Presentation for the lesson: Domestic policy of Nicholas I. presentation for a history lesson (grade 8) on the topic. The reign of Nicholas I presentation for a history lesson (Grade 10) on the topic Personality of Nicholas I
Internal
politics
Nicholas I
MBOU secondary school No. 2 of the city of Kuznetsk, Penza region
Gravcheva Valentina Vladimirovna, history teacher
PLAN
- The beginning of the reign of Nicholas I.
- Strengthening autocratic power 3. Codification of laws. 4. The fight against revolutionary sentiments. 5. Attempt to solve the peasant question. 6. State and Church
- Third son of Paul I
- Received a good education at home, but did not show much zeal for study
- good at drawing
- Sincerely believed in God
- Howled an excellent psychologist.
- He did not recognize the humanities, but he was well versed in the art of war, was fond of fortification, was familiar with engineering
- Well versed in theater and painting
- He returned Pushkin from exile and became his personal censor.
- He personally interrogated the arrested Decembrists, "split" almost all
Nicholas I
1896-1825-1855
Reign of Nicholas I (1825-1855)
- "APOGEE OF AUTHORITY" - the most full manifestation absolutism, the unlimited power of the monarch in all spheres of public and political life.
* strict centralization of the state system;
* full unity of command at all levels of management,
* unconditional subordination of the lower to the higher.
Despite the defeat of the Decembrists, Nicholas I was under strong impression from this event. Fearing a repetition of such speeches, he, on the one hand, stepped up countermeasures against possible conspiracies, and on the other hand, he took steps to carefully continue reforms that would help relieve tensions in society.
- Despite the defeat of the Decembrists, Nicholas I was strongly impressed by this event. Fearing a repetition of such speeches, he, on the one hand, stepped up countermeasures against possible conspiracies, and on the other hand, he took steps to carefully continue reforms that would help relieve tensions in society.
Policy controversy
Constant struggle against the revolutionary movement, persecution of everything advanced and progressive
An attempt to carry out activities that would eradicate the shortcomings of the existing system and solve the most pressing problems
Strengthening autocratic power
His Imperial Majesty's own chancellery.
prepared papers for reports to the king
to codify laws
body of political investigation
hands educational institutions
for the reform of state peasants
to manage the Transcaucasus
In December 1826, a secret committee was created under the leadership of the reformer Kochubey, who was instructed to draw up a draft state reform. The committee failed to do so.
- In December 1826, a secret committee was created under the leadership of the reformer Kochubey, who was instructed to draw up a draft state reform. The committee failed to do so.
V.P. Kochubey
CODIFICATION- a form of systematization of legislation, the result of which is the drawing up of a new consolidated act.Mikhail Mikhailovich Speransky
1832
"Complete collection of laws
1833
"Code of laws
Russian Empire"
Nicholas I presents the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called to M. Speransky
The fight against revolutionary sentiment
A.H. Benkendorf
Creation of the Third Branch of H.I.V. office
Corps of gendarmes - body of political investigation
censorship charter
Prohibition to admit serfs to gymnasiums and universities
Doc. on page 69
The theory of official nationality
The only possible form of government for Russia
Deep religiosity of the Russian people
Spiritual connection of the people with the monarch
Autocracy
Orthodoxy
Nationality
Reform of the state peasants
Make the peasants fit
Show landowners an example of management
Pavel Dmitrievich Kiselev
Reform of the state peasants
- the introduction of peasant self-government;
- allotment of small-land peasants with land;
- streamlining taxation;
- road construction, increasing the number schools and health centers
- created a "public plowing" in case of crop failures
- with a lack of land, peasants were relocated to free lands
How was the issue of serfdom resolved?
Decree on "obliged peasants"
The right of landlords to voluntarily end the personal dependence of peasants
Providing peasants with land plots in hereditary possession in exchange for the preservation of duties
Serfs received the right to redeem freedom if the landlord's estate is put up for sale
Serfs could buy uninhabited land
How did Nicholas I feel about serfdom? Why didn't he free the peasants? “Serfdom in its current state with us is an evil for everyone, tangible and obvious; but to touch him now would be evil, of course even more destructive.
Nicholas I
Orthodoxy is the "primary and dominant" faith in Russia, the basis of imperial power.- The synod is the governing body of the church. The head of the Synod - the chief prosecutor - was appointed to the post by the emperor.
- A diocese is an ecclesiastical area. Local church administration was carried out by bishops, archbishops, metropolitans.
- The elders were highly respected. One of them was the monk of the Sarov Monastery Seraphim (1760-1833).
- The fight against the old believers continued
Reverend Seraphim of Sarov
Church and State
- What character was the internal policy of Nicholas I: liberal or conservative?
- § 10 (questions and tasks on pages 68-69)
- Working with Documents on pages 69-70
Homework
What was the main feature of the reign of Nicholas I? 1) the weakening of the centralization of government of the country 2) the introduction of freedom of speech and the press 3) the reliance of power on representatives of the third estate 4) the expansion of the functions of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery
REPEAT!
1) strengthening control over the spiritual life of society 1) strengthening control over the spiritual life of society 2) the gradual elimination of vestiges of class 3) reducing the bureaucracy 4) strengthening serfdom
What was the main feature of the reign of Nicholas I?
The government of Nicholas I intended to cope with the revolutionary influence of the West with the help of: 1) new legislation 2) the closure of all universities 3) a new censorship charter 4) reforming absolutism into a constitutional monarchy What did the measures of Nicholas I in the field of education and the press lead to? 1) to increase the number of newspapers and magazines in Russia 2) to increase the influence of the ideas of Western European thinkers 3) to limit the opportunity to get an education for serfs 4) to the final destruction of liberation ideas in Russia Nicholas I declared: "Russia is ruled by head clerks." This indicated that during his reign: 1) the influence of officials increased 2) the nutrition of the general population improved 3) the role of progressive statesmen increased 4) the income of the state treasury increased Exercise: find the error in the document.
- From the Decree on the Establishment of the III Division of His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery (July 3, 1826). The terms of reference of the new institution included: “1) All orders in all cases of the higher police; 2) information about the number of different sects existing in the state...; 3) news about discoveries on counterfeit banknotes, coins…; 4) detailed information about all people who are under police supervision ...; 5) the establishment of shelters, homes for the disabled and other charitable institutions ...; 6) expulsion and placement of suspicious and harmful people; 7) management ... of all places of detention ...; 8) all resolutions and orders about foreigners living in Russia ...; 9) statistical information relating to the police; 10) supervision of gymnasiums and universities.
Answer: paragraphs 5 and 10 to the competence of the III Division were not included.
Thanks to all
for the lesson!
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Slides captions:
Domestic policy of Nicholas I. Lesson on the history of Russia Grade 8. Teacher: Lavrushko O.A.
a brief description of Nicholas I. Born in 1796, as he had two older brothers Alexander and Konstantin, he never prepared to take the throne. Nikolai Pavlovich was educated at home - teachers were assigned to him and his brother Mikhail. But Nikolai did not show much zeal for study. He did not recognize the humanities, but he was well versed in the art of war, was fond of fortification, and was familiar with engineering. According to V. A. Mukhanov, Nikolai Pavlovich, having completed his education, was himself horrified by his ignorance and after the wedding he tried to fill this gap, but the conditions of a scattered life, the predominance of military occupations and the bright joys of family life distracted him from constant office work.
Dynastic crisis of 1825. In 1820, Emperor Alexander I informed his brother Nikolai Pavlovich and his wife that the heir to the throne, their brother Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, intended to renounce his right, so Nikolai would become the heir as the next brother in seniority. In 1823, Konstantin formally renounced his rights to the throne, as he had no children, was divorced and married a second marriage to the Polish Countess Grudzinskaya. On August 16, 1823, Alexander I signed a secretly drawn up manifesto, which approved the abdication of Konstantin Pavlovich and approved Nikolai Pavlovich as the heir to the throne. On December 12, 1825, unable to convince Konstantin to take the throne and having received his final refusal (albeit without a formal act of renunciation), Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich decided to accept the throne in accordance with the will of Alexander I.
Investigation and trial of the Decembrists: 579 people were involved in the investigation and trial. The process took place in the strictest secrecy, the work of the commission of inquiry was headed by the emperor himself. On July 13, 1826, five participants in the uprising: Pestel, Muraviev-Apostol, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovsky and Ryleev were executed in the Peter and Paul Fortress, more than a hundred people were exiled to hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia.
The fight against the revolutionary movement: In 1826, the III branch of the imperial office was created, under which was the corps of gendarmes, headed by A.Kh. Benkendorf. In 1826, a new censorship charter was adopted, called "cast iron" by contemporaries.
Measures to strengthen public administration: In 1826, M.M. Speransky was instructed to carry out the codification of Russian legislation. He managed to do this within 5 years: in 1832 the "Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire" was published in 45 volumes, and in 1833 - the Code of current laws. The government took a number of measures to support the nobility, which led to an increase in the authority and role of the nobility in Russia.
Peasant question: In 1837-1841, P.D. Kiselev carried out a reform of the state peasants, introducing peasant self-government. In 1842, a decree “On obligated peasants” was issued, according to which the landowner could release his peasants with the provision of allotments for hereditary use, but with the performance of certain duties. In 1847-1848, the peasants received the right to redeem themselves for freedom and acquire uninhabited lands and buildings. The landlords were forbidden to exile peasants to Siberia and sell them without land.
Financial Reform. Practical activity of E.F. Cancrina, extremely versatile. The streamlining of the Russian monetary system, the strengthening of protectionism and the improvement of state reporting and accounting are associated with his name. The monetary reform of 1839-1843 consisted in the fact that banknotes, first issued in Russia under Catherine II, were fixed in the silver unit that existed since 1810 (3 rubles 50 kopecks in banknotes = 1 silver ruble). From June 1, 1843, banknotes and other paper signs began to be exchanged for "state credit notes", which, in turn, were exchangeable for hard cash. The whole reform was carried out with great care and gradualness.
Policy in the field of education and culture: It was forbidden to accept serfs in secondary and higher educational institutions, however, it was under Nicholas I in 1828 that the main pedagogical institute was reopened in St. Petersburg. A number of higher technical and special schools were founded: in 1828 the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg, in 1832 the School of Civil Engineers, in 1835 the School of Law, in 1840 the Gory-Goretsky Agricultural School, in 1844 the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute in Moscow, in 1830 a veterinary school in Kharkov, in 1848 - in Dorpat. There were facts showing the personal participation of Nicholas I in the development of the arts: In September 1826, Nicholas received Pushkin, who had been released by him from Mikhailov's exile, and saved the poet from general censorship (he decided to censor his writings himself), support from the Alexandrinsky Theater. Nicholas I had both literary taste and civic courage to defend The Inspector General and, after the first performance, say: “Everyone got it - and most of all to ME.” However, it was Nikolai who ordered Lermontov to be exiled to the Caucasus. By order of the tsar, the magazines European, Moscow Telegraph, Telescope were closed, P. Chaadaev was persecuted, and F. Schiller was banned from staging in Russia.
The main directions of the internal policy of Nicholas I. Strengthening the autocracy and the state apparatus; Peasant question; Fight against the revolutionary movement.
Contemporaries about Nicholas I: “Deeply sincere in his convictions, often heroic and great in his devotion to the cause in which he saw the mission entrusted to him by providence, it can be said that Nicholas I was a donquixote of autocracy, a terrible and malicious donquixote, because possessed an omnipotence that allowed him to subordinate everything to his fanatical and outdated theory and trample underfoot the most legitimate aspirations and rights of his age. That is why this man, who combined with the soul of a generous and chivalrous character of rare nobility and honesty, a warm and tender heart and an exalted and enlightened mind, although devoid of breadth, that is why this man could be a tyrant and despot for Russia during his 30-year reign who systematically stifled every manifestation of initiative and life in the country he ruled. - A.F. Tyutcheva. “He has a lot of ensign and a little Peter the Great,” Pushkin wrote about Nikolai in his diary on May 21, 1834; “His mind is not processed, his upbringing was careless,” Queen Victoria wrote about Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich in 1844.
slide 2
Lesson plan.
1. Personality of Nicholas I. 2. Strengthening the state apparatus. 3.Strengthening the social support of autocracy. 4. Agrarian reform P. Kisele-va. 5. State and church. 6. Political reaction.
slide 3
Lesson assignment.
Prove that the domestic policy of Nicholas I was reactionary?
slide 4
1. Personality of Nicholas I.
Nicholas I. The 3rd son of Paul I was born in 1796. He was not prepared to govern the country, so Nicholas' educator Count Lamzdorf focused on military games. Therefore, the emperor valued diligence and humility. Having proclaimed the task of preserving the autocracy in unshakable state, he also understood the need for reforms. Nicholas I.
slide 5
2.Strengthening the state apparatus.
At the beginning of his reign, the tsar personally decided most of the issues. His office began to replace the cabinet ministers. In 1826, he instructed the 1st department, headed by Speransky, to prepare a unified code of laws of the country. In 1832, the 1st volume appeared.
slide 6
3.Strengthening the social support of the autocracy.
To strengthen his social support, Nikolai forbade the splitting of large estates during inheritance - they were transferred to the eldest in the family. According to the school charter of 1828, only children of nobles could be admitted to secondary and higher educational institutions. Participation in the elections of bodies of noble self-government was limited to a property qualification. Nicholas I. Engraving of the 19th century.
Slide 7
4. Agrarian reform P. Kiselev.
In 1837, P. Kiselev began the reform of the state peasants: -schools, hospitals appeared in the villages, with a lack of land, the peasants were relocated to free lands, a "public plowing" was created in case of crop failures, it was forbidden to sell serfs for debts and separation of families, The liberation of serfs without land was allowed. Count P.D. Kiselev
Slide 8
5. State and church.
From the time of Peter, Orthodoxy was considered the basis of imperial power, and the emperor was the actual head of the church - the members of the Synod were appointed by the monarch. Other religions were allowed if they recognized the existing order, and the transition to Orthodoxy was encouraged. O. de Montferrand St. Isaac's Cathedral. The Old Believers, persecuted by the state and the church, split into “priests” and “non-priests”. Nikolai supported the destruction of the Old Believer monasteries, but in 1846 the Metropolitan of Bosno-Sarajevo went over to the Old Believers, and hundreds of thousands of Old Believers of the so-called Belokrinitskaya church became his followers.
Slide 9
6. Political reaction.
The most important direction of domestic policy was the fight against any opposition currents. Section III, established in 1826, followed the mindset of the population. The gendarme corps was also repaired for it. In 1826, the Censorship Charter was adopted. All printed publications and programs in educational institutions of all levels were subject to censorship. Count A.H. Benkendorf
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Presentation on the topic: Domestic policy of Nicholas I
slide number 1
Description of the slide:
slide number 2
Description of the slide:
Brief description of Nicholas I. Born in 1796, as he had two older brothers Alexander and Constantine, he never prepared to take the throne. Nikolai Pavlovich was educated at home - teachers were assigned to him and his brother Mikhail. But Nikolai did not show much zeal for study. He did not recognize the humanities, but he was well versed in the art of war, was fond of fortification, and was familiar with engineering. According to V. A. Mukhanov, Nikolai Pavlovich, having completed his education, was himself horrified by his ignorance and after the wedding he tried to fill this gap, but the conditions of a scattered life, the predominance of military occupations and the bright joys of family life distracted him from constant office work.
slide number 3
Description of the slide:
Dynastic crisis of 1825. In 1820, Emperor Alexander I informed his brother Nikolai Pavlovich and his wife that the heir to the throne, their brother Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich, intended to renounce his right, so Nikolai would become the heir as the next brother in seniority. In 1823, Konstantin formally renounced his rights to the throne, as he had no children, was divorced and married a second marriage to the Polish Countess Grudzinskaya. On August 16, 1823, Alexander I signed a secretly drawn up manifesto, which approved the abdication of Konstantin Pavlovich and approved Nikolai Pavlovich as the heir to the throne. On December 12, 1825, unable to convince Konstantin to take the throne and having received his final refusal (albeit without a formal act of renunciation), Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich decided to accept the throne in accordance with the will of Alexander I.
slide number 4
Description of the slide:
Investigation and trial of the Decembrists: 579 people were involved in the investigation and trial. The process took place in the strictest secrecy, the work of the commission of inquiry was headed by the emperor himself. On July 13, 1826, five participants in the uprising: Pestel, Muraviev-Apostol, Bestuzhev-Ryumin, Kakhovsky and Ryleev were executed in the Peter and Paul Fortress, more than a hundred people were exiled to hard labor and eternal settlement in Siberia.
slide number 5
Description of the slide:
The fight against the revolutionary movement: In 1826, the III branch of the imperial office was created, under which was the corps of gendarmes, headed by A.Kh. Benkendorf. In 1826, a new censorship charter was adopted, called "cast iron" by contemporaries.
slide number 6
Description of the slide:
Measures to strengthen public administration: In 1826, M.M. Speransky was instructed to carry out the codification of Russian legislation. He managed to do this within 5 years: in 1832 the "Complete collection of laws of the Russian Empire" was published in 45 volumes, and in 1833 - the Code of current laws. The government took a number of measures to support the nobility, which led to an increase in the authority and role of the nobility in Russia.
slide number 7
Description of the slide:
Peasant question: In 1837-1841, P.D. Kiselev carried out a reform of the state peasants, introducing peasant self-government. In 1837-1841 P.D. Kiselev carried out a reform of the state peasants, introducing peasant self-government. In 1842, a decree “On obligated peasants” was issued, according to which the landowner could release his peasants with the provision of allotments for hereditary use, but with the performance of certain duties. In 1847-1848, the peasants received the right to redeem themselves for freedom and acquire uninhabited lands and buildings. The landlords were forbidden to exile peasants to Siberia and sell them without land.
slide number 8
Description of the slide:
Financial Reform Practical activity of E.F. Cancrina, extremely versatile. The streamlining of the Russian monetary system, the strengthening of protectionism and the improvement of state reporting and accounting are associated with his name. The monetary reform of 1839-1843 consisted in the fact that banknotes, first issued in Russia under Catherine II, were fixed in the silver unit that existed since 1810 (3 rubles 50 kopecks in banknotes = 1 silver ruble). From June 1, 1843, banknotes and other paper signs began to be exchanged for "state credit notes", which, in turn, were exchangeable for hard cash. The whole reform was carried out with great care and gradualness.
slide number 9
Description of the slide:
Policy in the field of education and culture: It was forbidden to accept serfs in secondary and higher educational institutions, however, it was under Nicholas I in 1828 that the main pedagogical institute was reopened in St. Petersburg. A number of higher technical and special schools were founded: in 1828 the Technological Institute in St. Petersburg, in 1832 the School of Civil Engineers, in 1835 the School of Law, in 1840 the Gory-Goretsky Agricultural School, in 1844 the Konstantinovsky Land Survey Institute in Moscow, in 1830 a veterinary school in Kharkov, in 1848 - in Dorpat. There were facts showing the personal participation of Nicholas I in the development of the arts: In September 1826, Nicholas received Pushkin, who had been released by him from Mikhailov's exile, and saved the poet from general censorship (he decided to censor his writings himself), support from the Alexandrinsky Theater. Nicholas I had both literary taste and civic courage to defend The Inspector General and, after the first performance, say: “Everyone got it - and most of all to ME.” However, it was Nikolai who ordered Lermontov to be exiled to the Caucasus. By order of the tsar, the magazines European, Moscow Telegraph, Telescope were closed, P. Chaadaev was persecuted, and F. Schiller was banned from staging in Russia.
slide number 10
Description of the slide:
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Description of the slide:
Contemporaries about Nicholas I: “Deeply sincere in his convictions, often heroic and great in his devotion to the cause in which he saw the mission entrusted to him by providence, it can be said that Nicholas I was a donquixote of autocracy, a terrible and malicious donquixote, because possessed an omnipotence that allowed him to subordinate everything to his fanatical and outdated theory and trample underfoot the most legitimate aspirations and rights of his age. That is why this man, who combined with the soul of a generous and chivalrous character of rare nobility and honesty, a warm and tender heart and an exalted and enlightened mind, although devoid of breadth, that is why this man could be a tyrant and despot for Russia during his 30-year reign who systematically stifled every manifestation of initiative and life in the country he ruled. - A.F. Tyutcheva. “He has a lot of ensign and a little Peter the Great,” Pushkin wrote about Nikolai in his diary on May 21, 1834; “His mind is not processed, his upbringing was careless,” Queen Victoria wrote about Emperor Nikolai Pavlovich in 1844.
GOU TsO No. 1828 "Saburovo", Esmanskaya Alla Georgievna, history teacher, lesson in the 8th grade.
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Lesson plan 1. The personality of Emperor Nicholas I. 2. Strengthening the role of the state apparatus. 3. Strengthening the support of autocratic power. 4. Attempts to solve the peasant question. 5. Russian Orthodox Church and the state.
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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I Catherine II Maria Fedorovna Pavel Petrovich “Today mother gave birth to a huge boy, who was named Nicholas. He is a yard short of two inches long, Alexander Konstantin Nikolai, and his hands are a little smaller than mine. If he will be a child equals to continue as started, kings! then the brothers will turn out to be Parents by dwarfs before this blood, G.R. colossus "By rank - a giant. Derzhavin
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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I The future Emperor Nicholas I was born in Tsarskoe Selo on June 25, 1796. He was the third son of Grand Duke Pavel Petrovich and his wife Maria Feodorovna. The educator Lamzdorf brought up the younger sons of Pavel in strictness. Nicholas I “In a word, fear and the search for how to avoid punishment occupied my mind most of all. In teaching I saw only coercion and studied without a desire. I was often, and, I think, for no reason, accused of laziness and absent-mindedness, and often Count Lamzdorf punished me with a cane very painfully in the middle of the lessons.
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How did these methods methods used by Lamzdorf affect the personality of Emperor Nicholas I and the nature of the education of the future Nicholas? emperor? This story of Nicholas about his upbringing is not at all exaggerated. Lamzdorf brutally beat the future emperor. Often the teacher used a ruler and even a rifle ramrod. The Grand Duke was obstinate and quick-tempered. Found a scythe on a stone. And Count Lamsdorf would sometimes, in a fit of rage, grab the boy by the collar and hit him against the wall.
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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I In their notes, teachers do not skimp on reviews that are unflattering for young Nikolai Pavlovich. They claim that he was rude, cunning and cruel. He liked to make faces and grimace. It was in the spirit of his grandfather Peter III. Despite numerous educators, this young man behaved in society like a minor. "He constantly wants to shine with his sharp words," the gentlemen wrote about him, "and the first one laughs at the top of his lungs from them, often interrupting the conversation of others." Nikolai Pavlovich
Slide 7
The Personality of Emperor Nicholas I The Family of Paul I Paul passionately loved his younger children, giving preference to Nicholas. Nikolay He often played with children, devoting a considerable part of his leisure time. The first toy bought for Nicholas was a wooden gun, followed by four wooden swords.
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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I Franz Krueger The Russian Guard in Peterhof At the age of three, the boy put on a military uniform for the first time. All the sons of Paul I inherited from their father a passion for military affairs: parades, parades, divorces. But Nikolai was especially distinguished, who retained his love for the outside of army life forever.
Slide 9
The personality of Emperor Nicholas I Nikolai Pavlovich was tall, lean, his chest was wide, his arms were somewhat long, his face was oblong, clean, his forehead was open, his nose was Roman, his mouth was moderate, his eyes were quick, his voice was sonorous, but spoke somewhat quickly. In general, he was very well built and dexterous. There was no arrogant importance or windy haste in the movements, but some kind of genuine severity was visible. Vasily GOLIKE Portrait of Grand Duke Nikolai Pavlovich.
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Why What experience did Nikolai gain, Nikolay prepared, only on a daily basis for the military career of Emperor Nicholas I, while not dedicating to the palace in matters of the front? policy and management? Nikolai Pavlovich "All my acquaintance with the world was limited to daily waiting in the anterooms. From nothing to do, it became a habit that in this meeting things were done according to the guard, but for the most part the time passed in jokes and ridicule about the neighbor. There were also intrigues. At the same time time, all the youth, adjutants, and often even officers, waited in the corridors, wasting time or using it for entertainment in almost the same way and not sparing the chiefs or the government ... This time was a waste of time, but I am a precious practice for knowing people and faces, and I used the sim."
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The Personality of Emperor Nicholas I In November 1825, Emperor Alexander I died. What event overshadowed the accession of Nicholas I to the throne? Uprising on the Senate Square
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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I What impact did the Decembrist uprising have on Nicholas I? Through the whole reign passes the desire of Nicholas to prevent even a hint of the possibility of a repetition of a rebellion similar to the performance of the Decembrists. “... the time of Nicholas I is the era of extreme self-assertion of Russian autocratic power ... in the most extreme manifestations of his actual rule and principled ideology.” What was the main task of the reign of Nicholas I? Historian A.E. Presnyakov
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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I Freilin A.F. Tyutchev “He sincerely and sincerely believed that he was able to see everything with his own eyes, hear everything with his ears, regulate everything according to his understanding, transform everything with his will. He never forgot what, when and to whom he ordered, and monitored the exact execution of his orders. Which organization was ideal for Nicholas I? The order to be established in the country: strict centralization; full unity of command; unconditional subordination of the lower to the higher.
Slide 14
The personality of Emperor Nicholas I Freilin A.F. Tyutchev “... this man, who combined with a generous soul and a knightly character of rare nobility and honesty, a warm and tender heart and an exalted and enlightened mind, although devoid of breadth, that is why this man could be a tyrant for Russia during his 30-year reign and a despot who systematically stifled every manifestation of initiative and life in the country he ruled. Inconsistency in the policy of Nicholas I: Constant struggle against the revolutionary movement, the persecution of everything advanced and progressive in the country; An attempt to carry out activities that would eradicate the shortcomings of the existing system.
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The personality of Emperor Nicholas I F. Tyutchev You did not serve God and not Russia, You served only your vanity, And all your deeds, both good and evil, Everything was a lie in you, all ghosts are empty: You were not a king, but a hypocrite. Like him, tireless and firm, And with memory, like him, unspoiled... A.S. Pushkin
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Personality of Emperor Nicholas I It is not so easy to answer this question, because Nikolai Pavlovich Romanov loved to attend masquerades not by chance: this predilection for masks is characteristic of his biography and politics. Through the prism of these features, it is necessary to study the reign of Nicholas I.
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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Under Nicholas, a well-thought-out system of state control over the social, political, economic and cultural life of the country was created. With him great importance acquired His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery.
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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus His Imperial Majesty's Own Chancellery I Department Control over the execution of the orders of the Tsar I I I Department The body of political investigation and control over mindsets I I Department Codification of laws
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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Remember what transformations in Russia are associated with the name of M.M. Speransky? Was there a code of laws in Russia? When was it accepted? Since the time of the Council Code, a huge number of laws have been issued, which often contradicted each other. Such confusion in Russian legislation made it difficult to resolve cases.
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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus In January 1826, the tsar created the 2nd branch of his office, headed by M.M., returned from exile. Speransky. Its main task was to be the preparation of a single Code of Laws. Speransky completed the work in five years. In 1832, the first Complete Collection of Laws of the Russian Empire was published in 45 volumes, and in 1833, the Code of Acting Laws of the State was published. MM. Speransky
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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus V.P. Kochubey In December 1826, Nikolai created a secret committee chaired by a former member of the Secret Committee, Count V.P. Kochubey. Kochubey He was instructed to draw up a draft reform of public administration. However, he failed to solve this problem.
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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Many even small decisions were taken by the highest state bodies. This required a huge army of officials. By the end of the reign of Nicholas, their number amounted to 90 thousand people (at the beginning of the reign of Alexander I there were 15 thousand officials).
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What can you say about the control system Strengthening the autocratic power of Nicholas I? F.P. Vronchenko Nicholas I appointed F.P. Vronchenko, and when he led. Book. Mikhail Pavlovich expressed surprise on this score, the emperor said: “Come on, brother! I am my own finance minister, I just need a secretary to clean up the papers. Vronchenko perfectly corresponded to this goal. But to maintain the routine, a deputy was needed, and one more. And - it went ... "
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What do you think, what was forbidden to write about in Strengthening the role of the state apparatus during the reign of Nicholas I? The bodies of the III branch were created locally. At the disposal of the chief of the III department, an armed force was created - the corps of gendarmes. Chief General Benckendorff. To curb the press, Nicholas introduced strict censorship. OH. Benckendorff Censorship is a system of state supervision of the press, checking materials that are being prepared for publication.
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Strengthening the Role of the State Apparatus Determine the terms of reference for Section III. “... Looking through the inventory of the archives of the III Department, one is amazed at the abyss of absolutely insignificant and no state significance cases that the gendarmes were engaged in. In their desire to embrace the entire life of the population, they intervened decisively in every matter where they had the opportunity to intervene. Family life, trade deals, personal quarrels, invention projects, escapes of novices from monasteries - everything interested the secret police. At the same time, the III Branch received a huge number of petitions, complaints, denunciations, and each was investigated, a special case was opened for each ... ”(Trotsky I. III Branch under Nicholas I: The Life of Sherwood - Verny. L., 1990. p.53
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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus S.S. Uvarov Censorship was under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Education, which was headed by S.S. Uvarov. In 1826, the "Charter on Censorship", called "cast iron", was adopted. It was forbidden to accept serfs in secondary and higher educational institutions.
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Strengthening the role of the state apparatus Read an excerpt from A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" from the point of view of the "Charter on censorship". Which of the readings could be interpreted as a hint of disrespect for the existing regime? An excerpt from the poem by A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin": Now our roads are bad, Forgotten bridges are rotting, Bed bugs and fleas at the stations Don't let me fall asleep for a minute.
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Strengthening the support of autocratic power Nicholas I paid great attention to the task of strengthening the nobility. He was worried about the impoverishment of some of the nobles. To do this, the order of inheritance of large estates was changed. Now they could not be fragmented and were passed on to the eldest in the family. Since 1928, only children of nobles and officials were admitted to secondary and higher educational institutions. conclusion These measures significantly increased the authority and role of the nobility in the life of the country.
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Attempts to resolve the peasant question Nicholas I “There is no doubt that serfdom, in its current situation with us, is evil, tangible and obvious to everyone, But you cannot hide from yourself that now thoughts are no longer what they were before, and to every prudent It is clear to observation that the present state of affairs cannot continue forever.” How did Nicholas I feel about serfdom? What difficulties did the peasants experience? Nikolai was well aware that the main problem of Russian society remained the peasant question.
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Attempts to resolve the peasant issue Nicholas decided to start with reforms aimed at improving the situation of the state peasants. These reforms were carried out by General P.D. Kiselev is a member of the State Council and Minister of State Property. The main point is the introduction of peasant self-government. Schools and hospitals began to be established in the villages. P.D. Kiselev
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Attempts to solve the peasant problem Schools were opened in state villages; by 1854, 26 thousand schools were opened with 110 thousand students. Rate these numbers. How many or few schools were opened?
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Attempts to solve the peasant problem Where there was not enough land, sometimes a decision was made to resettle the peasants in other regions of the country. In order to protect the peasants from crop failures, it was decided to create a "public plow". Here the peasants worked together and enjoyed the fruits of common labor.
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Illustrations. 1. clubs.ya.ru/zh-zl/replies.xml%3...o%3D1461 2. www.liveinternet.ru/users/igorin...2201786/ 3. www.liveinternet.ru/users/333035 ...43.shtml 4. www.hrono.ru/biograf/derzhvin.html 5. kalte-winter.livejournal.com/tag...5D1%258B 6. ricolor.org/history/mn/np/5/ 7. rostislava.livejournal.com/10036...3D154420 8. www.liveinternet.ru/users/201023...4167939/ 9. andrei-stoliar.ru/post119157511/ 10.vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/PAPERS /HISTOR...LKIN.HTM 11.www.all-pages.com/city_photo/2/2...0/5.html 12.funeral-spb.ru/necropols/nikolsk...snyakov/ 13.www .liveinternet.ru/users/vera_l...2648406/ 14.gazeta.aif.ru/online/dochki/321/42_01 15.www.nemiga.info/peterburg/peterb...ai-1.htm 16.www .liveinternet.ru/users/tat135...7368692/ 17.www.hrono.ru/biograf/speran.html 18. katushka.net/torrents/Car_Alekse...VU_45190 19. liveinternet.ru 20. ru.wikipedia. org/wiki/%25D0%2592...5D1%2587 21. www.tonnel.ru/%3Fl%3Dgzl%26uid%3D667
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22. www.liveinternet.ru/users/201023...6489838/ 23 http://www.bg-gallery.ru/searchresult.php?searchobject=%C4%E5%F2%E8 24. ruskline.ru 25. www.erm.ee/vanast/pysi/ruspages/...old.html 26. liveinternet.ru 27. www.nsad.ru/index.php%3Fissue%3D...le%3D331 28. www.liveinternet. ru/users/175811...9391320/ 29. varjag-2007.livejournal.com/713772.html 30. tetradalinqkriger.blogspot.com/2...4/2.html 31. hrono.ru/biograf/nikolai1. html Literature. 1.A.A. Danilov, L.G. Kosulina. History of Russia 19th century. 8th grade. 2.E.V. Kolganova, N.V. Sumakov. Pourochnye development on the history of Russia. 19th century. 8th grade. 3.G. Chulkov. Emperors
