The construction technology of foundations differ and applied depending on many conditions - nuances of the soil, climate, features of the object. The most durable and reliable is the monolithic plate. However, it often becomes unacceptable due to the cost - up to 50% of the entire budget allotted for construction, given the totality of the price of concrete and the use of technology. There is a way out - to arrange a plate under the future house

USP - a new word in the construction of the ground. We will analyze in detail.

USP Foundation Technology

Like any other foundation, UCHP (insulated Swedish plate), represents "pie" from numerous building materials. They include:

• Concrete fill.
• Reinforcement.
• Cheerful layers.
• Hydro and thermal insulation.

It briefly. In addition, engineering communications and a warm floor are in the thickness of the foundation.

Now more.

Monolith

Unlike classical, the UCH technology provides for a small, but sufficient layer of concrete for the stiffness of the entire design - from 10 cm. Due to the low thickness, the fill occurs in one day, which is positively affected by the quality of the foundation - no lamination, and in cost - no need to use Mixer several times.

Reinforcement

The amount of steel rod is also reduced, but this does not affect the fortress of the foundation - two planes of the mesh are interconnected by preventing the foundation in the moments of compression and bending. Calibling concrete is excluded, unlike classical technology.

Depreciation layers

In this capacity, the crushed stone and sand are traditionally protrude, but in the classic plate they lay down on each other. In the UCP laying the order of another. In addition to sand and rubble, clay is present - the main "castle" for moisture and geotextiles laid between the mineral layers. Additional waterproofing serves as a displacement of soil waters - if the sand is not covered, they closely oppose the insulation, which is unacceptable.

Insulating layers

For reliable operation of the foundation, it is required to protect it not only from humidity, but also inspired. Temperatures are capable of creating condensate, cause deasures and cracking. Insulation, as a rule, these are derivatives of styrenes - reliably copes with the assigned tasks, extended the shelf life of the platform 1.5-2 times in comparison with the classical monolith.

Problems UCH

It is quite clear that the house arranged on the foundation of the UCHP will become ergonomically favorable - for heating the building requires less resources, respectively, the account for heat or electricity consumption will cease to be translated. Nevertheless, there are minuses, considering which it is worth thinking about the feasibility of applying this type of base. So:

• The foundation is applicable to the construction of "lungs" of houses - half-timbered, frame, OSB plates. In extreme cases, allowed to use blocks or brickwork. It should also be responsibly approaching the choice of roofing material.
• UCPs are used in relatively cold regions of the country. For a soft or middle climate, it is impractical for a reason for too much heat capacity. It happens, it is harmful, since it threatens the discomfort, the formation of mold, the loss of stiffness of the structure.
• The base is advisable at a high groundwater occurrence and capricious soil - bunch, floating. It is characteristic of both the classic stove. Otherwise, it is poured if the houses of the house are large or the construction material is heavy.
• It is not recommended to arrange an UCP on complex reliefs. The soil has such a property as a movement, so it is fraught with a violation of integrity due to a small layer of concrete fill.
• After carefully analyzing the site and architectural plans of the object, or by making it using specialists, come to the conclusion to apply or prevent Swedish warmed plates as a base for their own home.

Technology device USP - step by step

One of the advantages of the Swedish insulated plate is the rate of arrangement and the ability to do everything on their own. Algorithm, the following:

Marking site

To do this, the contours on the ground should be pre-made in advance, correlated with plans of engineering communications - they will pass in the strata.

In addition, they take into account the importance of laying the storm sewage - it is impossible to allow water to be allowed to the contours of the foundation. For work, stakes and cord are used - the last for convenience is painted in a contrasting color for an accurate vision of boundaries.

Copk and arrangement of pit

Unlike the classic plate, the depth of the pit for the UCP device is small - enough 45-50 cm. The owner is entitled to hire equipment for removing the soil, but the value is quite forces for manual processing.

An important condition is to remove the entire fertile layer, as the thickness of the soil with roots will attract moisture and create conditions for dampness and reproduction of mold.

The perimeter of the UCH is more than the boundaries of the walls, at least 1 m. This magnitude will include trenches for laying corrugated under the removal of water. Accordingly, they make a small bias in one direction to provide a self-sample. After the sample of the Earth, the lented area is recommended to catch the clay. To do this, dry and crushed with a smooth layer are dried inside and after moisturizing the trambet.

Laying drainage pipes

The next step will be the laying of drainage pipes. For this, the finished area of \u200b\u200bthe pit is covered with geotextiles with a mandatory plant of material on the walls of the pit and the soil plane above the trench. Before laying, the entire finished surface is poured with small rubble, paying attention to the drainage trenches - there is a layer of discraining.

Place the pipes and lay the crushed stone layer again. After that, the surface is closed by geotextile - the protection of the UCP is attached great importance.

Installation of home communications networks

The project should clearly show how communication will be held - plumbing, sewage and other networks - in the thickness of the foundation. This is important, since the technology of the platform device does not provide for its repair and, therefore, all wiring are arranged in advance.

There is a complexity - it is necessary to duplicate the contours, in case of a blockage. Then, during operation, it will be enough to include "Bypass", while repairing the main outline. The laid communications fall asleep with sand, which will definitely be trambed with a non-executive way - vibratory, for example.

Heat insulation

The time of insulation came. To do this, different materials are used - Penoplex, Technoplex, Styrex and Other. They are foamed plates of extruded polystyrene, which has excellent heat capacity characteristics. The work passes quickly, as the weight of one plate is insignificant.

Styrers laying occurs in two layers. Each is put on the plywood floor technology, when the joints of the first layer fall on the second plane. Also, you can also combine the joints of one row with a similar laying of the neighboring. That is, the work is carried out in a checker.

Special plastic nails with wide hats are fastened. You can not forget about laying styrenes to part of the scene and the base - small protrusions of the sheets will help to "catch" the material.

Reinforcement and laying of warm floors

Regardless of the desire to do either do not make warm floors, reinforcement goes into two layers. The first is a grid to which the system collectors are stacked in the future. Still, the UCP technology is more productive in tandem with warm floors, therefore, after distributing the wiring, the system is pressed and checked.

After the second layer of Armopoyasa is placed.

It is important - you can not weld the rods with each other - just knit.

High temperatures are destructive for the composition of steel and consequences in the form of stiffness loss are provided.

Formwork for UCH

The formwork is classic, using plywood shields and supports to hold the mass. The walls from the inside are laid out by the same polystyrene, subsequently when removing, the surface of the identical plane of the foundation is formed, ready for further processing.

To construct formwork, a specially paneur can not be purchased, smooth boards are suitable. They are used in subsequent construction, as they are delivered from concrete.

Pouring concrete

The final stage of the construction of a Swedish warmed plate is a fill with concrete, is carried out at a time. A portion use of mass with an interval of 1 hour is allowed, no more.

It is necessarily used automatic traaming of vibrational. Since the perfectly smooth surface is rarely achieved, the finished slabs are grinding. Otherwise, you will have to lay an aligning screed. After three days, wooden shields are removed.

Caring for the stove until readiness is standard. Watering during the heat and shelter of PVC film.

Non-flat, but accurate execution in accordance with the stages described, guarantees a high-quality platform for a country house.

Swedish stove is a warmed monolithic slab foundation of a small blowjob. The main feature of this technology is that the entire base of the house is based on the insulation layer (under the stove). Under the warm house, the soil does not freeze and not bulging. Such a foundation is suitable for any soils, with any depth of groundwater.

This technology is based on the basic principles of design and device. understanding foundations on the bunched soils described in Organization Standard (Hundred 36554501-012-2008) , developed by the research, design and explosive and design and technological institution of foundations and underground structures (NIIOS). N.M. Gersevanova (FSUE NIC "Construction"), FSUE "FundamPrect", Moscow State University. M.V. Lomonosov (Geological Faculty, Doctor of Technical Sciences L.N. Khrustalev) and Technical Department of Penopelex SPB LLC.

The Technology "Swedish Plate" combines a device of a warmed monolithic foundation plate and the possibility of laying communications, including a water heating system. An integrated approach allows you to get in a short time insulated base with built-in engineering systems and a smooth floor, ready for laying tiles, laminate or other coating.

The main advantages of the warmed Swedish plate:

• The structure of the foundation and gasket of communications is performed during one technological operation, which reduces the construction time.
• Grinding surface of the foundation plate is ready for laying flooring;
• Polyoplax thermal insulation layer Fundam®, a thickness of about 20 cm reliably protects against heat loss, and this means a significant reduction in house heating costs and an increase in the efficiency of the warm floor system;
• Soil under the warmed stove does not freeze, which minimizes the risks of the problems of frosty powder grounds;
• The foundation laying does not require heavy machinery and special engineering skills.

FEATURES OF MONTAGE

To ensure normal operation of a warmed Swedish plate (UCP) and prevent frosty powder, it is necessary to provide a device for the separation system of groundwater (drainage system around the perimeter of the structure). An important role is also played by the non-empty training (large sand pillow, rubble). In case the combination of layers of rubble and sand is applied, it is necessary to provide a separation of these layers of geotextiles (when the ground is the ground fraction over the larger). Under the stove must be in advance all the necessary communications (water supply, electricity, sewage, etc.) and inputs.

The design of the Swedish plate involves the transfer of all loads from the structure (own weight, operational loads, snow, etc.) on the heater layer, which is why high strength requirements are presented to the heat insulating material used. The most rational use in this design is thermal insulation plates Penopelex Fundam®, which have almost zero water absorption and high compressive strength.

Instructions for use:

• Step 1. Removing the upper layer of soil (as a rule, about 30-40 cm);
• Step 2. The rambling of sand-gravel training (large sand, crushed stone);
• Step 3. Installation of drainage around the perimeter of the structure and pipes of engineering communications;
• Step 4. Laying onboard elements and plates Polyoplax Fundam® at the base;
• Step 5. Installation of reinforcement frame on stands;
• Step 6. Shielding of pipes for the heating system of floors, connecting them to the collector and downloading air into them;
• Step 7. Pouring the monolithic plate with a concrete mixture.

Integrated in the foundation design, the heating system ensures comfortable conditions indoors. And the use of durable and absolutely moisture-proof plates of Penopelex Fundam® As the preparation of the base at times will increase the heat engineering reliability and efficiency of the warm floor system. As a coolant, conventional water or antifreeze can be used in the system (if in the winter period in the room there will be no possibility to always maintain the positive temperature). Almost all types of pipes can be used as heating pipelines in water warm floors: metal-plastic, copper, stainless steel, polybutan, polyethylene, etc.

When laying heating pipes are guided by the following rules:

• Higher thermal power of warm floors is achieved by a more dense styling of pipes. Conversely, that is, along the outer walls, warm pipes must be laid more tight than in the middle of the room.
• It makes no sense to lay pipes more dense than 10 cm. More dense styling leads to a significant overrun of pipes, while the thermal flow remains almost unchanged. In addition, the effect of the heat bridge is possible when the coolant feed temperature comes with the treatment temperature.
• The distance between the heating trumpets should not be more than 25 cm to ensure a uniform temperature distribution over the floor surface. So that the "temperature zebra" was not perceived by the foot foot, the maximum temperature difference along the foot length should not exceed 4 ° C.
• The indent of the heating pipes from the outer walls should be at least 15 cm.
• It is not recommended to lay the heating circuits (loops) with a length of more than 100 m. This leads to high hydraulic losses.
• You can not lay pipes at the junction of monolithic plates. In such cases, we must put two separate contours on different sides of the joint. And the pipes crossing the joint must be laid in metal sleeves, 30 cm long.

The construction of any building begins with the installation of the foundation, which acts not only with a reliable basis for the structure, but also provides the durability constructions. To date, there are many types of such basics, but the basis of developers with the use of insulated Swedish plates (UCP) is particularly popular with developers. This material is made according to modern technologies, it allows you to save at cost and construction time, and is also an excellent heat insulator.

What it is?

The USHP foundation is a monolithic base laid out from Swedish plates having insulation throughout the area and the perimeter of the sole. Such a foundation is the finished draft floor for the first floor, in addition to communications, you can also embed a heating system.

The slab laying is made shallow, as they include a high-quality insulation - polystyrene foam, which reliably protects the base from the bottom from the freezing. In addition, the building material contains graphite particles that make plates with durable and resistant to power loads and exposure to sunlight. It is also worth noting that the USHP foundation never gives shrinkage - this is very important when building buildings in areas with problem ground.

Swedish plates differ from the usual multi-layered structures in that significantly reduce the exercise costs. Such elements can be used, for example, in houses placed in zones with harsh climatic conditions, where there is a low temperature and increased soil moisture in the spring and autumn period, because these foundations are resistant to frost and protect the structure from heat losses.

They are also ideal for both buildings in which unconventional heating is planned with water heating. Thermal highways are installed directly inside the plates, and they transmit heat energy from the carrier to the entire base surface.

When the construction is carried out on the problematic soil, then this is also a reason to use the UCP technology. Due to the multilayer design, which is additionally enhanced by the durable reinforcement and flooded with concrete, the base is reliable and allows to build houses on the ground with an increased peat concentration, clay and sand.

For the construction of multi-storey buildings, the height of which exceeds 9 m, these plates are also an indispensable element. The UCHP-slabs ensure the stability of the framework, and also strengthen the log cabins and buildings from the hollow panels.

Pros and cons

The URS-foundation is widely used in modern construction, as unlike other types of grounds is a budget option and has many advantages. The pros of this design can be attributed, for example, the minimum installation time - complete installation of plates, as a rule, is performed within two weeks.

Also, such a material has good thermal insulation, because thanks to the polystyrene foam, which is part of the material, is excluded to freeze the soil under the basis of the foundation, which reduces the risk of graduating from land. In addition, the costs of building heating are significantly reduced.

The surface of Wff performs the finished black floor, which can be placed immediately without prior alignment to lay ceramic tiles. This difference makes it possible to save time for decoration.

The material has high compressive strength and resistance to moisture, so this kind of foundation is durable and can reliably serve dozens of years, while maintaining their initial characteristics. During the construction of Swedish plates, it is also important to take into account their shortcomings:

• the main part of the communications is arranged in the foundation, which means that if necessary, to replace them, it will be difficult to do so, since access to them is impossible;
• uCP slabs are not recommended for the construction of heavy and high-rise buildings - the technology of their installation is provided only for small buildings;
• such a foundation does not provide for the possibility of implementing projects for houses with a basement.

Device

Like any building material, the Swedish plate has its own features of the device. The foundation base is monolithic, manufactured by the latest production technologies and consists of the following layers:

• concrete screed;
• heating systems;
• reinforcement;
• thermal insulation;
• rubble;
• construction sand;
• geotextile;
• soil layers;
• drainage system.

Therefore, we can say that the Swedish plate is a unique type of base with a specific structure, which combines at the same time waterproofing, insulation and heating system. Such a universal "pie" allows not only to quickly build buildings, but also retains warmth, creating comfort in premises. For thermal insulation, polystyrene sheets are used, thanks to which the foundation is insulated. The reinforcement is performed from steel rods with a diameter of 12 to 14 mm - they enhance the framework of the construction and protect the floor from the appearance of cracks.

Thanks to such a structure, the UCH-foundation, like its Finnish analog, is ideal for building a house where a ribbon foundation or base on piles cannot be used. In addition, the integrity is characterized for this type of construction, thanks to which the foundation is not destroyed under the influence of low temperature and moisture.

Payment

Installation of Swedish plates must be started with preliminary calculations, given the peculiarities of the soil, the structure of the structure and the effect of atmospheric precipitation. Therefore, in the first place, the type of soil is defined. land plotwhere it is planned to build. In addition, the level of groundwater is studied and the depth of freezing the layers of the Earth. The main task of calculations is to draw up a design project, which indicates the thickness of the foundation layers.

For the correct calculation, the following data is taken:

• the total area of \u200b\u200bthe foundation;
• perimeter UCP;
• height and length of carrier ribs;
• the thickness of the sand pillow;
• the volume and mass of concrete.

The cost of installing Swedish plates can be different, as it depends on the size of the construction, as well as the features of the sewage and water supply layout.

Construction technology

The URS-foundation is widely used in modern construction, it has many advantages and it can be easily installed with his own hands. Since the Swedish plates in their design have a high-quality insulation, the base of the building is warm and does not require additional laying of isolation, which saves not only the time of work, but also finances. To independently perform this type of foundation, it is necessary to consistently implement some stages of work.

• Preparation of land.In the event that the building is built on the fragile soil, it must be cleaned from the layers of peat and clay, or simply fall asleep in the thick layer of the sand of the middle size. In addition, the foundation should be placed strictly horizontally. Its thickness is calculated taking into account the thickness of the sandy pillow and the insulation and can not be less than 40 cm. The bottom of the base fall asleep with sand and evenly distribute it, each layer will be thoroughly tram.

• Installation of the drainage system. On the perimeter of the dumped pit, a trench is performed, a flexible tube is placed in it. Before laying the pipes, walls and bottom of the trench, you need to cover geotextile with an adhesive in 15 cm - this material will provide good drainage and harden the soil. After that, they perform a backstage, strictly adhering to the sizes specified in the project. The flooded and the rammed layer of sand is necessary to pour water.
• Laying engineering communications. All sewage systems are placed directly on a sandy basis, they are temporarily attached with the help of clamps and reinforcement. End of pipes and cables are removed on the surface.
• Construction of a wooden frame. A framework of the edged board on the perimeter of the base is suitable. To do this, at first put racks, then the boards are fixed to them with self-draws. So that the framework turns out to be durable, it is recommended to additionally enhance it.

• Floating rubble. For this type of foundation, the mid-size crushed stone is well suited. The material layer should be evenly distributed over the entire working area, its thickness should not be less than 10 cm.
• Installation of thermal insulation. Plates made from extrusion polystyrene foams are used as an insulator. Warming must be performed both horizontally and vertically base. The thickness of thermal insulation is usually 100 mm. The insulation is tightly pressed against the surface of a wooden frame and formwork. In order to avoid displacement of plates during installation, they are fixed using self-tapping screws, and small holes are made in the output sections.
• Reinforcement.This type of work is performed in two stages: the framework of the frame is first reinforced, then the plane of the Swedish plate itself itself. As a result, an armature frame is formed, made of rods interconnected by knitting wire. In order not to damage the insulation, it is desirable to collect the frame separately, and then in the finished form to lay. In addition, the reinforcement grid of a diameter of at least 10 mm and the size of the cells of 15 × 15 cm is attached throughout the base area.

• Arrangement of a system of warm floors.UCP-foundation installation technology provides for the installation of a warm floor directly in the base slab. Due to this, the first floor of the building does not require additional heating. According to the design of the pipes are placed on the reinforcement grid and fixed on the nylon clamp. As for the collector, it is arranged in the foundation pillow in the height indicated in the drawings. In places where the pipes will climb the collector, additionally mounted corrugated.
• Pouring concrete.You can proceed to the concrete process only when all of the above steps are completed. The concrete brand is chosen in accordance with the construction project. Special concrete pump or concrete mixer will help to simplify the fill. The solution is evenly distributed over the entire area of \u200b\u200bthe foundation, controlling that hard-to-reach places are empty. Concrete It is recommended to use freshly prepared, at the end of the fill, work seams are wetted with water and processed by primer.

Conclusion It can be said that the installation of the UCHP-foundation does not represent much difficulty, but in order for the base to be solid and reliable, each of the above stages should be performed, strictly adhering to the technology, and do not forget to make quality control.

If all the rules of construction are observed, the foundation of the UCP will become a warm and durable support for the house.

Recently, in the construction of new buildings, innovative technologies are trying to apply - this applies not only to the construction of the frame, but also the foundation. Most developers to install the base are chosen by the Swedish panels, as they have excellent performance and have positive feedback. By erecting such a foundation, it is worth considering some recommendations of specialists.

• You need to start work with design. For this, the building plan is determined, the material for the roof and walls is selected, since the load on the base depends on these indicators. It is also important to calculate the width of the foundation under the bearing walls. Best Design Trust experienced specialists, but if there are personal skills, you can cope with it yourself.
• During the installation, it is important to draw attention to the correct placement of the plates, especially this concerns the cases when the material has no rectangular, but a complex geometry.

The smaller the number of junctions at the base, the less risk of leakage appearance. Therefore, the ideal is the option at which there are no joints under the stove.

In low-rise construction, you can do without filling the monolithic concrete foundation and make a reliable, warm base for the future building. Such an opportunity to give foundations made by technology Ushp.

Abbreviation denotes a warmed Swedish plate, which is efficiently used in European countries. In Russia, technology has become known since 2009.But currently not widely used - developers just begin to master it.

Lack of interest is caused by a deficit of complete and reliable information about this type of foundation. At first glance, the technology seems difficult and expensive. In fact, the cost of work is lower than the fill of the usual monolithic plate from concrete.

Structure of a warmed Swedish plate

The data in the article are purely informative and are not instructions for arranging UCP-foundation: here you need accurate engineering calculations that are tied to a specific area of \u200b\u200bdevelopment.

There are several options for arrangement, however, the differences are personally and do not affect the overall installation technology. In fact, the Swedish foundation resembles a multilayer pie consisting of elements:

ground base with a pre-prepared drainage system;

geotextile substrates;

sand-gravel pillows with sewage pipe sites and engineering communications;

insulation layer;

waterproofing;

second layer of insulation;

straps from fittings and a warm floor system;

concrete slab (middle thickness 100 mm);

floor finish.

At first glance, the design seems cumbersome and difficult, but this is an illusion. All work can be performed on their own without the involvement of heavy construction equipment.

Given that proper fulfillment Works at all stages, it turns out a solid foundation, with ribs of rigidity and a regular enclosed heating system. Such a design completely prevents possible heat loss, while has a high bearing capacity.

Advantages and disadvantages

Part of the shortcomings can be excluded if you entrust work to qualified designers and workers. However, attracting specialists makes financial benefits less attractive.

UCP or monolithic foundation?

At first glance, the economic benefit during the arrangement of the UCP is invisible - requires a large number of building materials that cost certain money. The estimate includes purchasing:

insulation;

reinforcement;

insulation systems of floors;

other materials.

When pouring a monolithic foundation, such expenses are not required: the basis is prepared, the reinforcement is purchased, the binding is made and concrete is poured. However, the financial benefit of the fill of monolith is understandable only not a professional.

Such a foundation can be compared with bank credit: There is not enough funds - the pool of the site, and then gradually stroke further. The process is obtained stretched in time, which implies the rise in price of building materials. In addition, the monolithic foundation needs insulation and waterproofing, engineering communications will also be summarized to the building.

UCHP will suit people who understand the benefits of such a design and building a house that will be warm and comfortable, regardless of the weather popsicles. If making calculations to save electricity 10 years old Forward, the attractiveness of the insulated foundation will increase. Against this background, the monolithic foundation looks like an ordinary slab that requires additional investment of funds.

Step-by-step technology arrangement USP

The working process begins with the involvement of technical specialists who can calculate the carrying capacity of the soil, the likelihood of the displacement shift and the possibility of the drainage system. After that, the establishment of the foundation is carried out in a certain sequence.

Swedish foundation never stacked on a fertile soil layer: This is guaranteed to shift the structure when building a building. Therefore, such a layer of soil is removed from the construction site completely.

Kotlovan is made shallow: usually 2-3 bayonet shovelHowever, its external dimensions should be for the meter to go beyond the boundaries of the walls of the future building. The bottom of the pit is lined with geotextiles with the launch of the substrate on the side walls.

Storm sewage and dilution of groundwater is necessary in order to ensure the dryness of the foundation. For these purposes, geotextiles falls asleep with a layer of rubble, an underground reservoir is made with pipes supplied to it. For laying the drainage system around the perimeter, trenches are formed with a slope towards the main well.

Storm engineering communications

The next step is the wiring of water supply and sewerage pipes. Communications must be plunged below the marking of the soil freezing in the winter period.

In addition, it is necessary to pay in advance the location of the risers in the house, bring the pipe out to connect to centralized or autonomous water supply systems.

Given the shortcomings of the UCP makes sense to immediately duplicate the communication system so that in the event of a malfunction to use reserves. At this stage, a sand pillow beats, which is necessarily compacted by the wheeled machine.

The first layer - closes the perimeter of the pit completely.

The second is retreating at 40-45 cm Inside.

It is necessary in order to install on the edges L-shaped modules From polystyrene foam for external circuit.

At this stage, the "Warm floor" system is filled with the installation of collectors and temporary crimping pipes. Next is made a two-layer reinforcing belt from reinforcement with a diameter 12-16 mm. Recommended grid 15 * 15 cm.

Production of formwork

For this can be used L-shaped modules Polystyrene foam, reinforced outside boards and struts to eliminate their extrusion under the action of concrete mass. A classic option can also be applied: the inner frame, incomplete from the shields of dense plywood. The height of the formwork is calculated on the basis of such values: the thickness of the insulation (20-30cm) And the slab itself (no more than 10 cm).

This stage does not differ from the arrangement of a monolithic foundation. The concrete mixture is resolved continuously to eliminate the formation of the joints and is necessarily condensed with deep vibrators for uniform filling in the inner space.

Consider that the contact of the vibrator with the pipes of the "warm floor" or the reinforcing grid is extremely undesirable.

Formwork can be removed 72 hours later After fill. If the work is carried out in hot time, the stove is covered with a bagproof or polyethylene film, periodically moistened with water. In winter, the heating system is laid in front of the fill.

Most recently, when choosing a foundation under residential house, the main criteria were reliability, strength and durability of the structure. With the emergence of new technologies, it also became possible to take into account the cost, as well as the functionality of the foundation. Today, for low-rise construction in areas with weak soils, you can choose not only columnar or pile foundation, but also a more technological warmed swedish plate (UCP). The simplicity and availability of technology allows you to get a monolithic, heated base with your own hands and at the same time not to go beyond the budget.

Features of the Warm Swedish Plate

The monolithic foundation base of the UCP was first tested on the Scandinavian Peninsula and was used for a long time mainly in the north-west of Europe. Today, the situation has changed and the geography of the use of the Swedish foundation has expanded significantly, extending also in the endless expanses of Russia.

When building a warmed Swedish plate, one only concrete is not to do - the modern thermal insulation materials will be needed.

As it is clear from the title, the supporting structure of this type is a reinforced concrete foundation plate laid on a layer of insulation. The design does not require a large blowjob, so it is perfect for construction on sites:

• from high levels groundwater;
• with a bulk and loose soil;
• with soils subject to wreck and shifts.

The key feature of the USH technology is a hard, monolithic design, which perfectly copes with seasonal primers of the soil. In addition, the insulation located under the Swedish slab prevents the soil freezing, as a result of which the risks associated with its swelling and precipitate are reduced. When operating the base, you can not worry that it will deform and crack in the cold winter months.

Advantages and disadvantages of USP

The technology of construction of a warmed Swedish plate allows you to build the foundation with your own hands and is similar to the construction of more common belt bases. At the same time, the monolithic support structure has constructive and functional differences that give it a lot of advantages:

1. Since during the construction of the UCH, it does not need to dig a deep pit, disappears the need to use heavy vehicles and earthmoving equipment. All work can be done with your own hands, and therefore reduce the cost of building the foundation.
2. The monolithic plate has been equipped with a Swedish technology not only under the sole, but also from the sides. The constancy of temperature over the entire area has a positive impact on the service life.
3. The design of the slab allows the installation of the main engineering communications in the initial stages of construction. This allows you to reduce the design and speed up the work. In addition, it disappears the need to equip the technical underground with water supply and sewerage pipes.
4. The monolithic reinforced concrete base is suitable for construction on any sections, regardless of the ground structure. Since the stove is located on the surface of the Earth, soil water does not affect it, thereby increasing the carrying ability of the structure. The foundation can be used as small wooden housesand three-storey cottages.
5. The tightness of the base and the absence of the so-called cold bridges prevents the spread of dampness, mold and fungus.
6. The perfectly smooth upper plane of the warmed swedish plate is a finished draft base for laying facial flooring. Thanks to this feature, the time of finishing works is reduced and their cost is reduced.
7. Swedish insulated stove has a good thermal insulation ability. This, as well as laid in the reinforced concrete base, the coolest floor system allows to reduce heating costs and make the house more comfortable.

The perfectly smooth UCP surface is used as a rough floor.

Despite all the strengths of the foundation of the UCP, there are many people who relate to technology with a fair share of distrust. As arguments against the construction of a warm reinforced concrete base, they lead the following arguments:

• high price;
• technology does not provide for the construction of basements;
• insufficient stiffness of the heat insulation layer, which subsequently can provoke the shrinkage of the building;
• risk of damage to polystyrene rodents;
• the lack of data on the durability of the insulation used - the technology is still weakly tested by time;
• complication of the construction of a slab foundation at lower surfaces;
• restrictions on the floors of buildings.

It should be said that some of these arguments are not devoid of rational grain. As for statements about large material costs, today it can be said about their exaggeration. So, during the construction of the UCP, you can do without the use of construction equipment, having done the lion's share of work with your own hands. In addition, it will be possible to save on the arrangement of the draft floor and the technological underground. Part of the costs and will return to the indirect way, due to reducing the cost of heating during the operation of the building.

Construction of a plating swedish foundation

The basis of the warmed swedish foundation is the usual monolithic reinforced concrete plate, which is used in private construction from the middle of the last century. As for the outstanding indicators of sustainability and energy efficiency, they provide many constructive features.

The basis of the foundation of the UCP is the usual monolithic reinforced concrete plate

So, the UCP consists of such elements:

1. A sandy-crumb or gravel pillow, which performs the functions of the drainage system and serves as a kind of damper in seasonal soil oscillations.
2. Geotextile canvas that prevents the clogging of the drainage layer with small particles of the soil.
3. The waterproofing layer capable of protecting the reinforced concrete structure from the harmful effects of moisture.
4. The heat insulation layer, which is stacked both under the entire plane of the plane adjoining to the ground and on the sides of the foundation. "Pie" from the insulation and the waterproofing layer prevent the spread of heat into the ground, contributing to the reduction of energy consumption.
5. Drainage and drainage system. Thanks to them, the reference structure will not be exposed to atmospheric precipitation. Even if the wax and rainwater on the site flow into the lowlands, and the undergrounds are at a depth of 3 m and more, the presence of moisture removal systems allows you to extend the life of the support plate for decades.
6. Reinforcing frame or belt. Being a rigid spatial design of thick metal rods, this element makes the foundation more durable.
   

   As is known, concrete perfectly resists compressive loads, but weakly resist the bending and tensile effects. Eliminate similar shortcomings and is called up by a reinforcing belt, which perfectly copes with the elastic deformations of any type.

7. Engineering communications, which include sewage, plumbing, electrical wiring and cable channels for broaching lines.
8. Outdoor heating system. Specialists recommend laying a water circuit directly at the stage of the foundation facility. This allows you to reduce the maintenance and contributes to a uniform warming up the base of the floor.
9. The bearing concrete plate, the thickness of which is chosen depending on the characteristics of the soil and weight of the building. To increase the strength of the reinforced concrete base, it is performed with ribbon ribs. They are placed under the outer walls, as well as in the places of installation of columns and other material components.

The reinforcing frame makes the Swedish plate resistant to any alternate load

Of course, such a simple design cannot carry a load in the form of apartment buildings of high floors, but in the sphere of private construction it will provide due reliability and durability. Just at the expense of the installation of the insulated Swedish plate, heating costs will be reduced by 15-20%, not to mention the possibility of construction in difficult conditions without attracting expensive equipment and equipment.

Technology building a warmed Swedish plate

The UCP construction technology described below can be used on the soils of any type, except for peat, soil and vegetable and etc. When they are detected, it will take to remove the soil layer and replace it with compacted sand. N.the intake ability of the base should be no lower than 1 kg / cm 2. This will allow building a building with a height of up to 3 floors with supporting structures from any materials - bricks, gas-blocks, frame panels, glued bar, etc.

Insulated Swedish cooker can withstand the weight of the building up to three floors

Methodology for calculating the thickness of reinforced concrete base

The determination of the thickness of the foundation plate is the most important stage of design. Inaccurate calculation or selection of UCP parameters "Like a friend" may endure crying. Too weak base of the house can crack after the first winter either will be excessively massive, causing in vain financial spending.

The original drawing of the famous Swedish company Dorocell defines the main parameters of the UCP

It should be noted that it is impossible to make a full calculation of the insulated Swedish plate, based on the standards of SNiP and GOST, today it is impossible. This is due to the fact that in the Russian design community there is no recognized regulatory documentation or fundamental calculations. Yes, what is there to speak - in the above-mentioned normative acts there is no such thing as an UCP.

However, it is not necessary to think that all the slab basements of the Scandinavian type are built "on the eyes." The method of calculation, although not so detailed as I would like, exists. The fact is that even at the beginning of the era of a tight construction in the Russian segment of the Internet, the documentation of the Swedish company Dorocell fell, due to which, although in a somewhat trimmed form, it became possible to determine the structural parameters of the UCP.

Of course, the approach to the design of monolithic foundation plates is simplified and does not go to any comparison with the calculation, which is the engineers of foreign design and construction organizations. However, it can be used for private construction with complete confidence.

Table: optimal specific pressure that the foundation plate should have a soil

Before proceeding with the calculations, the prevailing soil type determines and according to the table below determine its carrying capacity. If there is a need for construction on soils isolated by bold, it is recommended to consult with professionals. As can be seen from the table, plastic squeems and hard clay have the highest specific pressure indicators, so require the installation of a massive base. The main calculation leads according to the following scheme:

1. According to the tables of the specific mass of various materials, the weight of the building without taking into account the foundation is calculated. The resulting value should be summed with other loads. At the same time, the operational pressure is taken into account that equipment and furniture installed in the house, as well as the climatic load in the form of precipitation.
   

   If the corner of the roof of the roof is more than 60 degrees, then for any region of Russia, the climatic load can be neglected.

2. Focusing on the size and configuration of the structure, calculate the area of \u200b\u200bthe slab foundation.
3. Dividing the mass of the building on the plates area, the value of the specific load on the soil is excluding pressure, which has reinforced concrete design. This digit is compared with the magnitude of the load from the first table and the deviation from the optimal value is determined. The difference between the calculated and necessary load must be multiplied by the base area - so they receive the desired mass of the slab.
4. The basis of the base is determined by separating the weight of the monolithic structure to the density of reinforced concrete 2500-2700 kg / m 3. Perform division of volume on the plate area - so get its thickness.

The calculated value is rounded up to 5 cm in the nearest side, after which the weight of the foundation is recalculated. Having folded it with the weight of the building, again determine the specific pressure on the ground. The deviation from the optimal value should not exceed 25%.

Table: Operating load and specific weight of walls, floors and roofs

If, as a result of the calculation, the thickness of the foundation goes beyond 15-35 cm, then its installation is considered inappropriate. If the plate is less than 15 cm, this indicates the excessive mass of the building for the soil of this type. Under these conditions, independent construction is associated with risks, therefore, careful geological exploration and professional calculations will be needed. With a plate thickness, more than 35 cm can be abandoned by the UCP foundation and install the house on the tape base or bonded supports.

When erecting a Swedish slab, do it yourself there is an opportunity to choose the most convenient construction scheme for yourself

What will be needed to build an ush with their own hands

Before proceeding with construction, such materials should be prepared:

• high-strength extrusion polystyrene foam for foundation bases - not less than 0.3 m 3 per 1 m 2 plates area;
• steel reinforcement Ø10 mm (consumption up to 15 p. m per 1 m 2 UCP) and Ø12 mm for the execution of paintwork (it will take at least 4.5 p. m. on 1 p. m distribution design);
• knitting wire;
• plastic supports for installation of armooois;
• polyethylene film with a thickness of at least 150 μm - to 1.2 m 2 per square meter of the foundation;
• geotextile canvas - up to 1.4 m 2 per 1 m 2 plates;
• edged board or shields for formworking - from 1 to 1.5 m 3;
• sand;
• rubble medium fraction;
• concrete - from 0.15 to 0.25 m 3 per 1 m 2 UCP, depending on the thickness of the latter.

In addition, they will need polymer pipes, fittings and other details for the arrangement of the floor heating system, as well as everything you need to mount engineering communications.

For UCPs, special high solidness polystyrene foam blocks are used. Their configuration allows you to lay styling without cracks

The list of tools that will be needed in operation:

• shovels bayonets and scooping;
• building stretchers or cars;
• manual tamping or vibrating plastic;
• level or water level;
• bulgarian;
• electric screwdriver;
• vibrator deep;
• rule plaster, chunk and ironing;
• roulette;
• hacksaw;
• trowel;
• a hammer.

Using the vibrating plates allows you to facilitate the work when sealing a sandy-choggy pillow

If concrete is prepared independently, then, among other things, it will take a concrete mixer and materials for the preparation of the working solution.

1. The construction site is cleaned of garbage and weeds.
2. Perform the markup of the foundation using a level or level or level, fixing the outer contour using pegs and cord.
3. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe region, the ground is made to the depth of 0.3-0.4 m.

   During the construction of a small-breeding foundation, the UCP can do without excavation equipment, but when this possibility appears, then why not take advantage of

4. The bottom of the recreation is falling asleep with a 15-centimeter sand layer, which is abundantly shedding with water and thoroughly tamper. To do this, it is better to use vibrating plates, but in the absence of the latter you can do and hand-made traam.

   For sealing sand and chumps, the best tool is vibratory

5. Geotextiles laid on the prepared sandy pillow. The edges of the canvases must be beyond the plates of 20-30 cm.
6. On top of the filter material, a gravel or a crushed pillow is equipped (fraction of no more than Ø20-40 mm) with a thickness of 10-15 cm. Its side sides turn the geotextile foundation protruding.

   The pillow from the rubble is necessarily separated from the sand with a layer of geotextile

7. In the layer of rubble, engineering communications are paved - sewer and water pipes, electrical cables, etc. The height of their taps are calculated taking into account the thickness of the foundation "cake". To install pipes in the project position, they are temporarily fasten with the help of segments of reinforcement and plastic clamps.

   Engineering communications are paved inside choggy

8. On the sides of the foundation, the on-board elements of the formwork from the high density insulation with a thickness of 5-10 cm are installed. For thermal insulation, fibrolite plates or extruded polystyrene foaming in the form of special L-blocks and angular elements can be taken, but conventional, flat panels. The insulating material must have a maximum hardness and have a low moisture absorption, so it is best to use a special insulation for concrete bases (for example, Plenem Foundation, Penoboard, etc.) To strengthen the enhancement design, a fencing formwork from boards with a thickness of up to 50 mm, which is strengthened by the stops From the bar with a cross section of at least 50x50 mm.

   Extruded expanded polystyrene foam

9. A layer of waterproofing is stacked over the ramble chriding cushion. It can be both modern rolled materials and a conventional ruberoid. The main thing is to ensure the tightness of the moisture-proof layer, therefore, the individual canvases are placed by the interpretation, with a 15-centimeter overlapping. The joints are sealed with a gas or gasoline burner. It is important that the edges of the canvases perform in at least the thickness of the concrete slab - subsequently with their help will be provided with waterproofing of the ends.
10. Count the first layer of thermal insulation. For this, polystyrene foam plates with a thickness of 10 cm. The skill is placed on the surface. In places where there are sewage and water pipes through the foundation, cutouts are made in the seal.

    The lower layer of thermal insulation is stacked by the light, with the cuts for communication

11. The second layer of the insulation is laid out of the same polystyrene foam plates, but they are not placed, but in accordance with the project documentation. In the area of \u200b\u200boperational load, namely where the finishing floor will be equipped, the total thickness of thermal insulation should be 200 mm. As for the bases of bearing walls and columns, they are left filled with only half for the subsequent reinforcement and fill of concrete woodworks (ribbon ribs).

    The top layer of thermal insulation is laid in accordance with the project documentation

    
    

    When laying polystyrene foam insulation, it is important to exclude the slots, since when the concrete is filling in these places, the so-called cold bridges will be formed. For temporary fixation, the plates of the second layer can use polyurethane glue or self-tapping screws with a length of at least 120 mm.

12. Perform reinforcement of stipulated painters. For this, on the side of the construction site, separate metal frames are made of 4 rods of reinforcement Ø12 mm, which orient in the longitudinal direction. The spatial fixation of the main reinforcement is performed using a rod Ø10 mm, which is mounted in a step of up to 300 mm and fasten the knitted wire. After the manufacture of a sufficient amount of frames, they are installed in shape and bind to each other.

    For the reinforcement of paintworks, pre-manufactured volume frames are used

13. Reinforce the discharge zones. For this, the valve Ø10 mm is used, which is binding to a grid with cells 150x150 mm. In most cases, one row of rods will be enough. To provide a protective layer of concrete with a thickness of at least 30 mm, the grid and the reinforcing frameworks of painters are installed on factory plastic fixtures FS-30 or home-made supports from a steel bar with a diameter of 6-8 mm.

    A single-layer mesh from reinforcing rods is collected to enhance the operational load zones.

    
    

    If there is a need for a longitudinal docking of rods, then it is necessary to ensure the rods of rods with a length of at least 20D. So, for the reinforcement Ø12 mm, the connecting part should be 240 mm.

14. Plastic pipes of the floor heating system are placed, which are attached to the reynaming grid with the help of plastic clamps.

    Outdoor heating contours are conveniently fixed directly to the reinforcing frame.

15. In the places of intersections of the circuit of a warm floor with screeching, over which support structures and wall partitions will be mounted, the pipes are protected from PND pipes with a length of 40-50 cm. Make the assembly of collectors and with the help of corrugated bonds provide protection of outdoor heating pipes in the places of their lifting. Swinging devices of a warm floor can be attached to two 1.5-meter rods of reinforcement Ø12 mm, which are clogged to the base of the foundation at an angle of 90 degrees.

    For fixing a collector board, metal rods driven into the ground

16. The floor heating system is filled with coolant and crimp for testing its tightness.
17. Prepare the form to concrete. To do this, control the correctness of the execution of the previous steps, remove the garbage and are convinced in the integrity of the formwork. The conclusions of the pipeline and sewage pipes are protected from the solution to enter the solution, for which special plugs are used or any suitable materials - rags, scraps of polyethylene, etc.
18. The form is filled with concrete, distributing it on the surface of the surface shovels. It is necessary to ensure that the solution under the valve, in the corners and other hard-to-reach zones, for which it is convenient to use the deep vibrator. The filled form is sealing with a vibration or stove and align the surface using the rule and ironing. After that, the foundation is covered with polyethylene film.

    Pull the concrete in the formwork starts with the corners, moving it to the center of the foundation

Concrete will acquire the required strength only if the correct temperature and humidity mode is ensured. It is impossible to allow too fast drying of the solution - in this case, the reactions of dehydration (setting) slow down and temperature and shrinkage deformations occur.

If the foundation is poured into the hot, summer months, then water the water should be watering after 2-3 hours after the fill, and at another time - no later than 10-12 hours. After moisturizing, the form is necessarily covered by repeating the procedure for the first week, several times a day. So, at a temperature of 15 ° C in the first 2-3 days, it is necessary to water the concrete every 3 hours, and the following days - at least 3 times a day, with the most abundant moisture at night.

A day after the beginning of the setting, the foundation surface can be coated with a layer of wet sand or sawdust. Due to the fact that these materials are well kept moisture, the interval between irrigation can be increased in 1.5-2 times.

If the construction is conducted in accordance with technology, the foundation will have not only high strength, but also excellent operational properties

Possible problems and ways to prevent them

1. The sustainability and durability of the building depends on the proper calculation of the thickness of the foundation. If the stove is excessively massive, then the house will give shrinkage. Insufficiently powerful base can contribute to the walls of the walls and the appearance of cracks. On complex soils, the design is better to entrust specialists.
2. In the offseason, construction in areas with a high level of groundwater may be difficult. In this case, a set of measures to drain the base under the insulated Swedish slab is required. To do this, around the foundation Ryut a trench, in which drainage is equipped. In some cases, laying drainage pipes may be needed under the sole plate.
3. The amount of concrete that will be needed to fill the UCP, is measured by cubic meters. A spreading solution has a strong pressure on the formwork, which can lead to its bending and damage. So that this does not happen, on the external perimeter of the enclosing structure every 0.5 m in the ground, a wooden support is driven and installed spacer bars.
4. Filling the plates are trying to perform in one reception, since the violation of the monolithic structure may cause cracks on the border of individual servings of concrete. However, if it is not possible to pour the form at a time, the process is separated into several stages, having separate layers of concrete horizontally.
5. When adjusting the reinforcing framework, the metal rods are covered with a layer of concrete with a thickness of at least 3 cm. Otherwise, the moisture can penetrate inside the reinforced concrete structure, gradually destroying the foundation. For the same reason, the installation of Armopoyais on the vertical rods driven into the ground is not allowed.

Thanks to the versatile hobbies, I write on different topics, but the most beloved - technique, technology and construction. Perhaps because I know many nuances in these areas not only theoretically, as a result of study at a technical university and graduate school, but also from the practical side, since I try to do everything with your own hands.