The history of Russia is rich in examples of courage, bravery and intelligence. Important historical events in Russia:
1550 - Ivan the Terrible laid the foundations of a regular Russian army. The main document was the verdict indicating the placement of thousands of people fit for service from Moscow and neighboring districts.
1552 Ivan the Terrible took Kazan with his army. The Kazan Khanate turned out to be part of Russia. At the end of the 15th century, the Kazan rulers pursued an aggressive policy towards Russia: the Volga trade route was closed to Russian merchants, there were periodic raids on Russian lands, settlements were ruined, and Russian people were captured.
The year 1700 brought the Julian calendar to Russia. The ancient Roman Julian calendar is the basis of modern calendars. It was introduced by Yuri Caesar on January 1, 45 BC. Earlier in Russia, it was customary to start the new year on March 1. On this date in 998, the Baptism of Russia took place.
1720 - Demidov was elevated to a noble clan, which became the ancestor of the famous Demidovs. On October 2, for the excellent development of the mining business, the tsar elevated Nikita Demidovich Antufiev to hereditary nobles, and changed his last name to Demid.
1768 - Catherine II passed and approved the verdict on Saltychikha. Saltykova Daria Nikolaevna belonged to the elite of society in the 18th century. She received her nickname for the mockery and numerous murders of serfs.
1782 the order of the fourth degree of Prince Vladimir Equal to the Apostles was established. Catherine II, on the day of the 20th anniversary of her reign and the 800th anniversary of the baptism of Russia, marked the beginning of the fight against inequality in civil officials and the military in receiving awards.
1803 the first balloon flight took place in Russia. It happened on October 2 in Moscow. the pilot of the new aircraft turned out to be Andre Jacques Garnerin, who was an inspector of the revolutionary army in France. He made the first parachute jump five years earlier.
1826 August 25 in St. Petersburg opened a new Egyptian bridge on the Fontanka. The chief engineers of the grandiose project at that time were V. von Tretter and V.A. Khristianovich. The bridge connected Kolomensky and Nameless Islands.
In 1830, the Kul-Oba barrow was discovered near Kerch. This is one of the most important discoveries in Russian archeology at the beginning of the 19th century. The Scythian burial was subsidized by the 4th century BC.
1905 was marked by the founding of the Literary Museum of Russian Literature. It is also called "Pushkin's House". Today it is one of the old unique literary museums, which houses a lot of art and documentary materials from the history of Russian literature.
1907 trams began to run in St. Petersburg. At the end of the 19th century, engineers from all over the world worked on the efficient use of electricity in the urban transport network. The Russians were not far behind.
1909 officially opened "Caucasian Riviera". This is the ancestor of all modern Sochi sanatoriums and rest houses. This institution has not yet lost its attractiveness and has retained its original name.
1910 mass production of serial production of gramophone records was established. A new factory was erected in the village of Aprelevka, and later converted into a factory.
1918 approved by the RVSR. The All-Russian Central Executive Committee, headed by Trotsky, approved the highest body of military power - the Revolutionary Military Council. Until 1934, he led the army, navy, front and the USSR Armed Forces.
1941 during the Great Patriotic War there was a battle for Moscow. She was the main target of the German fascists. Hitler approved a special plan "Typhoon", which consisted in the complete destruction of the capital of the USSR.
1947 after the end of the war, the restoration of the Leningrad metro began. The construction of an underground railway was vigorously discussed at the end of the last century. Newspapers were included in the disputes, leading Russian engineers discussed the possible difficulties and prospects of this project.
1975 On September 4, the program “What? Where? When?". It was a TV club for family viewing. From the first releases, she gained great popularity.
1987 ended the trial of the pilot Matthias Rust, who violated the air borders of the Soviet Union on an American plane and landed a sports plane on Red Square.
In 1993, as a result of a conflict between the Parliament and the President, an armed clash took place in Moscow. The executive and legislative powers could not agree on the tactics of the transition and the development of the constitutional process.
2005 reburied Denikin and Ilyin, the general and the philosopher left their homeland after the October Revolution. The first reburied remains were the writer Ivan Shmelev at the Donskoy cemetery.
2007 - The Pashkov House was transferred to the Russian State Library. It is one of the main cultural and historical monuments in Moscow. The building symbolizes the intellectual life of the Russian Federation.
2014 XXII Olympic Winter Games were organized in Sochi. The city became the Olympic capital.

The Russian Federation is the state that ranks first in terms of area and ninth in terms of population. This is a country that has gone from disparate principalities to a candidate for a superpower. How did the formation of this political, economic and military colossus take place?

In our article we will consider the main dates in the history of Russia. We will see the development of the country from the first mention of it until the end of the twentieth century.

IX - X century

For the first time the word "Rus" is mentioned in 860 in connection with the siege of Tsargrad (Constantinople) and the plunder of its environs. According to researchers, more than eight thousand people participated in the raid. The Byzantines did not expect an attack from the Black Sea at all, so they could not give a worthy rebuff. “The Russ left with impunity,” reports the chronicler.

The next important date was 862. This is one of the most significant events. According to The Tale of Bygone Years, it was at that time that representatives of the Slavic tribes were invited to rule Rurik.

The chronicle says that they were tired of constant quarrels and civil strife, which only a new ruler could put an end to.

Like 862, the next year, 863, became important in the history of Russia. This year, according to chroniclers, the Slavic alphabet - Cyrillic - is being created. It is from this time that the official written history of Russia begins.

In 882, Prince Oleg, Rurik's successor, conquers Kiev and makes it a "capital city". This ruler did a lot for the state. He began to unite the tribes, went to the Khazars, recapturing many lands. Now the northerners, drevlyans, radimichi pay tribute not to the kaganate, but to the prince of Kiev.

We are considering only the main dates in the history of Russia. Therefore, we dwell only on some key events.

So, the 10th century was marked by a powerful expansion of the Rus into neighboring countries and tribes. So, Igor went to the Pechenegs (920) and to Constantinople (944). Prince Svyatoslav defeated in 965, which significantly strengthened the position of Kievan Rus in the south and southeast.

In 970, Vladimir Svyatoslavovich became Prince of Kiev. Together with his uncle Dobrynya, whose image was later reflected in the epic hero, he is collecting a campaign against the Bulgarians. He managed to defeat the tribes of Serbs and Bulgarians on the Danube, as a result of which an alliance was concluded.

However, during the campaigns mentioned above, the prince becomes imbued with Christianity. Earlier, his grandmother, Princess Olga, was the first to accept this faith and was misunderstood by her surroundings. Now Vladimir the Great decides to baptize the entire state.

So, in 988, a series of ceremonies were held to baptize most of the tribes. Those who refused to change their faith voluntarily were forced to do so by force.

The last important date in the tenth century is the construction of the Church of the Tithes. It was with the help of this building that Christianity finally took root in Kiev at the state level.

11th century

The eleventh century was marked by a large number of military conflicts between princes. Immediately after the death of Vladimir Svyatoslavovich, civil strife begins.

This devastation continued until 1019, when Prince Yaroslav, who was later called the Wise, sat on the throne in Kiev. He reigned for thirty-five years. It is noteworthy that during the years of his reign, Kievan Rus practically reaches the level of European states.

Since we are talking briefly about the history of Russia, the most important dates of the eleventh century are associated with the reign of Yaroslav (in the first half of the century) and the period of unrest (in the second half of the century).

So, from 1019 until his death in 1054, Prince Yaroslav the Wise compiles one of the most famous codes - Yaroslav's Truth. This is the oldest part of Russkaya Pravda.

For five years, starting from 1030, he erected the Transfiguration Cathedral in Chernigov.

In the capital, in 1037, the construction of the famous temple - St. Sophia of Kiev - began. It was completed in 1041.

After a campaign against Byzantium, in 1043, Yaroslav built a similar cathedral in Novgorod.

The death of the Kiev prince marked the beginning of the struggle for the capital between his sons. Izyaslav ruled from 1054 to 1068. Further, with the help of an uprising, he is replaced by the Polotsk prince Vseslav. In epics, he is referred to as Volga.

In view of the fact that this ruler still adhered to pagan views in matters of faith, the properties of a werewolf are attributed to him in folk tales. In epics, he becomes either a wolf or a falcon. In official history, he was given the nickname of the Wizard.

Listing the main dates in the history of Russia in the eleventh century, it is worth mentioning the creation of the Pravda Yaroslavichi in 1072 and the Izbornik of Svyatoslav in 1073. The latter contains descriptions of the lives of the saints, as well as their important teachings.

A more interesting document is Russkaya Pravda. It consists of two parts. The first was written during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise, and the second - in 1072. This collection contains the norms of criminal, procedural, commercial and inheritance law.

The last event worth mentioning within the framework of the eleventh century was the princes. He marked the beginning of the fragmentation of the Old Russian state. There it was decided that everyone should manage only his patrimony.

12th century

Oddly enough, the Polovtsians played an important role in the reunification of the ancient Russian princes. Speaking about the main dates in the history of Russia in the twelfth century, one cannot but mention the campaigns against these nomads in 1103, 1107 and 1111. It was these three military campaigns that rallied the Eastern Slavs and created the prerequisites for the reign of Vladimir Monomakh in 1113. His son Mstislav Vladimirovich became his successor.

During the years of the reign of these princes, the Tale of Bygone Years was finally edited, and there was also an increase in discontent among the people, which was expressed in the uprisings of 1113 and 1127.

After the death of Yaroslav the Wise, the political history of Europe and the history of Russia gradually move away. The dates and events of the twelfth century fully confirm this.

While the struggle for power was going on here, caused by the collapse of the Kievan state, the unification of Spain and several crusades were being carried out in Western Europe.

In Russia, the following happened. In 1136, as a result of the uprising and expulsion of Vsevolod Mstislavovich, a republic was established in Novgorod.

In 1147, chronicles first mention the name Moscow. It was from this time that the gradual rise of the city began, which was destined to later become the capital of a united state.

The end of the twelfth century was marked by an even greater fragmentation of the state and the weakening of the principalities. All this led to the fact that Russia is deprived of freedom, falling into the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars.

Since these events took place in the thirteenth century, we will talk about them further.

XIII century

In this century, the independent history of Russia is temporarily interrupted. The dates, the table of Batu's campaigns, which is given below, as well as the maps of battles with the Mongols, indicate the failure of many princes in matters of military operations.

Campaigns of Khan Batu

The Council of the Mongol khans decides to start a campaign against Russia, the army was led by Batu, the grandson of Genghis Khan	1235
The defeat of the Volga Bulgaria by the Mongols	1236
The subjugation of the Polovtsy and the beginning of the campaign against Russia	1237
Siege and capture of Ryazan	December 1237
Fall of Kolomna and Moscow	January 1238
Capture of Vladimir by the Mongols	3-7 February 1238
The defeat of the Russian troops on the City River and the death of the Prince of Vladimir	March 4, 1238
The fall of the city of Torzhok, the return of the Mongols to the steppe	March 1238
Beginning of the siege of Kozelsk	March 25, 1238
Rest of the Mongolian army in the Don steppes	summer 1238
The fall of Murom, Nizhny Novgorod and Gorokhovets	autumn 1238
The invasion of Batu into the southern Russian principalities, the fall of Putivl, Pereyaslavl and Chernigov	summer 1239
The siege and capture of Kiev by the Mongol-Tatars	5-6 September 1240

Several stories are known when the inhabitants of the cities were able to give a heroic rebuff to the invaders (for example, Kozelsk). But not a single event is mentioned when the princes defeated the Mongol army.

Regarding Kozelsk, this is just a unique story. The campaign of the invincible army of Batu Khan, who from 1237 to 1240 ravaged North-Eastern Russia, was stopped near the walls of a small fortress.

This town was the capital of the principality on the land of the former Vyatichi tribe. According to scientists, the number of its defenders did not exceed four hundred people. However, the Mongols were able to take the fortress only after seven weeks of siege and the loss of more than four thousand soldiers.

It is noteworthy that the defense was held by ordinary residents, without a prince and governor. At this time, the grandson of Mstislav, twelve-year-old Vasily, “ruled” in Kozelsk. Nevertheless, the townspeople decided to protect him and defend the city.

After the capture of the fortress by the Mongols, it was razed to the ground, and all the inhabitants were killed. No mercy was given to infants or frail old people.

After this battle, other important dates in the history of Russia associated with the Mongol invasion relate exclusively to the southern principalities.

So, in 1238, a little earlier, there was a battle near the Kolomna River. In 1239, Chernigov and Pereyaslavl were plundered. And in 1240 Kiev also fell.

In 1243, the state of the Mongols, the Golden Horde, was formed. Now Russian princes are obliged to take a "label for reigning" from the khans.

In the northern lands at this time there is a completely different picture. Swedish and German troops are advancing on Russia. They are opposed by the Novgorod prince Alexander Nevsky.

In 1240 he defeats the Swedes on the Neva River, and in 1242 he utterly defeats the German knights (the so-called Battle on the Ice).

In the second half of the thirteenth century, several punitive campaigns of the Mongols against Russia took place. They were directed against objectionable princes who did not receive a label to rule. So, in 1252, and in 1293, Khan Duden destroyed fourteen large settlements of North-Eastern Russia.

Due to difficult events and the gradual transfer of control to the northern lands, in 1299 the patriarch moved from Kiev to Vladimir.

14th century

More significant dates in the history of Russia belong to the fourteenth century. In 1325 Ivan Kalita came to power. He begins to gather all the principalities into a single state. So by 1340, some lands join Moscow, and in 1328 Kalita becomes the Grand Duke.

In 1326 Metropolitan Peter of Vladimir moved his residence to Moscow as a more promising city.

The plague (“black death”) that began in 1347 in Western Europe reaches Russia in 1352. She killed a lot of people.

Mentioning important dates in the history of Russia, it is especially worth dwelling on the events associated with Moscow. In 1359, Dmitry Ivanovich Donskoy ascended the throne. For two years, starting from 1367, the stone Kremlin in Moscow was being built. It was because of this that she was later called "white-stone".

By the end of the fourteenth century, Russia finally got out of the dominion of the Golden Horde khans. So, in this vein, the battle near the Vozha River (1378) and the Battle of Kulikovo (1380) are important events. These victories showed the Mongol-Tatars that a powerful state was beginning to take shape in the north, which would not be under anyone's rule.

However, the Golden Horde did not want to lose tributaries so easily. In 1382 he gathers a large army and ravages Moscow.

This was the last catastrophe associated with the Mongol-Tatars. Although Russia was finally freed from their yoke only after a century. But during this time, no one else disturbed its borders.

Moreover, in 1395 Tamerlane finally destroys the Golden Horde. But the yoke over Russia continued to exist.

15th century

The main dates in the history of Russia in the fifteenth century relate mainly to the unification of lands into a single Moscow state.

The first half of the century passed in civil strife. Over the years, Vasily I and Vasily II Dark, Yuri Zvenigorodsky and Dmitry Shemyaka were in power.

The events of the first half of the fifteenth century are a bit reminiscent of 1917 in the history of Russia. The civil war that followed the revolution also revealed many princelings, gang leaders, who were subsequently destroyed by Moscow.

The reason for the civil strife lay in the choice of ways to strengthen the state. Outwardly, the political activities of the temporary rulers are connected with the Tatars and Lithuanians, who sometimes raided. Some princelings were guided by the support of the East, others trusted the West more.

The moral of decades of civil strife turned out to be that those who did not rely on external support, but strengthened the country from within, won. Thus, the result was the unification of many small specific lands under the rule of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

An important step was the establishment of autocephaly in the Russian Orthodox Church. Now the metropolitans of Kiev and All Russia were proclaimed here. That is, the dependence on Byzantium and the Patriarch of Constantinople was destroyed.

In the course of feudal wars and religious misunderstandings, in 1458 the separation of the Moscow metropolis from the Kiev metropolis took place.

Discord between the princes ended with the accession of John III. In 1471 he defeated the Novgorodians in the Battle of Shelon, and in 1478 he finally annexed Veliky Novgorod to the Moscow principality.

In 1480 one of the most significant events of the fifteenth century took place. It is known in the annals under the name This is a very interesting story, which contemporaries considered "the mystical intercession of the Virgin." gathered a large army and marched against Ivan III, who was in alliance with the Crimean Khan.

But the battle did not come. After a long stand of troops against each other, both armies turned back. Researchers in our time have found out that this was caused by the weakness of the Great Horde and the actions of sabotage detachments in the rear of Akhmat.

Thus, in 1480, the Moscow principality becomes a fully sovereign state.

Similar in importance was the year 1552 in the history of Russia. We will talk about it a little later.

In 1497, the Code of Laws, a set of laws for all residents of the state, was officially adopted and approved.

16th century

The sixteenth century is characterized by powerful processes of centralization of the country. During the reign of Vasily III, Pskov (1510), Smolensk (1514) and Ryazan (1521) join Moscow. Also for the first time in 1517 it is mentioned as a state governing body.

With the death of Vasily III, a slight decline of Muscovy begins. The rules at that time were Elena Glinskaya, who was replaced by the Boyar power. But the grown-up son of the deceased prince, John Vasilyevich, put an end to arbitrariness.

He ascended the throne in 1547. Ivan the Terrible began with foreign policy. In the state itself, in fact, until 1565, the prince relied on zemstvo councils and boyars. During these eighteen years, he was able to annex many territories.

Noteworthy is the year 1552 in the history of Russia. Then Ivan the Terrible captures Kazan and annexes the khanate to the Muscovite state. In addition to him, such territories as the Astrakhan Khanate (1556), the city of Polotsk (1562) were conquered.

The Siberian Khan in 1555 recognizes himself as a vassal of Ivan Vasilyevich. However, in 1563, Khan Kuchum, who replaced him on the throne, severed all relations with Muscovy.

After a decade and a half of conquests, the Grand Duke turns his eyes to the internal situation in the country. In 1565, the oprichnina was established and persecution and terror began. All boyar families that have begun to attach themselves to power are destroyed, and their property is confiscated. Executions continued until 1572.

In 1582, Yermak began his famous campaign in Siberia, which lasted a year.

In 1583, peace was signed with Sweden, returning to the latter all the lands conquered during the war.

In 1584, Ivan Vasilievich dies and Boris Godunov actually comes to power. He became the real king only in 1598, after the death of Fyodor, the son of Ivan the Terrible.

In 1598, the line of Rurikovich was interrupted, and after the death of Boris (in 1605), the Time of Troubles and the Seven Boyars began.

17th century

The most important event was the year 1613 in the history of Russia. He influenced not only this century, but the next three hundred years. This year the turmoil ended and Mikhail, the founder of the Romanov dynasty, came to power.

The seventeenth century is characterized by the processes of formation and development of the Moscow kingdom. In foreign policy there are conflicts with Poland (1654), Sweden (1656). From 1648 to 1654 there was an uprising in Ukraine led by Khmelnitsky.

There were riots in the Moscow kingdom itself in 1648 (Salt), 1662 (Copper), 1698 (Streletsky). In 1668-1676 there was an uprising on the Solovetsky Islands. And from 1670 to 1671, the Cossacks rebelled under the leadership of Stenka Razin.

In addition to political and economic turmoil, religious turmoil and schism were brewing in the mid-seventeenth century. tried to reform the spiritual life of society, but was not accepted by the Old Believers. In 1667 he was convicted and sent into exile.

Thus, for seven decades there was a process of formation of a single state, in which different institutions "grinded" to each other. It ends with the accession of Peter I.

It turns out that the year 1613 in the history of Russia was the beginning of a departure from feudalism. And Peter Alekseevich turned the kingdom into an empire and brought Russia to the international level.

18th century

The century of the most powerful rise that the history of Russia only knew - the 18th century. The founding dates of new cities, universities, academies and other places speak for themselves.

So, in 1703 St. Petersburg was built. In 1711 the Senate was established, and in 1721 the Synod. In 1724 the Academy of Sciences was founded. In 1734 - the main military educational institution of the country, the land gentry corps. In 1755 Moscow University was founded. These are just some of the events that show the powerful cultural growth in the state.

In 1712, the capital was transferred from the "old" Moscow to the "young" Petersburg. In addition, in 1721 Russia was proclaimed an empire, and Peter Alekseevich was the first to receive the corresponding title.

The eighteenth century will be of particular interest to those who are interested in the military history of Russia. The dates and events of this century show the unprecedented power of the Russian army and navy, as well as the wonders of engineering.

In the nineteenth century, the country entered a powerful empire that defeated Turkey, Sweden, the Commonwealth.

19th century

If the cultural and military growth of the state became a feature of the previous century, then in the next period there is a slight reorientation of interests. Rapid economic development and the separation of the government from the people - all this is the history of Russia, the 19th century.

Dates of significant events of that time tell us about the growth of bribery among officials, as well as about the attempts of the authorities to create thoughtless performers from the lower strata of society.

The main military conflicts of this century were the Patriotic War (1812) and the confrontation between Russia and Turkey (1806, 1828, 1853, 1877).

In domestic politics, there are many reforms aimed at further enslavement of ordinary people. These are Speransky's reforms (1809), great reforms (1862), judicial reform (1864), censorship (1865), and universal military service (1874).

Even if we take into account the abolition of serfdom in 1861, it is still clear that the bureaucracy is striving for the maximum exploitation of the common people.
The response to this policy was a series of uprisings. 1825 - Decembrists. 1830 and 1863 - an uprising in Poland. In 1881, the Narodnaya Volya killed Alexander II.

In the wake of general dissatisfaction with the government, the positions of the Social Democrats are strengthening. The first congress took place in 1898.

20th century

Despite the wars, catastrophes and other horrors discussed above, some dates of the 20th century are especially terrible. The history of Russia until that time did not know such a nightmare that the Bolsheviks staged in the first quarter of the century.

The revolution of 1905 and participation in the First World War (1914-1917) were the last straw for ordinary workers and peasants.

The year 1917 will be remembered for a long time in the history of Russia. After the October Revolution and the abdication of Nicholas II from the throne, his family was captured and shot in July 1918. A civil war begins, which lasted until 1922, when the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was formed. A similar upheaval and devastation marked another 1991 in the history of Russia.

The first years of the existence of the new state were marked by social catastrophes of enormous proportions. These are the famine in 1932-1933 and the repressions in 1936-1939.

In 1941, the USSR enters World War II. In our historical tradition, this conflict is called the Great Patriotic War. After the victory in 1945, the restoration and short-term rise of the country began.

1991 was a turning point in the history of Russia. The Soviet Union collapsed, leaving all the dreams of a "bright future" under the rubble. In fact, people had to learn life from scratch in a market economy in the new state.

Thus, we, dear friends, briefly walked through the most significant events in the history of Russia.

Good luck, and remember that the answers to the questions of the future are stored in the lessons of the past.

The history of the Russian state has more than 12 centuries. Over the centuries, events have occurred that have become a turning point on the scale of a vast country. Top 10 important dates in the history of Russia collected in our top ten today.

Of course, such a list cannot be called exhaustive - in the richest Russian history there are more than one hundred significant days. However, we propose to start small and turn to the current ten.

September 8, 1380 - Battle of Kulikovo (Battle of the Don or Mamaevo)

This battle between the army of Dmitry Donskoy and the army of Mamai is considered a turning point in more than two hundred years of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. The crushing defeat dealt a blow to the military and political dominance of the Horde. According to legend, the battle was preceded by a duel between the Russian hero Peresvet and the Pecheneg Chelubey.

November 24, 1480 - The fall of the Tatar-Mongol yoke

The Mongol yoke was established in Russia in 1243 and remained unshakable for 237 years. At the end of November 1480, the Great Standing on the Ugra River ended, which marked the victory of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III over the Khan of the Great Horde Akhmat.

October 26, 1612 - The liberation of the Kremlin from the invaders

On this day, members of the people's militia led by the legendary Dmitry Pozharsky and Kuzma Minin liberate the Kremlin from the Polish-Swedish invaders. Among those who left the Kremlin was the nun Marfa with her son Mikhail Romanov, who in 1613 was proclaimed the new Russian sovereign.

June 27, 1709 - Battle of Poltava

The largest battle of the Northern War ended with a decisive victory for the Russian army. From that moment on, the authority of Sweden as one of the leading military powers in Europe was over. But the power of the renewed Russian army was demonstrated to the whole world.

August 26, 1812 - Battle of Borodino

The largest battle of the Patriotic War lasted 12 hours. Both armies lost 25-30% of their composition. The battle was conceived by Napoleon as a general one, and the goal was a crushing defeat of the Russian army. However, the battle ended ingloriously for the French, despite the retreat of the Russians, and marked the beginning of the end of the Napoleonic campaign.

February 19, 1861 - the abolition of Russian serfdom

The freedom of the peasants was enshrined in the manifesto of Emperor Alexander II, who was popularly called the Liberator. By the time the manifesto was published, the share of serfs in the population of Russia was about 37%.

February 27, 1917 - February Revolution

An armed uprising in February 1917 led to the abdication of Emperor Nicholas II. It is these events that are considered the beginning of the Soviet period in the history of Russia. For the next 74 years, a new form of government was established in the state.

May 9, 1945 - Signing of the Act of unconditional surrender of Germany

The day of the end of the Great Patriotic War was declared a national holiday immediately in 1945. Despite the fact that the first victory parade was held in the capital on Red Square on June 24, 1945, the Russians celebrate Victory Day on May 9.

April 12, 1961 - Yuri Gagarin's flight into space

The first manned flight into space was not only the most important event in the scientific world, but also significantly strengthened the prestige of the USSR as a military space power. In the eyes of the whole world, the authority of the Americans was undermined; space flight became decisive for a number of states that wavered in their sympathies between the Union and the United States.

December 8, 1991 - Signing of the Agreement on the establishment of the CIS (Belovezhskaya agreement)

The agreement was signed by three leaders: Boris Yeltsin, Stanislav Shushkevich and Leonid Kravchuk. This event can be considered the date of the final collapse of the USSR. By the end of 1991, the Russian Federation was recognized by the world community and took the place of the USSR in the UN. It can be considered that from this moment the history of modern Russia began.

1097 - The first congress of princes in Lyubech

1147 - The first annalistic mention of Moscow

1188 - Approximate date of appearance " Words about Igor's regiment »

1206 - Proclamation of Temujin the "Great Khan" of the Mongols and the adoption of the name of Genghis Khan by him

1237-1238 - The invasion of Khan Batu in North-Eastern Russia

1240 July 15 - Victory of the Novgorod prince Alexander Yaroslavich over the Swedish knights on the river. Neva

1327 - uprising against the Mongol-Tatars in Tver

1382 - Khan Tokhtamysh's campaign against Moscow

1471 - Ivan III's campaign against Novgorod. Battle on the river Sheloni

1480 - "Standing" on the river. Acne. The end of the Tatar-Mongol yoke.

1510 - Annexation of Pskov to Moscow

1565-1572 — Oprichnina

1589 - Establishment of the patriarchate in Moscow

1606 - Uprising in Moscow and the murder of False Dmitry I

1607 - The beginning of the intervention of False Dmitry II

1609-1618 – Open Polish-Swedish intervention

1611 September-October - Creation of the militia under the leadership of Minin and Pozharsky in Nizhny Novgorod

1648 - Uprising in Moscow - " salt riot »

1649 - "Cathedral Code" of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich

1649-1652 - Campaigns of Yerofei Khabarov to the Daurian land along the Amur

1652 - Nikon's consecration to the patriarchs

1670-1671 - Peasants' war led by S. Razina

1682 - Abolition of parochialism

1695-1696 - Azov campaigns of Peter I

1812 - Napoleon's "Great Army" invades Russia. Patriotic War

1814 September 19 -1815 May 28 - Congress of Vienna

1839-1843 - Monetary reform of Count E. f. Kancrina

1865 - Military judicial reform

Spring 1874 - The first mass "going to the people" of revolutionary populists

1875 April 25 - Petersburg Treaty of Russia with Japan (about South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands)

1881 March 1 - The murder of Alexander II by revolutionary populists

November 9, 1906 - Beginning of the agrarian reforms P.A. Stolypin

1930 - Beginning of complete collectivization

November 30, 1939 - March 12, 1940 - Soviet-Finnish War

June 22, 1941 - Nazi Germany and its allies attack the USSR. The beginning of the Great Patriotic War

1945 May 8 - Act of unconditional surrender of Germany. Soviet victory in the Great Patriotic War

1975 July 30 - August 1 - Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (Helsinki). Signing of the Final Act by 33 European countries, the USA and Canada

1990 May 16-June 12 - Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR. Declaration of State Sovereignty of Russia

1991 December 8 - Signing in Minsk by the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus of the agreement on the "Commonwealth of Independent States" and the dissolution of the USSR

In 1903 Wilbur and Orville Wright built the Flyer airplane. The aircraft was equipped with a gasoline engine, and its first flight was made to a height of 3m and lasted for 12 seconds. In 1919 the first air line from Paris to London was opened. The maximum allowable number of passengers was , and the duration of the flight was 4 hours.

Radio broadcast

In 1906, the first radio broadcast went on the air. Canadian Regenald Fessenden played the violin on the radio, and his performance was received on ships thousands of miles away. By the beginning of the 1960s. the first pocket radios powered by batteries appeared.

World War I

In 1914, in which 38 countries took part. The Quadruple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey and Bulgaria) and the Entente bloc (Russia, England, France, Italy, etc.) participated in the hostilities. The conflict occurred between Austria and Serbia due to the assassination of the Austrian heir to the throne. The war is more than 4 years old, and more than 10 million soldiers died in the battles. The Entente bloc won, but the economies of the countries fell into decay during the hostilities.

Russian Revolution

In 1917, the Great October Revolution began in Russia. The tsarist regime was overthrown and the imperial family of the Romanovs was shot. Tsarist power and capitalism were replaced by the socialist system, which offered to create equality for all working people. The dictatorship of the proletariat was established in the country, and the class society was liquidated. A new totalitarian state appeared - the Russian Socialist Federative Republic.

The television

In 1926, John Baird received a television image, and in 1933, Vladimir Zworykin achieved better reproduction quality. Electronic images were updated on the screen 25 times per second, resulting in moving images.

The Second World War

In 1939, the Second World War began, in which 61 states took part. The initiator of hostilities was Germany, which attacked first Poland and later the USSR. The war lasted 6 years and claimed 65 million lives. The greatest losses during the war fell on the lot of the USSR, but thanks to the indestructible spirit, the Red Army defeated the fascist invaders.

Nuclear weapon

In 1945, it was used for the first time: American armed forces dropped nuclear bombs on the Japanese cities of Herashima and Nagasaki. Thus, the United States sought to hasten the end of the Second World War with Japan. Hundreds of thousands of inhabitants died, and the results of the bombing had disastrous consequences.

Computers and Internet

In 1945, two American engineers John Eckert and John Moakley created the first electronic computer (computer), which weighed about 30 tons. In 1952, the first display was connected to a computer, and the first personal computer was created by Apple in 1983. The Internet has become a worldwide network.

Space flight

In 1961, a Soviet rocket overcame gravity and made the first flight into space with a man on board. The three-stage rocket was built under the leadership of Sergei Korolev, and the spacecraft was piloted by Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.

The collapse of the USSR

In 1985, “Perestroika” began in the Soviet Union: a system appeared, rigid censorship was replaced by glasnost and democracy. But many reforms led to an economic crisis and exacerbation of national contradictions. In 1991, a coup took place in the Soviet Union, and the USSR broke up into 17 separate independent states. The territory of the country was reduced by a quarter, and the United States became the only superpower in the world.

The twentieth century is the most eventful, dangerous and productive century in the history of mankind. The growth of the standard and life expectancy, the vigorous development of science, the invention of antibiotics, the study of genetics and the emergence of the Internet coexisted with such concepts as world war, nuclear bomb, fascism and genocide.

The 20th century was full of events like no other era before. Many revolutions, and not only political ones, amazing discoveries, attempts to unite humanity for the first time not by war and the seizure of territories (although not without it), but on the terms of cooperation, the most important achievements and inventions in medicine and technology, the rapid development of science, changes in mass consciousness. More than once in the world history of the last century, civilization teetered on the brink of annihilation; universal history could end in a nuclear apocalypse.

Literally from horses, people moved to cars, trains and planes, went to conquer space, invented new trends in art and sports, discovered the secrets of genetics and practically got rid of slavery. The quality and duration of life have improved, and the world's population has quadrupled. The most important historical events on all five inhabited continents have affected all spheres of human activity. Mankind is entering the 21st century, relying on the great and significant achievements of the twentieth century.

Early 20th century

Humanity met the twentieth century with wars and revolutions, great discoveries and serious political upheavals. Radio and X-rays, the internal combustion engine and the light bulb were already invented, the foundations of psychoanalysis and equality were laid.

At the turn of the 19th century and the 20th century, Russia remained a state with an absolute monarchy, which, however, had already lost popularity among the people. In many ways, the authority of the monarch was harmed by all kinds of “holy fools” who enjoyed great influence at court, especially Grigory Rasputin, a former horse thief who became a symbol of the licentiousness and weakness of the autocracy, “tried”.

The year 1900, the last year before the 20th century, became in many ways defining the entire subsequent century, giving people sound cinema, which was invented by Leon Gaumont, and an airship, created by the legendary German Zeppelin.

In 1901, Karl Landsteiner makes a startling discovery that forever changed medicine - he discovers the existence of different blood types. And the notorious Alois Alzheimer describes a disease named after him. In the same 1901, the American Gillette invents a safety razor, and Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States, strengthens the position of monopolies in the state and supports the Anglo-Japanese alliance against Russia.

The year 1903 was marked by the flight of the Americans by the Wright brothers. The invention of aviation spurred scientific and technological progress around the world. In the same year, Bolshevism arose, in 1904-05 the Russo-Japanese War took place, and the “Bloody Sunday” of 1905 turned the life of Russia upside down, initiating major state changes that subsequently divided the world into two camps - socialist and capitalist. The end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century is called the "Silver Age" in Russian poetry. Tsvetaeva, Blok, Mayakovsky, Yesenin - these brilliant poets are known to everyone, and they created it then, in the years of violent social upheaval.

Sexual revolution

Until the 20th century, the role of women in the vast majority of countries was secondary in all branches of science, culture and public life. In addition, the topic of sex was taboo in any society, and same-sex relationships were equated with a crime.

The term "sexual revolution" was coined in the 1930s by Freud's student of social criticism, Wilhelm Reich. He furiously preached the need for sex education and the abolition of morality, developing hypocrisy. Its program included items on the resolution of divorces, abortions and same-sex relationships, sex education as a means of family planning and the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.

Many sociologists and historians believe that the foundations of this revolution were laid back in 1917 in the young Soviet Republic, which offered women equal rights with men in all sectors of the economy and even political life. But in a narrower sense, the sexual revolution is understood as the processes that took place in the West in the 60s.

The woman categorically ceased to agree with the role of male property and took the liberty of independently deciding what to wear and what to do. In addition, by the 1960s, in a number of countries, the quality requirements for condoms and other contraceptives became seriously stricter and they became widely available, whereas earlier their use was often prohibited by law with rare exceptions.

The social activity of women has increased, the risk of illness and unwanted pregnancies has decreased, and the era of free morality has begun. This process continues in the world today, but if in the 60s the supporters of the sexual revolution only wanted to get rid of unwanted things that were inevitable under sanctimonious morality (for example, unnecessary pregnancies and massive infections with skin and venereal diseases), today there is an extreme freedom of morals sometimes it has the opposite effect - in particular, AIDS is rampant in Russia, and the institution of the family in some regions is almost completely destroyed.

The struggle for human rights in the 20th century

Back in the 19th century, many countries used slavery, got rid of "inferior" people, which included the disabled or homosexuals, blacks were considered "second-class people." In the first decade of the 20th century, unrest began in Russia, which ended with the October Revolution, and for the first time in the world, in the society of a large state, the concept of social equality was formed. The Stalinist constitution in the USSR was one of the most democratic in the world. Unfortunately, these achievements could not become progressive in a totalitarian state.

A little later, in the first half of the 20th century, in Germany, Italy, France, a similar idea of ​​the superiority of society over an individual arose - and fascism was born, destroying not only social justice, but also declaring most of the planet's population "inferior groups" of people. The terrible lesson of fascism prompted the process of creating international mechanisms that protect human rights.

In the middle of the 20th century, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was adopted, and in 1966 the international Bill of Rights emerged, which is the basis of human rights today. The Bill enshrined the universal concept of human dignity - the equality of people in all spheres of life, regardless of country of residence, skin color, religion or gender.

The incompatibility of rights with oppression, tyranny, slavery was also fixed, and a legal system of guarantees of human rights was provided. Probably, everyone knows the great names of historical figures who made a huge contribution to the fight for human rights: in Russia it was Andrei Sakharov, in Germany - Albert Schweitzer, in India - Mahatma Gandhi and many, many others. Wikipedia pages are devoted to each of them, where important historical events associated with these people are described in detail.

The achievements of the history of the 20th century in relation to equality have changed the world and consciousness, thanks to them, humanity, free from prejudice and violation of the rights of the individual, was able to achieve significant success by the beginning of the 21st century. Unfortunately, even here there were some extremes, sometimes such modern phenomena as tolerance and feminism take completely absurd forms.

Science, technology and medicine

The active development of technology in the 20th century was constantly pushed by the armed conflicts of the first half of the century, now and then breaking out between different countries. Two world wars served as an incentive for the development of medicine and technology that humanity could use for peaceful purposes.

In 1908, the physicist Geiger invented a device for measuring radioactivity, and in 1915 the German army received a gas mask created by the chemist Haber. At the end of the twenties, two discoveries in medicine took place at once - an artificial respiration apparatus and the first antibiotic, penicillin, which forever put an end to the main cause of death of people - inflammatory processes.

In 1921, Einstein formulated the theory of relativity and this set off a series of scientific studies that took man into space. Surprisingly, things like the cell phone, the scuba gear, the computer, and the microwave were all invented in the 1940s. And about each of these events, we can safely say that these are significant dates that changed the world. The fifties brought contact lenses and ultrasound to the world, in the sixties mankind for the first time escaped from its planet, invented virtual reality and a computer mouse.

In the seventies there were such things as bulletproof vest and artificial heart, personal computer and computer games. But the main gift to mankind was made by Robert Elliot Kahn and Vinton Cerf, who invented the Internet. Only a few years remained before the endless freedom of communication and unlimited access to any information.

The eighties and nineties were a time of no less great discoveries. Recent history is rapidly moving towards the possibility of coping with aging, almost completely excluding humans from the production of goods and food, the invention of artificial intelligence, and deciphering the genome.

Thanks to the achievements of the 20th century, most of humanity lives in a post-industrial era, in a society dominated by innovative technologies, science and high productivity. And the most valuable qualities of each person were education and a creative approach to work.

Culture and education

The invention of cinema was a significant milestone, and the TV made it possible to “travel” around different countries without leaving home. The accelerated development of communications, media, transport and technology in the second half of the century pushed the process of development and interpenetration of cultures of different countries, and art was divided into two streams - traditionally high art and "market" or "tabloid" mass culture.

This was greatly facilitated by the rapidly gaining momentum in education. At the very beginning of the last century, the percentage of people who were literate was extremely low, and today, perhaps, it is very difficult to find a person who cannot read at least in their native language. By the way, literature has also changed dramatically over the past century. A new genre has appeared - fantasy, telling about miracles, most of which mankind has been able to translate into reality. For example, laser, cloning, flight to the moon, genetic experiments.

In 1916, the first microphone appeared in America, and in 1932, the American Adolphus Rickenbucket invented the electric guitar, and the music sounded differently. After the "golden sixties", when the world cultural revolution took place, a good hundred new trends appeared in music that changed all the canons forever. In 1948, the first player appeared, and the next year, the production of vinyl records began.

The last century is the era of the emergence of mass culture, which went hand in hand with the progress of television. Europe accused America of the penetration of mass culture into European art, a number of cultural figures in Russia believed that the domestic classical school was undergoing excessive "Europeanization", but the mixing of various ideas, traditions and philosophies was unstoppable.

Mass culture is a product for mass consumption that satisfies the needs of the crowd. And "high art" is aimed at the harmonious development of the individual, elevating it and introducing it to the beautiful. Both sides are necessary, they reflect all the social processes of society and help people communicate.

Wars of the 20th century

Despite the rapid development of civilization, the 20th century is the time of the greatest wars and catastrophes in the history of mankind. In 1914, the First World War began, in which 38 of the then 59 states in the world took part in one way or another. Against the background of this terrible bloodshed in Russia at the beginning of the century, a socialist revolution and a Civil War took place, which claimed more lives than all the battles with the Napoleonic army. Some of its foci, smoldering in Central Asia, were extinguished only by the forties. World War I ended in 1918.

In January 1933, the then little-known participant in the First World War, Adolf Hitler, was appointed Reich Chancellor of Germany. He considered the defeat of Germany to be the result of the activities of traitors to the nation and was eager to take revenge. Hitler did everything to gain unlimited power and unleashed another, much more bloody and terrible, World War II, in which about 72 million people died. There were 73 states in the world at that time, and 62 of them were drawn into this bloody meat grinder.

For the USSR, the war ended on May 9, 1945, but for the rest of the world, the remnants of fascism were completely uprooted only by September of that year, when Japan capitulated after the infamous nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. The result of this war was the rapid development of technology, the creation of the UN and major cultural changes around the world.

Finally

Despite all the shocks, humanity has survived and continues to progress. Developed countries rely on the development of humanism, unity and science in order to find solutions to environmental problems, cope with the difficulties of overpopulation, overcome dependence on oil and create new energy sources.

Perhaps those who say that governments have outlived their usefulness are right. The accounting and distribution of resources can be left to the smart machines of a single center, and the united humanity, no longer divided by the borders of eternally rival states, is able to master much more global tasks than are being solved now. For example, to come to grips with their own genetics, saving a person from all diseases, or open the way to the stars. All this is still a fantasy - but doesn't the whole 20th century look fantastic with its incredible progress?...