When prescribing a course of therapy not only for gastroenterological diseases, but also for endocrinological diseases, doctors pay great attention to therapeutic nutrition for a reason. A diet for type 2 diabetes is the main way to relieve the symptoms of an exacerbation and normalize the patient's condition, but for this you need to know the lists of allowed foods by heart and eat exclusively safe meals. How to eat for diabetics?

What is type 2 diabetes

If a person's metabolic processes are disturbed and against this background there is a change in the ability of tissues to interact with glucose, which leads to an increase in blood sugar levels, he is faced with a diagnosis of diabetes. This disease is classified by internal changes - the 2nd type is characterized by a defect in insulin secretion, which provokes hyperglycemia. A diet for type 2 diabetes is one of the keys to normalizing sugar levels.

Features and rules of the diet for diabetics

Reduced sensitivity to insulin and high sugar levels already at the initial stage of diabetes require the maximum prevention of the risks of an even greater increase, so the diet is aimed at stabilizing metabolic processes and insulin by reducing glucose synthesis in the liver. Most doctors prescribe a diet based on carbohydrate restriction. Key points of the diet against diabetes:

• Do a large number of meals in small portions.
• Do not exclude any element from BJU, but reduce the proportion of carbohydrates.
• Make up the daily diet according to energy needs - calculate the individual calorie intake.

Diet calorie restriction

Eating with type 2 diabetes can't be starvation, especially if you're exercising - diets based on a severe reduction in daily calorie intake do not help stabilize insulin levels. However, due to the link between overweight and diabetes, you need to achieve a competent reduction in calories: to such an amount of food that will support natural activity. This parameter is calculated according to the basal metabolism formula, but it cannot be lower than 1400 kcal.

Fractional nutrition

Reducing portion sizes also helps to normalize carbohydrate metabolism and stabilize sugar levels: this way the insulin response becomes less pronounced. However, at the same time, the diet requires making meals very frequent in order to prevent starvation. Doctors recommend eating according to the regimen every 2 hours, but the exact interval depends on the rhythm of the patient's life.

Even distribution of meals by calorie content

For a diet for type 2 diabetes, it is advisable to use one of the rules of a classic healthy diet regarding the division of daily calories into several meals. Lunch should be the most satisfying on the diabetic menu - about 35% of all allowable calories. Up to 30% can take breakfast, about 25% is for dinner, and the rest is served as snacks. Additionally, it is worth keeping the calorie content of the dish (main) within 300-400 kcal.

Eliminate simple carbohydrates and limit complex ones

In view of the hyperglycemia that plagues people with type 2 diabetes, the diet menu requires the obligatory destruction of all food that can trigger an insulin surge. Additionally, the need to remove simple carbohydrates and minimize the proportion of complex carbohydrates is explained by the link between diabetes and obesity. From slow carbohydrates, the diabetic diet allows cereals.

Diet cooking methods

Recipes for diabetics imply the rejection of frying, as it will burden the pancreas and negatively affect the functioning of the liver. The main method of heat treatment is cooking, which can be replaced by steaming. Stewing is undesirable, baking is rarely carried out, without fats: vegetables are mainly cooked this way.

Nutrition for type 2 diabetes

Often, doctors recommend that diabetics follow a diet of 9 - this is a Pevzner treatment table that is suitable for everyone, except for people who are in the severe stage of type 2 diabetes: their diet is compiled individually by a specialist. Reducing the calorie content of the menu is achieved by reducing the amount of fats and sugars:

• from dairy products only low-fat cheese (up to 30%), light cottage cheese (4% and below), skim milk are allowed;
• they refuse sweets altogether;
• be sure to take into account the values ​​of the glycemic index and bread unit when compiling the menu.

Why do you need a glycemic index of foods

The role of one of the indicators that determines how fast and strong the production of insulin will be triggered by the food eaten - the glycemic index (GI), nutritionists dispute. According to medical statistics, in diabetic patients who did not focus on the GI tables, but considered the total proportion of carbohydrates, the progression of the disease was not observed. However, for those who are afraid of getting diabetes complications, for their own peace of mind, you should know the glycemic index of staple foods:

What does XE mean and how to determine the carbohydrate component in a product

The diet for type 2 diabetes mellitus involves compliance with the norm of carbohydrates, and the conditional measure of measurement introduced by nutritionists, called the bread unit (XE), helps to calculate it. 1 XE contains about 12-15 g of carbohydrates, which increase the sugar level by 2.8 mmol / l and require 2 units of insulin. The basic principles of nutrition for a person with type 2 diabetes require taking from 18 to 25 XE per day, which are divided as follows:

• Main meals - up to 5 XE.
• Snacks - up to 2 XE.

What foods can not be eaten with diabetes

The diet imposes the main prohibition on sources of simple carbohydrates, alcohol, food that provokes bile secretion and overloads the liver with the pancreas. In the diet of diabetics who have been diagnosed with hyperglycemia (and especially those who are obese), they cannot contain:

1. Confectionery and pastries - provoke a jump in insulin, have a large amount of XE.
2. Jam, honey, some types of sweet fruits (bananas, grapes, dates, raisins), boiled beets, pumpkin - have a high GI.
3. Fat, lard, smoked meats, butter - high calorie content, effect on the pancreas.
4. Spices, pickles, semi-finished products - a load on the liver.

What can you eat

The basis of dietary dishes for diabetes are sources of plant fiber - these are vegetables. Additionally, it is allowed to use mushrooms, and less often add fish and lean meat to the menu (3-5 times a week). Seafood, eggs are allowed daily, be sure to eat fresh herbs, you can create a menu based on vegetable proteins. The list of allowed foods for diabetes looks like this:

• Low GI: mushrooms, cabbage, lettuce, raw carrots, eggplant, green peas, apples, grapefruits, oranges, cherries, strawberries, dried apricots, rye grain bread, 2% milk.
• Medium GI: buckwheat, bran, colored beans, bulgur, canned green peas, brown rice.
• Borderline GI: raw beets, pasta (durum wheat), black bread, potatoes, turnips, boiled corn, mashed peas, oatmeal.

Diet for type 2 diabetics - how to replace the usual products

According to doctors, diet therapy is effective only when the rules are followed strictly, so you need to pay attention even to the little things. If it is indicated that oatmeal should be cooked not from flakes, but from crushed grains, then there are no loopholes here. What other usual diet foods for type 2 diabetes need to be replaced with more useful ones can be understood from the table:

Table number 9 - menu for type 2 diabetes

The classic version of the diet for diabetics involves a balanced diet, which contains up to 350 g of carbohydrates, 100 g of protein and 25 g of vegetable fats. More animals can be added as needed. The basis of the diet is dishes from fresh vegetables, mushrooms, legumes, whole grain cereals. A weekly menu for a diet for type 2 diabetes may look like this:

Recipes for type 2 diabetics

The hardest part of the transition to a healthy diet for people with diabetes is finding delicious recipes that will not be inferior to the usual ones. It is advisable to completely abandon sweets on a diet for type 2 diabetes, and not look for options with sweeteners, especially if the treatment involves very low doses of insulin. For main meals, you will need to compile your own collection of healthy recipes from allowed foods in order to change dishes every week.

Vegetable salad

• Time: 25 minutes.
• Calorie content of the dish: 301 kcal.
• Purpose: for dinner.

The most nutritious vegetable dish is vinaigrette, but to fully comply with the diet on table number 9, you need to slightly modify the classic recipe. Boiled beets are not allowed for diabetics, as it will provoke an increase in insulin, so its amount is reduced as much as possible, or it is administered raw. The composition of the dressing for the diet also needs to be adjusted.

Ingredients:

• potatoes - 150 g;
• beets - 100 g;
• apples - 150 g;
• cucumbers - 100 g;
• carrots - 70 g;
• onions - 30 g;
• olive oil - 1/2 tsp;
• ground white pepper.

Cooking method:

1. Boil potatoes in their skins, peel, cut into cubes.
2. Chop raw beets, cucumbers, carrots and apples in the same way.
3. Scald the onion, cut into half rings.
4. Mix, season, pepper lightly.

Steamed rabbit cutlets

• Time: 40 minutes.
• Calorie content of the dish: 389 kcal.
• Destination: for lunch.

The menu for a diabetic for a week should contain light meat: in addition to chicken and turkey, you can use a rabbit, from which delicious steamed cutlets are obtained. Similarly, they can be made in the oven, or meatballs can be prepared according to the same recipe. It is advisable to serve such cutlets with diabetes with fresh vegetables, if you adhere to the canons of proper nutrition.

Ingredients:

• rabbit meat - 175 g;
• egg 2 cat.;
• rye bread - 25 g;
• skimmed milk - 30 ml;
• salt.

Cooking method:

1. Finely chop the meat, twist twice through a meat grinder or chop in a food processor.
2. Soak the pulp of bread in milk, add to the meat.
3. Add a beaten egg there, salt this mass.
4. Fashion cutlets, put on the grate of a double boiler, pour water down.
5. Cook 25-30 min.

Soup with tomatoes and bell pepper

• Time: 1 hour.
• Calorie content of the dish: 429 kcal.
• Destination: for lunch.

It is impossible to exclude hot liquid food from the diabetic menu, but you need to learn how to cook it correctly. Soups are not made on meat broth (as well as on fish broth) for diabetes mellitus: you need to use vegetable broth, but it is allowed to add cereals (only permitted ones) there. Try not to boil the soup for too long, as this negatively affects the glycemic index of all foods.

Ingredients:

• tomatoes - 450 g;
• leek (head) - 1 pc.;
• garlic (cloves) - 2 pcs.;
• bell pepper - 200 g;
• buckwheat - 30 g;
• water - 1.5 l;
• salt.

Cooking method:

1. After chopping onions in half rings and cubes - washed tomatoes and peppers, put them in a small saucepan or multicooker bowl.
2. Fill with water, simmer for 25 minutes. after boiling or the same amount - in the "extinguishing" mode.
3. Add washed buckwheat and minced garlic, passed through a press. Cook the soup for another 30 minutes. Salt a couple of minutes before serving.

Cranberry juice

• Time: 20 minutes.
• Calorie content of the dish: 451 kcal.
• Purpose: for breakfast.

Doctors do not advise people with diabetes to eat fruits, but some berries are not only allowed foods, but also recommended due to their positive effect on insulin fluctuations. Cranberries are among them. On its basis, you can prepare safe sweet drinks: kissels and compotes, or add it to tea. The easiest way to introduce cranberries into the diet is to make fruit drink.

Ingredients:

• fresh cranberries - 200 g;
• fructose - 100 g;
• water - 1.5 l.

Cooking method:

1. Mash the berries with a crush or wooden spoon, filter.
2. Set aside the juice, and pour the pomace with water and bring to a boil.
3. Filter, mix with juice and fructose.
4. Mix, let cool.

Fish baked in the oven

• Time: 1 hour 45 minutes.
• Calorie content of the dish: 344 kcal.
• Purpose: for dinner.

A low-carbohydrate diet for type 2 diabetes allows you to eat any type of fish several times a week, although doctors mostly advise cod, flounder and trout - used for low-calorie diets. It is allowed to bake fish with diabetes, even breaded, but it is better to cook it with vegetables: zucchini, tomatoes. Citrus juice is used as a sauce.

Ingredients:

• cod - 300 g;
• lime juice - 2 tsp;
• Greek yogurt - 100 g;
• clove of garlic;
• parsley - a bunch;
• cumin - 1 tsp;
• salt - 1 tsp;
• cherry tomatoes - 100 g;
• zucchini - 100 g.

Cooking method:

1. Pour cod fillet with lime juice and yogurt.
2. Sprinkle with salt and cumin, add grated garlic, mix.
3. After an hour, cut into cubes, do the same with zucchini. Cut the tomatoes into quarters.
4. Put in foil, cook at 180 degrees for 35 minutes.

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