the atmosphere: CO 2 (95%), N 2 (2.5%), Ar (1.5 - 2%), CO (0.06%), H 2 O (up to 0.1%); Pressure at the surface of 5-7 GPa. In total, about 30 interplanetary space stations were sent to Mars.

Jupiter

The fifth planet from the Sun, the largest planet of the solar system. Jupiter is not a firm planet. Unlike four solid planets, closer to others located to the Sun, Jupiter is a gas ball. The atmosphere includes: H 2 (85%), CH 4, NH 3, HE (14%). Gas composition Jupiter is very similar to sunny. Jupiter is a powerful source of thermal radio emission. Jupiter has 16 satellites (adracy, methda, amaltium, phib, Io, Lisite, Elara, Anank, Karma, Pacific, Cinop, Europe, Gamornad, Callisto, Leda, Himalia), as well as a ring width of 20,000 km, almost closely adjacent to planet. The speed of rotation of Jupiter is so great that the planet is protruding along the equator. In addition, such a rapid rotation is the cause of very strong winds in the upper layers of the atmosphere, where the clouds are pulled out with long colorful ribbons. In the clouds of Jupiter there is a very large amount of vortex spots. The largest of them is the so-called big red spot, surpasses in its size. A large red spot is a huge storm sized in the atmosphere of Jupiter, which is already watching for 300 years. Inside the planet under a huge pressure, hydrogen from the gas turns into a liquid, and then from the liquid into the solid body. At a depth of 100 km. Located a vast ocean of liquid hydrogen. Below 17,000 km. Hydrogen turns out to be compressed so much that its atoms are destroyed. And then he begins to behave like a metal; In this state, it easily conducts electricity. Electric current flowing in metallic hydrogen creates a strong magnetic field around Jupiter.

Saturn

The sixth planet from the sun, has a striking rings system. Because of the rapid rotation around its axis, Saturn, as it were, fighters the poles. Wind speed at the equator reaches 1,800 km / h. The width of the rings of Saturn is 400,000 km., But in the thickness they have only a few tens of meters. The inner parts of the rings rotate around the Saturn faster than the outer. Rings are mainly consisting of billions of small particles, each of which draws in orbit around Saturn as a separate microscopic satellite. Probably these "microsavers" consist of water ice or ice-covered stones. Their size ranges from several centimeters to tens of meters. In the rings there are larger objects - stone blocks and fragments to hundreds of meters in diameter. The slots between the rings arise under the action of the forces of seventeen moons (Hyperion, Mimas, The Afony, Titan, Encelada, etc.), which force the rings to split. The atmosphere includes: CH 4, H 2, HE, NH 3.

Uranus

Seventh OT Sun planet. Was opened in 1781 by the English astronomer William Gershelem, and named aftergoskin about the god sky uranium. The orientation of uranium in space differs from the rest of the planets of the solar system - its axis of rotation lies as if "on the side" relative to the plane of the appeal of this planet around the sun. The rotation axis is tilted at an angle of 98 o. As a result, the planet is facing the Sun alternately, then the northern pole, then the southern, then the equator, then the average latitudes. Uranium has more than 27 satellites (Miranda, Ariel, Umbrie, Titania, Oberon, Cordelia, Ophelia, Bianca, Cresan, Dzentameron, Juliet, Portion, Rosalind, Belinda, Pack, etc.) and the rings system. In the center of uranium is a kernel consisting of stone and iron. The atmosphere includes: H 2, HE, CH 4 (14%).

Neptune

E. orbit crosses the orbit of Pluto in some places. Equatorial diameter is the same as uranium, although R. neptune is raised at 1627 million km further from uranium (Uranus is located in 2869 million km from the Sun). Based on these data, it can be concluded that this planet could not be noticed in the XVII century. One of the bright achievements of science, one of the evidence of the unlimited cognition of nature was the discovery of the planet Neptune by calculations - "at the tip of the pen." Uranus - Planet, following Saturn, who was considered many of the centuries from distant planets itself, was opened by V. Hershelem at the end of the XVIII century. Uranus is hard to see the naked eye. By the 40s of the XIX century. Exact observations showed that Uranus barely evins the path to which he should follow, taking into account the perturbations from all known planets. Thus, the theory of the movement of celestial bodies, so strict and accurate, has been tested. Leverier (in France) and Adams (in England) suggested that if the perturbations from the well-known planets do not explain the deviation in the movement of uranium, it means that there is an attraction of a non-famous body. They almost simultaneously calculated where the uranium should have an unknown body, which produces these deviations by its attraction. They calculated the orbit of an unknown planet, its mass and indicated place in the sky, where at this time an unknown planet was to be. This planet was found in the telescope at the place specified in 1846, it was called Neptune. Neptune is not visible to the naked eye. Winds with speeds up to 2,400 km / h, opposed to the rotation of the planet. These are the strongest winds in the solar system.
The composition of the atmosphere: H 2, He, CH 4. It has 6 satellites (one of them Triton).
Neptune - in the Roman mythology, the God of the Seas.