The review is devoted to sirtuins, a class of proteins with histone deacetylase and monoribosyltransferase properties. Sirtuins regulate chromatin packing density.

Sirtuins

Sirtuins (Silent Information Regulator 2 (Sir2) proteins) are a class of proteins with histone deacetylase and monoribosyltransferase properties. Found in all organisms, from bacteria to humans.
Yeast Sir2 and some, but not all, sirtuins are deacetylases. Unlike other protein deacetylases, which simply hydrolyze acetyl-lysine residues, sirtuin-mediated deacetylation combines deacetylation of lysine residues and hydrolysis of NAD.

As a result of hydrolysis, O-acetyl-ADP-ribose, a deacetylated substrate, and nicotinamide, which is an inhibitor of the activity of sirtuins, are formed. Therefore, the activity of sirtuins depends on the energy state of the cell through NAD, its relation to NADH, the level of NAD, NADH and nicotinamide, or through a combination of these parameters.

Sirtuins regulate aging, transcription, apoptosis, and stress resistance. The regulation of metabolism and cellular defense mechanisms in which sirtuins are involved can be used to increase lifespan.

Sirtuins and aging

Histones are directly involved in reading genetic information, in other words, rewriting it from DNA molecules to RNA molecules. With a dense packing of histones, such rewriting does not occur, and the genes are in a passive state. In order for this or that gene to start working, the histones associated with it must loosen somewhat.

Various enzymes are involved in these processes, and the density of the histone packing depends on their work. These include enzymes from the sirtuin group. They force the histones into a tighter-packed state and thus make it difficult for genes to turn on.

As we said above, sirtuins work in the cells of a great variety of eukaryotes, from unicellular organisms to mammals. About 10 years ago, David Sinclair () and colleagues at MIT discovered that overproduction of sirtuin, which is encoded by the Sir2 gene, slows down the aging of yeast cells. More precisely, they found that an excess of it increases the number of divisions that cells can undergo during their life. Further studies showed that this enzyme not only changes the density of the histone packing and thus regulates the activity of genes, but also participates in the repair of DNA damage.

The discovery of this effect aroused great interest in the scientific community and resonated with the mass media. However, scientists did not know for a long time whether sirtuins act in the same capacity in the cells of higher eukaryotes, primarily mammals.

Now the answer to this question has been found, and the answer is yes. It is contained in an article by the same Sinclair (he now holds a chair at Harvard University), his collaborator Philipp Oberdoerffer and their co-authors, which appeared in the journal Cell (). They studied how the health of mouse cells depends on the activity of the SIRT1 gene. This gene in mammals is responsible for the production of an enzyme similar to yeast protein that encodes the Sir2 gene.

It turned out that the functions of both enzymes are very similar to each other. This allows us to assert (or at least assume) that sirtuins are involved in a very ancient mechanism of cellular aging, which biological evolution invented over a billion years ago.

This mechanism is based on the gradual weakening of the ability of sirtuins to simultaneously perform both of their main functions. As already mentioned, these enzymes compact the histone scaffolds of nucleosomes and thereby prevent the inclusion of those genes whose products are not needed or even harmful to the cell at the moment. However, sirtuins at the same time help repair DNA breakdowns caused by ultraviolet radiation or free radicals. When such defects appear, the molecules of these proteins urgently migrate from their original locations to hot spots. Such migration temporarily weakens sirtuin control over histone structures and therefore increases the likelihood of abnormal switching on of various genes.

As shown by the experiments of the researchers of the Sinclair group, the degree of this probability depends on age. In young animals, DNA breakdowns do not occur very often, so repair sirtuins usually have time to return to their duty station in time. However, with age, cells begin to produce more free radicals (mainly due to the progressive fatigue of the organs of intracellular respiration, mitochondria). Because of this, sirtuins leave their places of permanent dislocation more often and for a longer time, and therefore they monitor the density of histones worse. The consequences are clear: the cells of older individuals are increasingly suffering from the activation of unnecessary genes. This imbalance of the gene apparatus is precisely what leads to the aging of the organism.

In conclusion, it is worth recalling that the activity of the SIRT1 gene can be increased with the help of certain foods and special drugs. Resveratrol, a powerful antioxidant found in red grapes and red wines, does this. Completed in different countries Experiments have shown that taking resveratrol prolongs the life of various vertebrates - from fish to mammals.

Currently, synthetic compounds are being successfully tested in animals that activate SIRT1 hundreds of times stronger than resveratrol. Hopefully, such substances can slow down the aging process in humans as well.

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The negative effect of sirtuins

In the brains of living genetically modified mice with knockout of the SirT1 gene, the level of oxidative stress was lower than in mice with normal synthesis of this protein. But the lifespan of mice lacking the SirT1 gene was shorter than that of normal mice, regardless of the calorie intake.

The results obtained indicate that SirT1, like its analogue Sir2 in yeast cells, has a prooxidative function. However, they do confirm that sirtuins fulfill both positive and negative roles. Based on these findings, Longo warns that the development of drugs that stimulate the activity of SirT1 for clinical use is still very premature. it is still necessary to obtain convincing evidence of the safety of their long-term use.

Sirtuins and NF-kappaB

Researchers from the Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology, and Metabolism, Stanford University School of Medicine have supervised published work on the relationship between sirtuins and the transcription factor NF-kappaB ().
NF-kappaB (NF-kB) is a universal transcription factor that controls the expression of genes for the immune response, apoptosis and the cell cycle. Dysregulation of NF-kB causes inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and the development of viral infections and cancer. The NF-kB family consists of 5 proteins: NF-kB1 (or p50), NF-kB2 (or p52), RELA (or p65), RelB and c-Rel,
forming 15 combinations of dimers. All proteins of the family are united by
the presence of the REL homology domain, which ensures the formation of protein dimers, the binding of NF-kB to DNA and to the cytosolic inhibitory protein IkB. The NF-kB factor is active only in the dimeric form, with the most common forms being the dimer of the p50 or p52 subunits with the p65 subunit.
NF-kB is activated by a variety of stimuli, including cytokines (such as TNF and interleukin 1), T- and B-cell mitogens, bacterial and viral products (all ligands of toll-like receptors, such as lipopolysaccharide or double-stranded viral RNA) and stress factors ( such as reactive oxygen species or ultraviolet light).
In the cytoplasm of the cell, NF-kB is in an inactive state in a complex with the inhibitory protein IkB. The stimulatory agent causes the IkB to be phosphorylated by the IKK kinase (IkB kinase), resulting in IkB degradation by the 26S proteosome. In this case, NF-kB is released from the inhibitory complex, translocated into the nucleus, and activates the transcription of controlled genes.

Scientists at Stanford University concluded that one member of the sirtuin family, SIRT6, acts by weakening the NF-kB pathway. SIRT6 interacts with the NF-kB RELA subunit and deacetylates lysine 9 of histone H3 (H3K9) at the promoters of the NF-kB target genes. In cells lacking SIRT6, hyperacetylation of H3K9 on these promoters leads to increased binding of RELA to the promoter, increased NF-kB-dependent modulation of gene expression, apoptosis, and cellular senescence. Genome analysis showed an increase in the activity of NF-kB-regulated gene expression in various SIRT6-deficient tissues in vivo. In addition, RELA deficiency in SIRT6-deficient mice may prevent early mortality and the development of degenerative syndromes.
Conclusion: SIRT6 attenuates the action of NF-kB through deacetylation of H3K9. Overactive NF-kB leads to premature and normal aging.

Sirtuins and apoptosis

The C. elegans SIR-2.1 protein is involved in the aging process; its mammalian analogue SIRT1, as mentioned above, is involved in various cellular processes, including transcriptional repression and stress response. Scientists from the Wellcome Trust Center for Gene Regulation and Expression, University of Dundee, under their leadership, proved that SIR-2.1 is necessary to trigger apoptosis in response to DNA damage, and in addition, SIR-2.1 works in parallel with p53 - a similar gene cep-1 (). This cep-1-independent proapoptotic pathway does not require the daf-16 FOXO transcription factor. Cytological analysis of SIR-2.1 indicates a new mechanism of apoptosis induction. During apoptosis, SIR-2.1 changes its subcellular localization from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and is temporarily localized at the periphery of the nucleus with the homologue of the Apaf-1 protein in nematodes, the CED-4 protein. SIR-2.1 translocation is an early event of embryonic cell apoptosis, occurring independently of the initiation of apotosis and cep-1. Possibly, the SIR-2.1 translocation is associated with the induction of apoptosis associated with DNA damage.

Sirtuins and prostate cancer

Prostate cancer is the most common age-associated cancer. With age, the likelihood of its development increases significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the relationship between the mechanisms of aging and the development of prostate cancer. Scientists at the Department of Dermatology University of Wisconsin are researching this problem under the guidance of Professor Nihal Ahmad. They hypothesized that Sirt1 is overexpressed in prostate cancer cells, and its inhibition has an anti-proliferative effect on prostate cancer cells (). Data were obtained that Sirt1 is expressed in cancer cells much more strongly than in normal epithelial cells of the prostate, as evidenced by the level of protein, mRNA, and enzymatic activity of sirtuin. In addition, sirtuin is more strongly expressed in cancer cells than in normal tissues surrounding the prostate. Inhibition of Sirt1 via nicotinamide and sirtinol (at the activity level) or by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) (at the genetic level) leads to a significant decrease in the growth and viability of human prostate cancer cells, while this effect was not observed in normal cells ... It was found that inhibition of Sirt1 leads to increased acetylation and transcriptional activity of FoxO1 in prostate cancer cells. Scientists concluded that Sirt1 promotes prostate cancer through inhibition of FoxO1 activation. Therefore, Sirt1 may become a therapeutic target for prostate cancer.

Down regulation of sirtuins

As we said above, sirtuins are involved in many of the most important cellular processes - genetic control, aging, cell survival, metabolism and DNA repair. In yeast, Sir2 provides transcriptional “silence” of chromatin, suppresses recombination between repeats, and suppresses cellular senescence. Researchers from the laboratory led by Hiten Madhani, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, performed a search in the genome of Cullin yeast, Mms1, Mms22, and demonstrated an unexpected interaction between acetylation of H3K56 (lysine 56 of histone H3) and H4K16 ( lysine 16 of histone H4). The study also identified mediator subunits (Soh1, Srb2, and Srb5) and mRNA metabolic factors (Kem1, Ssd1), which may indicate that salby silencing affects the structure of mRNA. Several metabolic factors have also been identified - PAS-kinase Psk2, mitochondrial homocysteine ​​detoxification enzyme Lap3, maturase Isa2. It is assumed that PAS kinase integrates metabolic signals to control the activity of sirtuins.

Mitochondrial sirtuins

Sirtuins are involved in the regulation of mitochondrial functioning. The mitochondria contain Sirt3, Sirt4, and Sirt5. One target is known for Sirt3, as well as for Sirt4, while targets for Sirt5 are unknown. In the Laboratory of Biochemistry, peptide substrates are indicative of the role of these regions in substrate recognition and regulation of sirtuins.
Sirt5, unlike Sirt3, does not deacetylate mitochondrial matrix proteins. It deacetylates cytochrome C, a mitochondrial intermembrane protein that plays a central role in oxygen metabolism, as well as in the initiation of apoptosis. Sirt5 can be translocated into the mitochondrial intermembrane space and into the matrix, suggesting that localization is important for Sirt5 regulation and substrate selection.

Sirtuins and skin aging

SIRT1 deacetylates a variety of targets by participating in cellular signaling pathways, stress response, apoptosis, and axonal degeneration. The role of SIRT1 in response to ultraviolet radiation is still unknown. Scientists from p53, nicotinamide, sirtinol and siRNA increase the acetylation of p53, resveratrol suppresses this acetylation. SIRT1 is involved in UV-induced phosphorylation of AMPK, acetyl-CoA, and PFK-2 kinase. These data improve understanding of the mechanisms of UV-dependent skin aging and suggest that SIRT1 activators such as resveratrol can be used as anti-aging agents for the skin.

Finally

Sirtuins are proteins that are essential in the cell, regulating the main cellular processes. But their action is ambiguous. In this regard, questions arise:
1) What is more in the action of sirtuins - positive or negative?
2) How can sirtuins be used to combat aging?
3) How effective and safe will it be?
4) What do sirtuins work for?
5) How can you regulate their activity?
6) What are the prospects for the use of regulators of the activity of sirtuins for the treatment of various diseases?
and many others. dr.

During the first week, it takes about 3.2 kg; further - 0.5-1 kg per week.

What promises?

During the first week, it takes about 3.2 kg; then - 0.5-1 kg per week until the weight reaches the desired level. "What is most striking about this diet is that weight loss does not consume muscle mass," said authors of the Sirtuin Diet, Aiden Goggins and Glen Matten. "In fact, those who follow this diet, on the contrary, gained 0.5-1 kg of muscle mass." Fat leaves problem areas, especially in the waist area, muscle tone is maintained normal.

Who founded?

Pharmacist and nutritionist Goggins and nutritionist Dr. Matten. Information on the Sirtuin Diet was released this year. Sports stars such as heavyweight boxing champion David Haye and rugby player James Haskell are among the dieters.

How it works?

The sirtuin diet should be started with a seven-day "hyper-successful phase", which will serve as a good incentive to get in shape. During the first three days, you need to consume 1000 kcal per day: drink green juices rich in sirtuin (cabbage, arugula, parsley, matcha Japanese green tea powder) three times a day, and consume "sirtuin" food once (for example, fried king prawns with buckwheat noodles and dark chocolate containing 85% cocoa).

From the 4th to the 7th day, the daily intake of kilocalories increases to 1500; The diet includes two meals of green juices and two meals (for example, breakfast might consist of cereal, dates, strawberries, and natural yogurt).

The second phase of the diet is called "maintenance" and lasts 14 days. It consists of three meals a day with sirtuin food and a one-time intake of green juice. The first and second phases must be repeated periodically, regardless of whether there is excess weight. The “top 20” sirtuin-rich foods include cocoa, coffee, red wine, soy, and strawberries.

Scientific confirmation

"The sirtuin diet is based on a recently discovered group of foods rich in sirtuin that can boost the body's metabolism to burn fat efficiently," said Goggins and Matten. “The principle of work is based on the fact that these products activate special genes - sirtuins, known as" genes for weight loss "- the same genes that are activated when physical activity and starvation ".

The sirtuin diet protects and stimulates the muscles, thereby contributing to the acquisition of a slim figure. This diet makes our cells healthy and strong, and in addition to everything else, we get clear skin, a boost of energy and well-being.

Result in a short time

Focus not on what you removed, but on what you added to your diet. Continue to eat your favorite foods and include sirtuin foods such as dark chocolate (85%), green tea and coffee for better results.

Summer fitness tips

“There is no need to bother yourself for hours on the treadmill or use additional equipment: you only need 15-30 minutes of exercise to achieve results. The diet will do the rest. Combine aerobic exercise with resistance training, such as knee raises, push-ups, lunges, arm exercises, and side-to-side body movements. Perform each exercise for 20 seconds, then take a break for 40 seconds. Rest 60 seconds after each block of exercises. Repeat each block 4-6 times. Find yourself a buddy - doing exercises together is more fun - and go!

Wonderful! Everyone laid down spoons full of soft mascorpone cheese, caviar and all this on a low-calorie cracker? We got on the scales. They sighed heavily. And they said to themselves: tomorrow there will be a diet and a lot of water and also a gym. Yes! Then, I share my scientific sketch. Today, during the “Family Doctor” live broadcast, dedicated to the fundamental processes of aging, the host of the show, an endocrinologist, asked me: What do you think about sirtuin proteins?

Until this moment, I hadn't thought much about sirtuin proteins, to be honest. But the question implies the answer, and immediately after the broadcast my consciousness was captured by the teaching about sirtuins and this is what I learned.

Along with popular theories of aging, which include:

Hormonal




Genetic




Metabolic




Oxidative




"The Theory of Error"

There are also a number of studies that accumulate all theories at once, but put forward new participants. One of them is a protein called sertuine.

The theory is that overexpression (overproduction by cells) of this protein leads to longevity. The catch was that this was proven in nematodes (worms) and fruit flies (flies), but man draws knowledge from nature. How can you synthesize a lot of sirtuin in humans? The scientists asked. And after going through a series of trial and error, we discovered the most curious fact:

« Finally, the researchers cross-checked the claim that dietary restriction lengthens life by activating sirtuin. Experiments on mutant flies lacking the sirtuin gene have shown that dietary restriction still increases lifespan. So this factor worked independently of the sirtuin. "

The conclusion is bad for sirtuin researchers, but exceptionally good for those who are going on a diet tomorrow.

You are not just shedding extra pounds, but increasing your life expectancy. According to study leader Dr. David Gems and colleagues at the Institute of Healthy Aging at University College London. "

Where do we start?

From bare calculation and analysis. According to various sources, to normalize weight and physiological restriction of nutrition, it is necessary to consume from 3 to 9 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight. But no more than 30 g of pure protein per intake. Wide range. Lots of input data. The task turns out to be overwhelming. There is no need to count blueberry macaroni for a cup of cappuccino - so it is clear what is harmful, but proteins must be counted very carefully, that's why blueberry macaroni wins more often.

Conclusion? Locate foods high in protein and low in fat. Go to the nearest supermarket and buy products from the list, and then combine them exclusively, in different variations, forgetting the word diet.

Here I will tire you a little by reminding you that it is:




cottage cheese




zander




tilapia




tuna




Turkey




rabbit




beef




yoghurt without additives




green beans ... and full list green vegetables .....

Do you know this? Of course yes. And you know for sure about the necessary 1.5 liters of water per day and tea, coffee and wine are not considered liquid. The question is not how to fully limit nutrition, but how to limit it in principle. A habit is formed in 28 days, it is recommended in smart books. We write our own list, learn to cook it deliciously, and most importantly we remember that any breakdown is not a reason not to return to the list.

We are not fighting for Givenchy's size XS dress, for youth in its true sense. Thanks to the sirtuin squirrel.

Aidan Goggins and Glen Matten, the developers of this nutritional principle, argue that foods containing a special type of protein (sirtuin activators) trigger the body's fat burning process. This means that we must eat them more often and in large quantities!

How the sirtuin diet affects health

According to Goggins and Matten, the diet will not only help you feel a surge of energy, but will also contribute to increasing muscle mass, getting rid of extra pounds, and improving metabolism.

Side effects

Despite the fact that the authors of the methodology assure that their diet is rather a story about healthy way life rather than any noticeable change in weight, especially observant critics note that the book by Goggins and Matten is accompanied by the slogan: "Lose weight by 7 pounds in 7 days!" One pound (about half a kilogram) is already a fairly tangible loss in weight, which may not be very good for your health. In addition, wine contains toxins, which means that it may have worked well as a sirtuin activator, but it is still not suitable as a daily element of the diet.

As is clear from the slogan, the authors propose to lose weight in a fairly short time - one week. Moreover, the book sets out a strict number of calories that we should get daily. In the first three days - 1000 calories, then - 1500, and fill the remaining time with green juices and foods rich in sirtuin.

10 foods containing sirtuin:

Red wine, dark chocolate, green tea, capers, citrus fruits, apples, blueberries, parsley, turmeric, kale.

The stars who follow the sirtuin diet

Singer Adele has changed a lot! At the last Music Awards ceremony, the star impressed fans with an updated figure. How did she do it?

Adele does not hide, thanks to which nutritional system she lost so much weight. She followed the sirtuin diet suggested by Aidan Goggins and Glen Matten. Its essence is in the use of products that activate the production of special proteins, sirtuins (SIRT1) in the body. According to the authors of this nutritional system, this allows you to lose an average of 3.5 kg in the first week and 0.5-1 kg in all subsequent ones. And not only to lose weight! Sirtuin has long been recognized as a longevity protein that counteracts many of the aging factors in the body.

How appropriate is such a diet for weight loss and rejuvenation, and is it suitable for everyone?

Sirtuins for weight loss and rejuvenation

The authors of the sirtuin diet claim that this meal plan will help you lose fat, not muscle. What is the reason for this phenomenon? “The fact is that the protein sirtuin is involved in glucose metabolism,” says Vladimir Rolkov, physician, valeologist. - According to recent studies, the abundance in the human diet of foods with high glycemic index leads to weight gain. If fats still need to be split into components for further processing, then glucose is a simple substance that can easily be stored in reserve. Sirtuin proteins rearrange metabolic processes so that part of the glucose entering the body is immediately sent to the muscles, where it is burned. Of course, you need to understand that simple sugars are utilized on the move or during muscle recovery after strength training. Therefore, without physical activity, sirtuins will not give an effect. "

The second aspect of the action of sirtuin proteins is the prolongation of youth and the prevention of age-related diseases. In this case, proteins work at the genetic level, activating some sections of DNA and turning off those that are not needed at the moment (often these are defective genes that may not have the best effect on metabolism and cause weight gain or the development of age-related diseases) ... “Nowadays there is a lot of talk about the protection and repair of DNA (damage accumulates in it over time) with the help of certain foods,” says Mikhail Gavrilov, Ph.D., author of a patented technique for correcting eating behavior and losing weight, a member of the Institute functional medicine (IFM, USA). - Foods that stimulate the production of sirtuin are just one of them. This protein provides the activity and vitality of genes that are responsible for DNA repair. "

What is the essence of the sirtuin diet

It is based on healthy and delicious food rich in substances that stimulate the production of sirtuin: all leafy and green vegetables, citruses, wild berries (blueberries, strawberries, blueberries), apples, soybeans, olives and olive oil, red onions, red wine and dark chocolate (85%). It is on them that the emphasis should be placed. And from the second week - to supplement the menu with lean animal proteins (preferably fish or seafood, as well as light "milk") and cereals (our favorite buckwheat is in favor).

In total, the diet lasts three weeks. The first of them is the most ascetic. You limit your diet to 1000 kcal per day. Moreover, you can only afford one full meal a day, made up mainly of the above products. Three times a day, you should drink the so-called green juices, rich in sirtuin. You can make them to your liking by combining greens, leafy vegetables and fruits such as apples.

The remaining two weeks are a kind of light version. The calorie content of the diet can be raised to 1500 kcal per day. You will be given three full meals, each of which should contain foods that stimulate the production of sirtuin. Many of these dishes are quite satisfying, such as a salmon steak with vegetables or buckwheat noodles with shrimps and green salad, for dessert - a small slice of dark chocolate. And again, you can't do without sirtuin juice: you need to drink it once a day.

“Often, this diet is positioned in the media as a way to lose weight with red wine and dark chocolate,” comments Katya Tsvetova, nutritionist and athlete in the fitness bikini category. - I also do not prohibit my clients at the stage of restructuring the diet, wine and chocolate. But imagine how many of these foods you can fit into 1000 or even 1500 kcal?

Simple math: 100 grams of chocolate is already over 500 calories. So a piece of this delicacy in this case will be microscopic. Most of the time people who follow this diet sit on vegetables and herbs. "

Pros and cons of the sirtuin diet

By reducing the calorie content of the diet and eating greens, apples, low-fat animal products, you will, of course, lose weight. “If you cut the diet to 1000 calories per day, and even add physical activity, a person will begin to lose weight on any products,” adds Katya Tsvetova. - Even if he drinks one red wine and eats chocolate or something like that. You can't last long on such a diet - it's stress for the body. Therefore, it was limited to a week ”.

It is a mistake to think that with a lack of calories, the body will immediately begin to waste fat reserves. In the first week, you will lose weight mainly by removing excess fluid. The body will receive additional energy in the first few days by breaking down glycogen in muscle tissue. It is easier and faster than extracting it from fat. And only on the fourth or fifth day of the diet, the fats will begin to melt.

Confuses nutritionists and a significant restriction of calorie intake. With such a strong decrease, the body enters a total economy mode, slowing down the speed of all metabolic processes... After increasing the calorie content of the diet, you run the risk of quickly gaining the lost pounds. “Reducing the calorie content of the diet to certain reasonable limits is a guarantee of your harmony and longevity,” explains Mikhail Gavrilov. - Reducing it below certain accepted standards must be agreed with the doctor. I would advise practicing short periods of fasting (16 to 24 hours). This time is enough to remove biological waste from the cell - ballast substances that cause damage and deformation. Such substances, for example, include homocysteine, amyloid peptides, cholesterol and many others. "

The main disadvantage of this food system is short-term. What to do after you have sat on such a diet for three weeks is not clear. The authors of the sirtuin diet suggest using it as needed for recovery and weight correction. “The proposed diet can hardly be called satisfying,” comments Mikhail Gavrilov. - After such diets, breakdowns and the so-called yo-yo effect are inevitable. She will not change eating habits, namely, you should start with their correction if you want to maintain the results of weight loss for a long time. "

Of course, sirtuin products are beneficial for our health and weight maintenance. However, you should not rely only on them if you want to maintain your slimness and youth. Be sure to include them in your diet, but do not forget about the basic rules of good nutrition.