During World War II, France was partly occupied by Germany and partly ruled by the loyal German government of Marshal Petain. At the same time, both on the territory of France and beyond its borders, there was a Resistance movement, whose members fought for the liberation of the country. The leader of this movement was General Charles de Gaulle, who by the end of the war had become a national hero. After the liberation of France, he became the head of the interim government.

Developments

1946 g.- adoption of the constitution of the Fourth Republic (1946-1958). De Gaulle advocated a presidential republic with the broadest powers of the president, but in the end a constitution was adopted, according to which France became closer to a parliamentary republic in terms of government, and the power of the president was rather weak. De Gaulle resigned and joined the opposition.

1946 g.- the beginning of the decolonization of France: its protectorates Syria and Lebanon gained independence. Later, France lost almost all of its colonies - in Indochina, Africa, etc.

1954 g.- An anti-French uprising begins in Algeria. Algeria did not have the status of a colony, but of one of the departments of France; a large number of ethnic French lived in it. The struggle was very fierce and split French society into those who were ready to abandon Algeria, and those who were ready to hold onto it at any cost.

1958 g.- at the height of the Algerian crisis, de Gaulle becomes prime minister with extraordinary powers. The constitution of the Fifth Republic was adopted (it is still in force), presidential powers were significantly expanded, in January 1959 de Gaulle became president.

1962 g.- the independence of Algeria is proclaimed.

1966 g.- France leaves NATO. France was one of the founding countries of NATO, but de Gaulle did not like the domination of the United States, under him France strove to pursue an independent foreign policy.

May 1968- mass demonstrations of students and workers, known as Red May. The first to speak were students, many of whom shared leftist ideas; they protested against the general atmosphere of lack of freedom in the country and against de Gaulle personally, who was considered a usurper belonging to the same bygone era. Student demonstrations were dispersed by the police, but soon millions of workers were joining the students, dissatisfied with their situation. The government managed to extinguish the unrest, but de Gaulle's position was shaken; in 1969 he retired. After de Gaulle's resignation and up to the present day, France is distinguished by relative political stability.

October - November 2005- riots in France. After decolonization, many residents of the former colonies (primarily from Africa - both Black and Arab) immigrated to France and received French citizenship. At the same time, the level of their integration into French society turned out to be rather low. This social group is characterized by compact residence in disadvantaged areas and a high level of unemployment. It was in such areas that riots broke out in the fall of 2005, manifested in clashes with the police, arson of cars and shops, pogroms and looting. These events launched another round of discussion about the problems of social integration of migrants.

January 7, 2015- terrorist attack by Islamists on the editorial board of the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, which published, among other things, cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. 12 people were killed, in terms of the number of victims, this terrorist attack is the largest in the history of France. The terrorists' actions sparked multimillion-dollar protests and solidarity with victims around the world (see: Charlie Hebdo).

Conclusion

The post-war history of France, at first associated with a certain instability associated with the processes of decolonization, is further characterized by a fairly stable development and the absence of significant upheavals, with the exception of the events of May 1968. At the moment, the main threats and problems in France are associated with the situation of immigrants from the former French colonies, as well as with Islamist terrorism.

In 1946, the year after the end of the Second World War, the so-called. Fourth republic, which existed until 1958. This period in French history is characterized by economic and industrial recovery associated with the "Marshall Plan" (American financial aid to European countries in exchange for actual dependence in foreign affairs). V 1949 France joined NATO... The same period of time is characterized by the beginning of the fall of colonial France: Syria and Lebanon gained independence. At the same time, France supported the reactionary regime in Indochina, sending its troops there. In 1951, together with the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, France joined the European Coal and Steel Community - the prototype of the European Union (EU).

Rice. 1. Charles de Gaulle ()

V 1958 year a general came to power (see Fig. 1). In the same year, the Constitution was adopted at a referendum (popular vote) Fifth Republic, which significantly expanded the functions of the president. During the reign of de Gaulle, France experienced the collapse of the colonial system. In the 1960s. France has lost almost all of its colonies - Algeria, Tunisia, Chad, Mali, Senegal and others. In 1968, the so-called. " May events". Because of the crisis of overproduction, French youth and students found themselves in a state of mass unemployment, and living conditions worsened. The university campuses were ruled by harsh administrative procedures. In early May 1968, a student demonstration was violently dispersed by the police. The students who went on strike were joined by trade unions, whose members were also in a dire socioeconomic situation. The demonstrations were ruthlessly suppressed by the troops and the police, which further aroused the anger of the strikers and the sympathy of ordinary French people. More and more French people were demanding de Gaulle's resignation and social transformation. Eventually "Red May" initiated the crisis of the Fifth Republic and a year later dismissed President de Gaulle (see Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. "Red May" in Paris ()

V 1969 year came to power Gaullist (de Gaulle's supporter)Georges Pompidou... Started "30th anniversary of prosperity"... Social and economic transformations were carried out, agriculture was modernized, large investments were made in the computerization and informatization of France. In foreign policy, there has been a process of rapprochement between capitalist France and the USSR.

Pompidou's successor 1974 Valerie Giscard d'Estaing became, who continued the modernization of French industry and economy. Special emphasis was placed on development and high-tech programs. In foreign policy, France began to gradually return to the fold of American politics and the North Atlantic alliance - NATO. The second half of the term fell on a strong economic crisis, the result of which was the policy of "austerity", which led to the actual cessation of funding for French territories in tropical Africa and soon their loss.

V 1981 year a socialist was elected the new president of France Francois Mitterrand(see Fig. 3). Under him, an economic upswing began, many social programs were implemented, and a turn towards another rapprochement with the USSR began.

Rice. 3. Francois Mitterrand and Mikhail Gorbachev ()

V 1995 year became the new president Jacques Chirac, in which France returned to the position of Gaullism in foreign policy, i.e. distance from the United States, while remaining in the NATO bloc. In domestic politics, Chirac adhered to liberalism and at the same time allowed himself state intervention in the market.

V 2007 year was elected president of France Nicolas Sarkozy... Under him, France began to play a leading role in European politics. Being, in the context of the outbreak of the economic crisis of 2008, the leading European power, France, along with Germany, were the outposts of EU politics and economy. In foreign policy, France Sarkozy was a staunch supporter of European integration... During the 2008 Georgian-Ossetian conflict, Sarkozy acted as a mediator between the warring parties.

V 2012 year Sarkozy lost presidential elections, giving way to a socialist Francois Hollande(see Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. President of France Hollande ()

Bibliography

1. A. V. Shubin General history. Recent history. 9th grade: textbook. For general education. institutions. - M .: Moscow textbooks, 2010.
2. Soroko-Tsyupa O.S., Soroko-Tsyupa A.O. General history. Recent history, grade 9. - M .: Education, 2010.
3. Sergeev E.Yu. General history. Recent history. Grade 9. - M .: Education, 2011.

Homework

1. Read paragraph 19, pp. 197-200 of the textbook by Shubin A.V., and answer question 4 on p. 202.
2. Why was French foreign policy aimed at maneuvering between the USSR and the USA?
3. How can you explain the events of "Red May"?

1. Internet portal Coldwar.ru ().
2. Internet portal Marksist.blox.u / ().
3. Expert ().

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France in the late 19th - early 20th centuries remained a country where agriculture took precedence over industry, and handicrafts and small enterprises took precedence over large factories. Banking capital, interest on bank deposits, small property - movable and immovable - are characteristic features of the French economy.

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At the beginning of the XX century. there was a certain revival in the economic life of France. A new metallurgical base developed rapidly in the eastern regions and in the north. From 1903 to 1913, iron ore production tripled. However, most of the ore was consumed not by French, but by German metallurgy. The former main metallurgical base of France in the central massif, in the Saone-et-Loire region, was in decline. France ranked second in the world (after the United States) in car production, but French mechanical engineering continued to grow very slowly, and 80% of all machine tools were imported from abroad.

4 slide

Schneider's firm owned not only the largest military factories in Europe, but also mines, steel plants and other enterprises in different regions of France. French railways were monopolized by six railroad companies.

5 slide

In 1912, one enterprise in France, on average, had more than half the number of workers than in Germany. More than a third of the entire French proletariat was employed in the textile industry, in the production of luxury goods and fashion; these industries were dominated by small businesses, work from home. One of the factors that hindered the development of French industry was the poverty of coal resources.

6 slide

But the main reason for the comparative backwardness of French industry lay in the French economy, in which usurious capital played an important role. French banks exported capital on a grand scale, placing it in government and communal loans of foreign powers. The appearance of the "rentier" layer

7 slide

In terms of the export of capital, France ranked second in the world after England. France possessed a huge colonial empire, second only in size to the English one.

8 slide

The 11-hour workday law, first introduced for women and children, was extended to include men in 1900, but the government's promise to switch to a 10-hour day in a few years was not fulfilled. Only in 1906 was the mandatory weekly rest finally established. France also lagged behind a number of Western European countries in the area of ​​social security.

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The parliamentary elections of 1902 brought victory to the radicals (who then called themselves radical socialists), and the new cabinet headed by E. Combe decided to put the fight against clericalism at the center of political life

12 slide

In 1905, parliament passed a law that finally separated the church from the state. The coalition of radicals and socialists that held out at the helm of power from 1899 to 1905 was called the Republican Bloc. This was the time of the highest prosperity of the country's economy.

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In 1906, Georges Clemenceau became prime minister, who launched a broad program of social reforms, including the introduction of an 8-hour working day. However, after parliament rejected all his proposals, Clemenceau split the radical party and subsequently surprised French society more than once with the brutal suppression of workers' protests and an aggressive foreign policy.

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Tell us about the main features of the economic development of Great Britain in the late 19th century The struggle of conservatives and liberals for power, reforms. How and why did the Labor Party emerge in England? Tell us how the British Empire was created. The problem of Ireland at the end. 19th century

France in room 19 - present 20 at 15.11.2010

Economic development Political system, Party reforms, labor movement Foreign policy

Economic development The pace of economic development is slowing down. France comes out on the 4th place after England, France and the USA. Export of industrial goods and export of light industry and luxury goods. France remained an agro-industrial country. 70% of the population is the peasantry. Large corporations and monopolies were created - about 200 families became the masters of the country. Export of capital to other countries - France in 1st place

Political system, reforms 1875 - Constitution adopted. The Third Republic was established Legislative power National Assembly - Parliament Senate Chamber of Deputies Elected by men from 40 to 9 years Elected by men from 21 to 4 years Executive power: President and ministers

French Republic, 1880

Political system, reforms REFORMS: 1879 - praise of the 1789 revolution. Freedom of the press and assembly. Political propaganda allowed. 1884 - permission of trade unions and strikes from 1902 to 1906. - separation of church from state and school, pension from 65 years, labor legislation

Alfred Dreyfus

Parties, the labor movement The peculiarity of France is a multi-party system. RADICALS - Republicans (Georges Clemenceau). Goal - "no reaction, no revolution") 1880 - created the workers 'party of France (Jules Guesde and Paul Lafargue) 1905 - the creation of a united workers' party (Jean Jaures) In the 90s. - strikes and demonstrations of workers and terrorist actions of anarchists

Georges Clemenceau

Jules Guesde Jean Jaures

Foreign policy PURPOSE: the seizure of new colonies 1881 - the seizure of Algeria and Tunisia End of the twentieth century. - Morocco In West Africa - Senegal, Dahomey, Sudan, Mauritania A huge colonial empire was created. Result - there are contradictions with England and Germany

Homework Paragraph 21

On the subject: methodological developments, presentations and notes

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Purpose: to conduct a comparative - comparative analysis of public authorities under the influence of the work of the State Duma in 1906-1917. and 1994-2013 ...

Synopsis of the history lesson "Strengthening of royal power at the end of the 15th century in England and France."

Training lesson: "Strengthening royal power at the end of the 15th century in England and France." The purpose and objectives of the lesson: 1. Lead students to understand the meaning of centralized education ...

He was against the revival of the pre-war parliamentary republic. He was against the revival of the pre-war parliamentary republic. He adhered to authoritarian, right-reformist and nationalist ideas (Gaullism) Adhered to authoritarian, right-reformist and nationalist ideas (Gaullism) Pursued a consistent course of domestic and foreign policy, the main idea of ​​which was the restoration of the “greatness of France”, overcoming the socio-psychological consequences of the 1940 national catastrophe. international positions of the country. He pursued a consistent course of domestic and foreign policy, the main idea of ​​which was the restoration of the "greatness of France", overcoming the socio-psychological consequences of the national catastrophe of 1940, and strengthening the country's international positions. Created a stable, maneuverable and manageable power system. Created a stable, maneuverable and manageable power system. He defended independence and sought equal participation in the three Western leaders (USA, France, Great Britain). He defended independence and sought equal participation in the three Western leaders (USA, France, Great Britain). He resigned in 1969. In 1969 he resigned. Charles de Gaulle () - French statesman and military leader, the first president of the fifth republic.

Valery Giscard Desten () Represented the liberal movement Represented the liberal movement Initiated a series of reforms and repeatedly raised the minimum wage. He initiated a number of reforms and repeatedly raised the minimum wage. Reduced the electoral qualification from 20 to 18 years. Reduced the electoral qualification from 20 to 18 years. François Mitterrand () Leader of the socialist parties. Leader of the socialist parties. Implemented the Joint Program of the Socialist Government with the participation of several ministers from the PCF nationalized 10 largest industrial and financial corporations. Implemented the Joint Program of the Socialist Government with the participation of several ministers from the PCF nationalized 10 largest industrial and financial corporations. Under him, the socialists abandoned the strategy of "breaking with capitalism" and entered the mixed economy. Under him, the socialists abandoned the strategy of breaking with capitalism and joined the mixed economy. Jacques Chirac () From 1977 to 1995 was mayor of Paris. From 1977 to 1995 he was mayor of Paris. Became president with the slogan "France for all." Became president with the slogan "France for all." His program included "leftist" theses on the fight against social inequality and unemployment. His program included "leftist" theses on the fight against social inequality and unemployment. He continued the policy of the right in the field of privatization, which was combined with an active social policy. He continued the policy of the right in the field of privatization, which was combined with an active social policy. France after the Gaulish era

A broad program of economic modernization was carried out, a deep restructuring of the economy, raising the efficiency and productivity of labor. A broad program of economic modernization was carried out, a deep restructuring of the economy, raising the efficiency and productivity of labor. Students went on strike in May, demanding higher scholarships and university reform. Soon workers who wanted to raise wages stood up for them. Students went on strike in May, demanding higher scholarships and university reform. Soon workers who wanted to raise wages stood up for them. Because of the strikes, the traditional system of values ​​in society collapsed. Because of the strikes, the traditional system of values ​​in society collapsed. A number of social reforms have been carried out: the period of paid leave has been increased, a 39-hour working week has been introduced, and a tax on large fortunes has been established. A number of social reforms have been carried out: the period of paid leave has been increased, a 39-hour working week has been introduced, and a tax on large fortunes has been established. Fighting unemployment, reviving the economy and expanding effective demand. Fighting unemployment, reviving the economy and expanding effective demand. Rapprochement of the positions of the main political forces of France. Rapprochement of the positions of the main political forces of France. Domestic policy

The French governments fought colonial wars in Vietnam and Algeria, seeing the preservation of the empire as a way to revive France's national prestige and greatness, but the wars drained the country economically and split society politically. The French governments fought colonial wars in Vietnam and Algeria, seeing the preservation of the empire as a way to revive France's national prestige and greatness, but the wars drained the country economically and split society politically. After the wars, France paid special attention to security issues. After the wars, France paid special attention to security issues. During the Gaullist period, its own triads of nuclear forces were created, French troops were withdrawn from NATO military command. During the Gaullist period, its own triads of nuclear forces were created, French troops were withdrawn from NATO military command. Development of strategic partnership with West Germany and activation of European integration within the European Community. Development of strategic partnership with West Germany and activation of European integration within the European Community. Rapprochement of France with the USA and NATO. Rapprochement of France with the USA and NATO. Paris called for the enlargement of the European Community with new members. Paris called for the enlargement of the European Community with new members. The European Union of 15 European states was created with a single currency and free movement within the Union of capital, goods, people, as well as elements of defense and foreign policy. The European Union of 15 European states was created with a single currency and free movement within the Union of capital, goods, people, as well as elements of defense and foreign policy. Foreign policy

During World War II, France was partly occupied by Germany and partly ruled by the loyal German government of Marshal Petain. At the same time, both on the territory of France and beyond its borders, there was a Resistance movement, whose members fought for the liberation of the country. The leader of this movement was General Charles de Gaulle, who by the end of the war had become a national hero. After the liberation of France, he became the head of the interim government.

Developments

1946 g.- adoption of the constitution of the Fourth Republic (1946-1958). De Gaulle advocated a presidential republic with the broadest powers of the president, but in the end a constitution was adopted, according to which France became closer to a parliamentary republic in terms of government, and the power of the president was rather weak. De Gaulle resigned and joined the opposition.

1946 g.- the beginning of the decolonization of France: its protectorates Syria and Lebanon gained independence. Later, France lost almost all of its colonies - in Indochina, Africa, etc.

1954 g.- An anti-French uprising begins in Algeria. Algeria did not have the status of a colony, but of one of the departments of France; a large number of ethnic French lived in it. The struggle was very fierce and split French society into those who were ready to abandon Algeria, and those who were ready to hold onto it at any cost.

1958 g.- at the height of the Algerian crisis, de Gaulle becomes prime minister with extraordinary powers. The constitution of the Fifth Republic was adopted (it is still in force), presidential powers were significantly expanded, in January 1959 de Gaulle became president.

1962 g.- the independence of Algeria is proclaimed.

1966 g.- France leaves NATO. France was one of the founding countries of NATO, but de Gaulle did not like the domination of the United States, under him France strove to pursue an independent foreign policy.

May 1968- mass demonstrations of students and workers, known as Red May. The first to speak were students, many of whom shared leftist ideas; they protested against the general atmosphere of lack of freedom in the country and against de Gaulle personally, who was considered a usurper belonging to the same bygone era. Student demonstrations were dispersed by the police, but soon millions of workers were joining the students, dissatisfied with their situation. The government managed to extinguish the unrest, but de Gaulle's position was shaken; in 1969 he retired. After de Gaulle's resignation and up to the present day, France is distinguished by relative political stability.

October - November 2005- riots in France. After decolonization, many residents of the former colonies (primarily from Africa - both Black and Arab) immigrated to France and received French citizenship. At the same time, the level of their integration into French society turned out to be rather low. This social group is characterized by compact residence in disadvantaged areas and a high level of unemployment. It was in such areas that riots broke out in the fall of 2005, manifested in clashes with the police, arson of cars and shops, pogroms and looting. These events launched another round of discussion about the problems of social integration of migrants.

January 7, 2015- terrorist attack by Islamists on the editorial board of the satirical magazine Charlie Hebdo, which published, among other things, cartoons of the Prophet Muhammad. 12 people were killed, in terms of the number of victims, this terrorist attack is the largest in the history of France. The terrorists' actions sparked multimillion-dollar protests and solidarity with victims around the world (see: Charlie Hebdo).

Conclusion

The post-war history of France, at first associated with a certain instability associated with the processes of decolonization, is further characterized by a fairly stable development and the absence of significant upheavals, with the exception of the events of May 1968. At the moment, the main threats and problems in France are associated with the situation of immigrants from the former French colonies, as well as with Islamist terrorism.

In 1946, the year after the end of the Second World War, the so-called. Fourth republic, which existed until 1958. This period in French history is characterized by economic and industrial recovery associated with the "Marshall Plan" (American financial aid to European countries in exchange for actual dependence in foreign affairs). V 1949 France joined NATO... The same period of time is characterized by the beginning of the fall of colonial France: Syria and Lebanon gained independence. At the same time, France supported the reactionary regime in Indochina, sending its troops there. In 1951, together with the Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, France joined the European Coal and Steel Community - the prototype of the European Union (EU).

Rice. 1. Charles de Gaulle ()

V 1958 year a general came to power (see Fig. 1). In the same year, the Constitution was adopted at a referendum (popular vote) Fifth Republic, which significantly expanded the functions of the president. During the reign of de Gaulle, France experienced the collapse of the colonial system. In the 1960s. France has lost almost all of its colonies - Algeria, Tunisia, Chad, Mali, Senegal and others. In 1968, the so-called. " May events". Because of the crisis of overproduction, French youth and students found themselves in a state of mass unemployment, and living conditions worsened. The university campuses were ruled by harsh administrative procedures. In early May 1968, a student demonstration was violently dispersed by the police. The students who went on strike were joined by trade unions, whose members were also in a dire socioeconomic situation. The demonstrations were ruthlessly suppressed by the troops and the police, which further aroused the anger of the strikers and the sympathy of ordinary French people. More and more French people were demanding de Gaulle's resignation and social transformation. Eventually "Red May" initiated the crisis of the Fifth Republic and a year later dismissed President de Gaulle (see Fig. 2).

Rice. 2. "Red May" in Paris ()

V 1969 year came to power Gaullist (de Gaulle's supporter)Georges Pompidou... Started "30th anniversary of prosperity"... Social and economic transformations were carried out, agriculture was modernized, large investments were made in the computerization and informatization of France. In foreign policy, there has been a process of rapprochement between capitalist France and the USSR.

Pompidou's successor 1974 Valerie Giscard d'Estaing became, who continued the modernization of French industry and economy. Special emphasis was placed on development and high-tech programs. In foreign policy, France began to gradually return to the fold of American politics and the North Atlantic alliance - NATO. The second half of the term fell on a strong economic crisis, the result of which was the policy of "austerity", which led to the actual cessation of funding for French territories in tropical Africa and soon their loss.

V 1981 year a socialist was elected the new president of France Francois Mitterrand(see Fig. 3). Under him, an economic upswing began, many social programs were implemented, and a turn towards another rapprochement with the USSR began.

Rice. 3. Francois Mitterrand and Mikhail Gorbachev ()

V 1995 year became the new president Jacques Chirac, in which France returned to the position of Gaullism in foreign policy, i.e. distance from the United States, while remaining in the NATO bloc. In domestic politics, Chirac adhered to liberalism and at the same time allowed himself state intervention in the market.

V 2007 year was elected president of France Nicolas Sarkozy... Under him, France began to play a leading role in European politics. Being, in the context of the outbreak of the economic crisis of 2008, the leading European power, France, along with Germany, were the outposts of EU politics and economy. In foreign policy, France Sarkozy was a staunch supporter of European integration... During the 2008 Georgian-Ossetian conflict, Sarkozy acted as a mediator between the warring parties.

V 2012 year Sarkozy lost presidential elections, giving way to a socialist Francois Hollande(see Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. President of France Hollande ()

Bibliography

1. A. V. Shubin General history. Recent history. 9th grade: textbook. For general education. institutions. - M .: Moscow textbooks, 2010.
2. Soroko-Tsyupa O.S., Soroko-Tsyupa A.O. General history. Recent history, grade 9. - M .: Education, 2010.
3. Sergeev E.Yu. General history. Recent history. Grade 9. - M .: Education, 2011.

Homework

1. Read paragraph 19, pp. 197-200 of the textbook by Shubin A.V., and answer question 4 on p. 202.
2. Why was French foreign policy aimed at maneuvering between the USSR and the USA?
3. How can you explain the events of "Red May"?

1. Internet portal Coldwar.ru ().
2. Internet portal Marksist.blox.u / ().
3. Expert ().