The formation of the Russian Empire happened on October 22, 1721 by old style or November 2. It was on this day that the last Russian king Peter 1 Great declared himself the emperor Russian. It happened, as one of the consequences of the Northern War, after which Senate asked Peter 1 to take the title of emperor of the country. The state received the name "Russian Empire". Her capital was the city of St. Petersburg. For all time the capital only for 2 years (from 1728 to 1730) was postponed to Moscow.

Territory of the Russian Empire

Considering the history of Russia, the epoch must remember that at the time of education of the empire to the country, large territories were joined. This became possible due to the successful foreign policy of the country, which Peter led 1. He created a new story, the story that returned Russia to the number of world leaders and powers, with the opinion of which should be considered.

The territory of the Russian Empire was 21.8 million km2. It was the second largest country in the world. In the first place was the British Empire with its numerous colonies. Most of them have saved their status to this day. The first laws of the country shared its territory for 8 provinces, each of which was governed by the governor. He had all the completeness of local authorities, including judicial. In the future, Catherine 2 increased the number of provinces to 50. Of course, it was done not by the accession of new lands, but by crushing. This strongly increased the state apparatus and quickly reduced the efficiency of local government in the country. We will talk about this in more detail in the relevant article. It should be noted that at the time of the collapse of the Russian Empire, its territory numbered 78 provinces. The largest cities of the country were:

1. St. Petersburg.
2. Moscow.
3. Warsaw.
4. Odessa.
5. Lodz.
6. Riga.
7. Kiev.
8. Kharkov.
9. Tiflis.
10. Tashkent.

The history of the Russian Empire is full of both bright and negative moments. In this time segment, which lasted less than two centuries, has invested a huge number of fateful moments in the fate of our country. It was during the period of the Russian Empire that the Patriotic War happened, hiking in the Caucasus, hiking to India, European campaigns. The country has evolved dynamically. Reforms affected absolutely all aspects of life. It was the history of the Russian Empire who presented our country of great commander, whose names are on the lips to this day not only in Russia, but also throughout Europe, - Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov and Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov. These glorified generals forever enlisted their names in the history of our country and covered the eternal glory Russian weapons.

Map

We present the map of the Russian Empire, briefly with the history of which we consider, on which the European part of the country is represented with all the changes that occurred in terms of territories over the years of the state.

Population

By the end of the 18th century, the Russian empire was the largest country in the world in the area. Her scale was such that the messenger sent to the country of death in Ekaterina 2 at all corners of the country, arrived at Kamchatka after 3 months! And this is despite the fact that the messenger rumored almost 200 km daily.

Russia was also the most numerous country in the population. In 1800, about 40 million people lived in the Russian Empire, most of which are in the European part of the country. Behind the Urals lived a little less than 3 million. The national composition of the country was a motley:

• East Slavs. Russians (Velikorsosa), Ukrainians (Malorossy), Belarusians. For a long time, almost until the very end of the empire, it was considered a single people.
• Estonians, Latvians, Latvians and Germans lived in the Baltic States.
• Finno-Ugors (Mordva, Karelia, Udmurts, etc.), Altai (Kalmyki) and Turkic (Bashkirs, Tatars, etc.) Peoples.
• The peoples of Siberia and the Far East (Yakuts, Euren, Buryats, Chukchi, etc.).

In the course of the formation of the country, part of the Kazakhs and Jews, who lived in the territory of Poland, were found to be part of the Kazakhs, who after her decay were departed.

The main estimation in the country was peasants (about 90%). Other class: Mesh "(4%), merchants (1%), and the remaining 5% of the population were distributed between the Cossacks, clergy and nobility. This is the classic structure of agricultural society. And indeed, the main occupation of the Russian Empire was agriculture. It is no coincidence that the fans of the royal regime are so loved today are associated with agriculture (it is about importing grains and butter).

By the end of the 19th century, 128.9 million people lived in Russia, of which 16 million lived in cities, and the rest in the villages.

Political system

The Russian empire was autocracy in the form of his board, where the entire fullness of power focused in her hands 1 person - the emperor, who was often called, on the old manner, king. Peter 1 laid into the laws of Russia it is the limitless power of the monarch, which provided autocracy. Simultaneously with the state, the autocrat actually ruled the church.

An important point - after the reign of Paul 1 autocracy in Russia could not be called absolute. This happened because of the fact that Paul 1 issued a decree, according to which the transmission system of the throne, installed by Peter 1. Peter Alekseevich Romanov, remind, ruled - the ruler himself determines its receiver. Part of the historians today speaks of the negative of this document, but it is precisely the essence of the autocracy - the ruler takes all decisions, including his successor. After Paul 1, the system returned, in which the son inherits the throne behind the father.

Rulers of the country

Below is a list of all rulers of the Russian Empire for the period of its existence (1721-1917).

All the rulers were from the Romanov dynasty, and after the overthrow of Nikolai 2 and the murder of the Bolsheviks of his own and his family, the dynasty was interrupted, and the Russian empire ceased to exist, having changed the form of statehood on the USSR.

Main dates

During its existence, and this is practically 200 years, the Russian empire has experienced many important points and events that have their influence on the state and the people.

• 1722 - Tabel about ranks
• 1799 - Foreign hikes Suvorov in Italy and Switzerland
• 1809 - Attachment of Finland
• 1812 - Patriotic War
• 1817-1864 - Caucasian War
• 1825 (December 14) - Decembrist uprising
• 1867 - Sale Alaska
• 1881 (March 1) Alexander 2 murder
• 1905 (January 9) - bloody sunday
• 1914-1918 - World War II
• 1917 - February and October Revolution

Completion of the Empire

The history of the Russian Empire broke off on September 1, 1917 on the old style. It was on this day that the republic was proclaimed. It was proclaimed by Kerensky, who did not have the right to this right, so the declaration of Russia can be called illegal. The authority for such a proclamation was only from the Constituent Assembly. The fall of the Russian Empire is closely related to the history of her last emperor, Nicholas 2. This emperor possessed with all the qualities of a worthy person, but had an indecisive character. It is because of this in the country and there were those unrest, which were worth the nicholas herself 2 lives, and the Russian Empire - existence. Nicholas 2 failed to severely stop the revolutionary and terrorist activity of the Bolsheviks in the country. This is true there were objective reasons. The main of which, the First World War, in which the Russian Empire was involved and exhausted in it. The replacement of the Russian Empire came a new type of state system of the country - the USSR.

To the question "In which year Russia became an empire?" Not everyone can give an accurate answer. Someone forgot that the country proudly called it, someone may not know this at all. But it was at that time that one of the most powerful powers in the world was recognized, there was a significant economic and cultural rise of the state. Therefore, you need to know when this way rich on historical events has begun.

General

The Russian Empire is a state that existed from 1721 until the February Revolution, when the collapse of an existing state system occurred, and Russia became the republic. The country became an empire after the Northern War during the reign of Peter the Great. The capital changed - it was St. Petersburg, then Moscow, then St. Petersburg, renamed after the revolution in Leningrad.

The borders of the Russian Empire stretched from the Arctic Ocean at the northern borders to the Black Sea - on the southern, from the Baltic Sea - on the Western to the Pacific Ocean - on the eastern. Thanks to such an extensive territory, Russia was considered the third in the world in the Power Square. The head of state was the emperor, who was an absolute monarch until 1905.

Founded the Russian Empire Peter the Great, in the course of its reforms completely changed the state device. Russia has turned from the estate-monarch to the absolutist empire. Absolutism is made to the military regulations. Peter, who combined the sample of the country of Western Europe, decided to proclaim it with the imperial power.

To achieve an absolute monarchy, the Boyarskaya Duma and the patriarchy are abolished, which could have influenced the royal decisions. After the introduction of the Tabel about the ranks of the main support of the monarch is the nobility, and the church becomes a synodal, which submits to the emperor. Russia has a permanent army and a military fleet, which makes it possible to expand the Russian borders in the western direction, the exit to the Baltic Sea has been conquered. Peter founded St. Petersburg, later became the capital of the Empire.

On October 22 (November 2), 1721 after the end of the Northern War, Russia was proclaimed the empire, and Peter the Great himself became the emperor. In the eyes of European rulers, Russia thus showed everything that has a large political influence, and what needs to be considered with it. Not all powers recognized the increased influence of Russia, later Poland submitted to part of the territories of Kievan Rus.

The period of "enlightened absolutism"

After the death of Peter the Great, the era of palace coup began - the time when there was no stability in the country, therefore, there was no significant state lift. Everything has changed when, during the next coup for the throne, Catherine the second was asleep. During its reign, Russia makes another breakthrough both in foreign policy and in the domestic device of the state.

In the course of Russian-Turkish wars, Crimea is conquered, Russia takes an active part in the Poland section, the development of Novorossia occurs. During the colonization of the Transcaucasus, Russian interests faced Persian and Ottoman. In 1783, Georgievsky treatise on patronage over Eastern Georgia was signed.

Not without folk unrest. Ekaterina Great created a "humble diploma", which freed him from the mandatory service in the army, but the peasants were still obliged to carry military service. The reaction of the peasantry and the Cossacks, in whom the Empress took their liberty, became "Pugachevschina".

The Board of Catherine proceeds in the spirit of enlightened absolutism, it personally rewrite with the famous French philosophers of that time. A free economic society is based, the development of science and art is encouraged. But at the same time, the Empress understands that the large territory of the Russian Empire requires strict control and absolute monarchy.

During the reign of Emperor Nikolai, events that turned over and fully changed Russian history occur. Despite the fact that the emperor fagored to industrial lifting and demographic growth, the number of displeased working conditions among peasants and workers is growing: the latter requires an 8-hour working day, and the peasantry wants the section of landlords.

In that period, Russia is trying to expand its Far Eastern borders, it leads to a collision of interests with Japan, which resulted in war and defeat, which was a consequence of the revolution. After that, Russia ceased to expand its influence in the Far East. The revolution was suppressed, the emperor went on concessions - created parliament, allowing political parties. But it did not help: discontent continued to grow, including politics of Russification in Finland, the Poles were outraged by the loss of the autonomy of Poland, and the Jews are repressive policies that increased from the 1880s.

The Russian Empire took part in the First World War, which led to the huge tension of all participating countries. Due to large military spending, mobilization of a huge number of peasants occurs, which leads to the exacerbation of the food issue. The growing difficulties cause dissatisfaction with politics and the established state-owned device of all segments of the population, which is poured into the February Revolution of 1917, and in 1924 the USSR appears.

Why was it told about the reign of these two emperors and empress? In which year, Russia became an empire? That's right, in 1721, during the reign of Peter the Great, during the reign of the Russian empire made a big jump in its development, and Nikolai Second became the last Russian emperor, and it was necessary to write about the reasons led to Disintegration of the Empire. The Russian state has a great influence in world politics, the emperors sought to expand their borders, but did not take into account the interests of the simple population that were dissatisfied with politics, which led to the creation of the republic.

The Russian Empire existed from 1721 to 1917. She occupied a huge territory, almost every 36 million square kilometers, from Eastern Europe to Asia (inclusive). The empire had the autocratic type of board and the capital in St. Petersburg. The population of the empire was more than 170 million people and included more than a hundred different ethnic groups. The largest of them are Christians, Muslims and Jews.

The Russian empire originated during the reign of Peter the Great (1694-1725) after Russia won in the Great Northern War (1700-1721). In this war, Russia fought against the Swedish and Polish empires.

Most of the population of Russia of the time consisted of serfs. Russian rulers tried to reform the system to refuse slavery, following the example of Western states. This led to the abolition of serfdom in 1861. Cancellation occurred during the reign of Alexander II (1855-1881). The liberation of the peasants did not lead to the improvement of their lives. Disagreements and intrigues in the ruling circles increased and as a result, this led to the fact that King Nicholas II was forced to renounce the throne on March 15, 1917, during.

Absolute domination over their neighbors in Europe and Asia

The Russian offensive in Eastern Prussia and Austria-Hungary was to distract the German troops from the Western Front. During the implementation of this idea, the Russian Empire suffered catastrophic losses and a number of defeats in 1914-1915. The incompetence of military leadership and serious problems inside the country affected. The losses incurred during the war caused mass riots, especially among the proletariat, the peasantry and soldiers.

This led to mass protests in 1916. The split in the government was increased, an opposition progressive block was formed. Regardless of all the government's attempts to maintain order and monarchical system, demonstrators in the capital called for the cancellation of autocrat. It was forced to renounce the throne on March 15, thereby stopped the existence of the Russian Empire. Seven months later, the Bolshevik revolution began and there was a Soviet Union.

There were many empires in the world, which were famous for their wealth, luxurious palaces and temples, conquests and culture. Among the greatest of them, such powerful states as Roman, Byzantine, Persian, Sacred Roman, Ottoman, British Empire are distinguished.

Russia on the historic world map

The Empire of the World collapsed, disintegrate, and in their place there were separate independent states. I did not bypass such a fate and the Russian empire, which existed in 196, starting from 1721 and ending in 1917.

It all started from the Moscow Principality, which, thanks to the conquests of the princes and the kings, grew at the expense of new lands in the West and the East. Victorious wars allowed Russia to take possession of important territories that opened the country to the Baltic and Black Seas.

Russia became an empire in 1721, when King Peter the Great decision of the Senate adopted the Imperial title.

Territory and composition of the Russian Empire

According to the size and length of their own ownership, Russia ranked second in the world, yielding only the British Empire, which owned numerous colonies. At the beginning of the 20th century, the territory of the Russian Empire included:

• 78 provinces + 8 Finnish;
• 21 region;
• 2 districts.

The provinces consisted of counties, the latter were divided into mills and plots. The Empire existed the following administrative-territorial control:

Many land to the Russian Empire joined voluntarily, and some as a result of conquering campaigns. Territories included in its composition at their own request were:

• Georgia;
• Armenia;
• Abkhazia;
• Tyva Republic;
• Ossetia;
• Ingushetia;
• Ukraine.

During the external colonial policy, Catherine II, the Kuril Islands, Chukotka, Crimea, Kabardo (Kabardino-Balkaria), Belarus and Baltic States included in the Russian Empire. Part of Ukraine, Belarus and the Baltic States went to Russia after the section of the Commonwealth (Modern Poland).

Square of the Russian Empire

From the Northern Ice Ocean to the Black Sea and from the Baltic Sea to the Pacific Ocean extended the territory of the state, occupying two continents - Europe and Asia. In 1914, in front of the First World War, the Square of the Russian Empire was 69,245 square meters. kilometer, and the length of her borders was as follows:

Let us dwell and talk about the individual territories of the Russian Empire.

Grand Principality Finland

Finland, the Russian Empire entered in 1809, after Sweden, a peace treaty was signed, according to which she lost this territory. The capital of the Russian Empire was now covered with new lands, which were defended from the North of St. Petersburg.

When Finland entered the Russian Empire, she retained a large autonomy, despite Russian absolutism and autocracy. She had his own constitution, in accordance with which power in the principality was divided into executive and legislative. The legislative authority was the Seimas. The executive authorities belonged to the Imperial Finnish Senate, he consisted of eleven people elected by the Seimas. Finland had its own currency - Finnish brands, and in 1878 he received the right to have a small army.

Finland, as part of the Russian Empire, was famous for the coastal city of Helsingfors, where not only the Russian intelligentsia loved to relax, but also the reigning house of Romanov. This city, which is now called Helsinki, was chosen by many Russian people who were happy to resort in resorts and filmed cottages from local residents.

After the strikes of 1917 and thanks to the February Revolution, the independence of Finland was proclaimed, and she came out of Russia.

Joining Ukraine to Russia

Right-Bank Ukraine as part of the Russian Empire was during the Board of Catherine II. Russian Empress for a start destroyed the hetmans, and then the Zaporizhia Sch. In 1795, the Commonwealth was finally divided, and its Earth moved Germany, Austria and Russia. Thus, Belarus and Right Bank Ukraine entered the Russian Empire.

After the Russian-Turkish war 1768-1774 Ekaterina Great joined the territory of modern Dnipropetrovsk, Kherson, Odessa, Nikolaev, Lugansk and Zaporizhia region. As for the left bank of Ukraine, it is voluntary entered into Russia in 1654. Ukrainians saved the social and religious repression of Polyakov and asked help from the Russian king Alexei Mikhailovich. He, together with Bogdan Khmelnitsky, concluded the Pereyaslav Treaty, according to which Left Bank Ukraine became part of the Moscow kingdom of autonomy. Participated in Rada not only the Cossacks, but also the usual people who accepted this decision.

Crimea - Pearl of Russia

The Crimea Peninsula was included in the Russian Empire in 1783. On July 9, the famous manifesto from the rock of Ak-Kaya was read, and the Crimean Tatars were agreed to become the subjects of Russia. First, noble Murza, and then the usual residents of the peninsula took the oath to the devotion of the Russian Empire. After that, the walking, games and festivities began. Crimea was part of the Russian Empire after the successful Military campaign of Prince Potemkin.

This was preceded by difficult times. The coast of Crimea and Kuban from the end of the 15th century were the possessions of the Turks and the Crimean Tatars. During the wars with the Russian Empire, the latter received some independence from Turkey. The rulers of the Crimea replaced quickly, and some two or three times occupied the throne.

Russian warriors have repeatedly suppressed meters, which were organized by the Turks. The last khan of Crimea Shahin-Gury dreamed of making a European power from the peninsula, wanted to hold military reform, but no one wanted his undertakings. Using confusion, Prince Potemkin recommended that Catherine Great Include Crimea to the Russian Empire through a military campaign. The Empress agreed, but with one condition so that the people himself expressed consent to this. Russian troops were peacefully understood to the residents of the Crimea, showed to them kindness and care. Shahin Garya renounced power, and the Tatars were guaranteed freedom to confess the religion and observance of local traditions.

The easternmost outskirts of the empire

The development of Russian Alaska began in 1648. Semen Dejnev, Cossack and Traveler, held an expedition, coming to Anadyr in Chukotka. Having learned about this, Peter I sent Bering to test this information, but the famous navigator did not confirm the facts of Dezhnev - Foga hid from his team Alaska coast.

Only in 1732 the crew of the ship "Holy Gabriel" for the first time landed at Alaska, and in 1741, Bering studied the coast and her, and the Aleuta Islands in detail. Gradually began the study of the new area, the merchants sailed and formed settlements, built the capital and called her Sitka. Alaska as part of the Russian Empire was famous for not yet gold, but a fur beast. Fur of different animals were mined here, which were in demand both in Russia and in Europe.

Under Paul I organized a Russian-American company, which had the following powers:

• she managed Alaska;
• could organize an armed army and ships;
• have your own flag.

Russian colonialists have found a common language with the local people - Aleuts. The priests learned their tongue and translated the Bible. Aleuts accepted baptism, girls willingly walked married Russian men and wore traditional Russian clothing. With another tribe - Koloshi, the Russians did not make friends. It was a militant and very cruel tribe that practiced cannibalism.

Why sold Alaska?

These extensive territories sold the United States for 7.2 million dollars. The contract was signed in the capital of the United States - Washington. Alaska sale backgrounds are recently called different.

Some say that the reason for the sale was the human factor and reducing the number of sable and other fur animals. Russian lived very little on Alaska, their number was 1000 people. Others push the hypothesis that Alexander II was afraid to lose the eastern colonies, so it was not too late, I decided to sell Alaska for the price that was offered.

Most researchers converge on the fact that the Russian Empire decided to get rid of Alaska, because there were no human resources to cope with the development of such distant lands. Thoughts arose in the government, and not to sell whether the Ussuri region, which was Malozhelelen and poorly managed. However, hot heads gramed, and Primorye remained as part of Russia.

The Russian Empire began its existence since 1721, during the period of Peter I.

Russia has become an empire after the completion of the Northern War, the results of which were fixed by Russia new lands, access to the Baltic Sea, various economic benefits, and other privileges. The capital of the Russian Empire was the city of St. Petersburg, the creation of Petrovo.

In the period from 1728 to 1730, the capital of Russia was again Moscow. From 1730 to 1917, St. Petersburg was again the main city. The Russian Empire was a big state, the land of which was immense.

In world history, this was the third state in the area, which ever existed (the palm of the championship in the nomination is kept Mongolian and British Empire).

He managed the empire - the emperor, the monarch, whose power was not limited to anything, except Christian postulates. In 1905, after the first revolution, the State Duma appeared in the Russian Empire, which limited the power of the monarch.

On the eve of 1917, Russian agriculture was at the peak of their development. In many ways, the land reform of Stolypin has been checked. In the period from the end of the 19th century until the beginning of the First World War, the crop of breads in Russia doubled.

Russia collected grain by one third more than Canada, USA and Argentina combined. For example, the collection of rye from the fields of the Russian Empire in 1894 gave a harvest of 2 billion grain pounds, and in the last pre-war year (1913) - 4 billion.

The Russian Empire of the Times of the Board of Nicholas II provided all Europe with agricultural products.Between 1894 and 1911, cotton production in Russia increased by 388%.

For the period 1890-1913, the industry of the Russian Empire four times (!!!) increased its productivity. The income received by the Russian Empire from industrial enterprises was equal to the receipts in the execution of the income from such a branch as agriculture.

Products manufactured at Russian enterprises covered 4/5 of the demand of the domestic market for industrial products. Four years before the First World War, the number of joint-stock companies in Russia increased by 132%.

Capital embedded in joint-stock companies increased four times.

The main principle of budget planning in autocratic Russia was the lack of deficits. Needed ministers about the need to accumulate the golden stock. State revenues in recent years of life