INTRODUCTION

1. CULTURE OF SPEECH

1.1 The task of speech culture

1.2 Types of speech culture

1.4 Normative, communicative, ethical aspects of oral and written speech

1.5 Features of oral public speech

2. Improving literate writing and speaking skills

2.1 Main directions

CONCLUSION

LIST OF USED LITERATURE SOURCES

Introduction

As a branch of the science of language, the culture of speech has been formed relatively recently. The reason for its occurrence can be considered the social changes that have taken place and are taking place in the country. The participation of the masses in the social activities of the state required increased attention to the level of their speech culture.

1. Culture of speech

There are 2 levels of speech culture - the lowest and the highest. For the lower level, it is sufficient to comply with the norms of the Russian literary language. There are lexical, phonetic, grammatical, morphological and syntactic norms. Lexical norms, i.e., the meanings of words can be found in explanatory dictionaries, other norms are explained in various grammar books, orthoepy, etc.

Speech is called correct if the speaker pronounces the words correctly, uses the forms of words correctly, and builds sentences correctly. Although this may not be enough. Speech can be correct, but not correspond to the goals of communication. Good speech contains at least the following features: variety, richness, expressiveness, as well as the accuracy of the use of words. The richness of speech is characterized by the use of a huge vocabulary, various morphological forms. The use of complex syntactic constructions also indicates the diversity of speech. The expressiveness of speech is achieved by searching and selecting language means that correspond to the goals and conditions of communication. The choice of means that help to best reflect the content of the statement, which reveal its main idea, characterize the accuracy of speech. A cultured person is distinguished by a high level of speech culture. You need to improve your speech. The mass media are gaining immense popularity these days. For many, this is the primary source of information. Radio announcers, TV presenters should be a kind of example, because to some extent they are responsible for the cultural level of the broad masses. The spiritual component of human culture is associated with speech in its various forms. The inner world of the individual is manifested in speech: it is the intellect, and feelings, emotions, imagination, and fantasy, and moral attitude, faith. All diversity is associated with internal and external speech, with the culture of speech. The leading position in speech has always been occupied by linguistic material. The choice of words and phrases, the grammatically and logically correct construction of sentences, the variety of language means and techniques are characteristic of both the speaker's speech and scientific reports. Correct speech was the main indicator of the level of education and culture.

1.1 The task of speech culture

At present, the ability to speak correctly, express one's thoughts clearly and beautifully is important for various spheres of social life. That is why we can talk about the connection of the literary language with the concept of speech culture. There are 3 main aspects of the concept of speech culture: communicative, normative, ethical. The culture of speech is, first of all, the correct speech, it is the observance of the norms of the literary language. The task of the speech culture is to ensure that these norms are fixed and controlled in order to monitor their change in the future. One of the most important components of speech culture is the normative component. However, the definition of "correctness" or "incorrectness" of the culture of speech is not the main one. Another function of the culture of speech is the definition of the communicative tasks of the language. The importance of the communicative side can be considered the main category of speech culture. Here you can consider such qualities of speech as its diversity, richness, accuracy and intelligibility of speech, expressiveness. Another aspect of the culture of speech is etiquette as the outer shell of the statement. Etiquette implies the correct use of lexical units and compliance with a particular style. Emotionally colored vocabulary is not combined with a scientific or official business style. When choosing a particular word, it is necessary to take into account not only its lexical meaning, but also its stylistic fixation, as well as expressive coloring. People of different age and professional categories perceive and use the ethical side of speech culture in different ways. Etiquette also monitors the rules for the use of specific vocabulary (for example, obscene language). It is unacceptable for certain, special lexical units of one style to be mixed with units of another style. The normativity of the culture of speech connects the communicative function and the ethical component of the culture of speech. Language is a constantly changing system. Vocabulary that was profanity may change its position over time, becoming more or less used in accordance with the norms of the literary language. Thus, the task of the theory of speech culture is to fix any changes in the language. Also, the culture of speech should draw attention to the use of words, partly incomprehensible to the general public. These include the use of foreign words, professionalisms.

The correctness of speech, its richness, clarity and accuracy of expression of thought, the use of various techniques make the spoken word more effective and effective.

1.2 Types of speech culture

Various types of speech, types of eloquence arose gradually. Types of speech can be classified according to the field of activity of the speaker and the audience of listeners. There are eight to ten types of speech.

1. The political type of speech includes slogans, appeals, propaganda and agitation speeches, reports of party leaders at meetings, media genres.

2. The military type of communication (or the eloquence of the military) implies orders, appeals, memoirs. Letters of the commander to the relatives of the dead soldiers, radio communications can also be attributed to this type of speech.

3. Communication between diplomats is based on diplomatic etiquette in compliance with the rules. Negotiations, correspondence can be attributed to this type of speech. For this type, the ability to properly, legally correct drafting of documents, the ability to smooth the situation is mandatory.

4. Business meetings, business documentation (financial reports, legal acts, plans and programs), telephone contacts are business speech.

5. The eloquence of university lecturers, professors and academicians occurs at lectures, seminars, conferences. It is also used when writing creative works, research, abstracts, when defending term papers and theses.

6. The sphere of jurisprudence and judicial affairs includes the texts of various laws, charters, codes. This type of speech includes legal consultations, interrogation of witnesses, defense and accusation speeches, and litigation.

7. Pedagogical type of communication - these are various explanations, conversations, teacher's comments, students' answers, compositions, presentations and essays as literary work, stages of the lesson.

8. The type of speech associated with the spiritual and moral side of life is various sermons, confessions, prayers.

9. Everyday communication is manifested in the conversations of friends, acquaintances, relatives, discussion of the problem of interest to parents and children, correspondence.

10. Inner speech (or speech to oneself) is memories, reasoning, argument, dreams and fantasies, mental planning of the statement.

These types of speech require comprehension, control, which is directly the culture of speech. Some types of speech, eloquence evolved over many years and even centuries. Some types, such as inner speech, are recent. It should be noted that dialogue with oneself is of great importance in a person’s life, the culture of inner speech, mental appeal to one’s second “I” is a guarantee of successful external speech, i.e. sounding or writing.

1.3 Oral and written varieties of the Russian language

Any language, including Russian, exists in two forms - oral and written. To construct a written text, two types of rules must be observed:

1) rules of reference;

2) rules of predication.

Oral speech is a sounding speech, it is created in the process of conversation. For her

Verbal improvisation and some language features are characteristic:

1) freedom in the choice of vocabulary;

2) use of simple sentences;

3) the use of incentive, interrogative, exclamatory sentences of various kinds;

4) repetitions;

5) incompleteness of the expression of thought.

The oral form is presented in two of its varieties, such as:

1) colloquial speech;

2) codified speech. Colloquial speech allows ease of communication; informality of relations between speakers; unprepared speech; use of non-verbal means of communication (gestures and facial expressions); the possibility of changing the roles of the speaker and the listener. Codified speech is used in official areas of communication (at conferences, meetings, etc.).

Written speech is a graphically fixed speech, thought out and corrected in advance. It is characterized by the predominance of book vocabulary, the presence of complex prepositions, strict adherence to linguistic norms, and the absence of extralinguistic elements. Written speech is usually directed to visual perception. The design of predicativity and reference is associated with the actual division of the sentence, with the allocation of a “topic” or “new” in the message in it. The first two differences of the oral form unite it with the written speech spoken aloud. The third difference characterizes speech produced orally. Oral speech is divided into colloquial and non-verbal. Conversational is divided into scientific, journalistic, business, artistic. Oral speech has its own specifics. It takes place in conditions of territorial and temporal proximity of the interlocutors. Therefore, in oral speech, not only linguistic means, but also intonations, gestures, and facial expressions play an important role. Intonation is created by the melody of speech, the place of logical stress, its strength, the degree of clarity of pronunciation, the presence or absence of pauses. Written speech is not able to convey intonation.

People live in society, and communication is an integral part of human existence. Therefore, without it, the evolution of the mind would hardly have been possible. At first, these were attempts at communication, similar to baby talk, which gradually, with the advent of civilization, began to improve. A letter appeared, and speech became not only oral, but also written, which made it possible to preserve the achievements of mankind for future descendants. According to these monuments, one can trace the development of oral traditions of speech. What is speech culture and culture of speech? What are their standards? Is it possible to master speech culture on your own? All questions will be answered by this article.

What is speech culture?

Speech is a form of verbal communication between people. It involves the formation and formulation of thoughts, on the one hand, and perception and understanding, on the other.

Culture is a term with many meanings, it is the object of study of many disciplines. There is also a meaning that is close in meaning to communication and speech. This is a part of the culture associated with the use of verbal signals, which means the language, its ethnic characteristics, functional and social varieties that have oral and written forms.

Speech is the life of a person, and therefore he must be able to speak correctly and beautifully both in writing and orally.

Thus, speech culture and the culture of speech is the possession of the norms of the language, the ability to use its expressive means in various conditions.

The culture of speech, regardless of the nationality of the speakers, developed gradually. Over time, there was a need to systematize existing knowledge about the language. Thus, a branch of linguistics appeared, which is called the culture of speech. This section explores the problems of language normalization with the aim of improving it.

How was the culture of speech formed?

Speech culture and the culture of speech as a branch of linguistics developed in stages. They reflect all the changes that have taken place in the language. For the first time, they thought about fixing the norms of written speech in the 18th century, when society realized that the lack of uniform rules for writing made communication difficult. In 1748, V. K. Trediakovsky wrote about Russian orthography in his work “A Conversation Between a Foreign Man and a Russian About the Old and New Spelling”.

But the foundations of the grammar and style of the native language were laid by M. V. Lermontov in his works “Russian Grammar” and “Rhetoric” (1755, 1743-1748).

In the 19th century, N. V. Koshansky, A. F. Merzlyakov and A. I. Galich supplemented the library of studies of the culture of speech with their works on rhetoric.

Linguists of the pre-revolutionary period understood the importance of standardizing the rules of the language. In 1911, a book by V. I. Chernyshevsky “Purity and Correctness of Russian Speech. The experience of Russian stylistic grammar”, in which the author analyzes the norms of the Russian language.

The post-revolutionary period was the time when the established norms of speech culture were shaken. Then people were engaged in social activities, whose speech was simple and abounded in jargon and dialect expressions. The literary language would have been under threat if a stratum of the Soviet intelligentsia had not formed in the 1920s. She fought for the purity of the Russian language, and a directive was given according to which the “masses” were to master the proletarian culture. At the same time, the concepts of “language culture” and “speech culture” appeared. These terms are used for the first time in relation to the new, reformed language.

In the postwar years, speech culture as a discipline receives a new round of development. An important contribution to the formation of the discipline was made by S. I. Ozhegov as the author of the Dictionary of the Russian Language and E. S. Istrina as the author of the Norms of the Russian Language and Culture of Speech.

The 50-60s of the XX century became the time of the formation of the culture of speech as an independent discipline:

• The “Grammar of the Russian language” was published.
• The scientific principles of the culture of speech were clarified.
• Issues of the Dictionary of the Russian Literary Language are published.
• At the Institute of the Russian Language of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, a sector of speech culture appeared under the leadership of S. I. Ozhegov. Under his editorship, the journal “Questions of the Culture of Speech” is published.
• D. E. Rozental and L. I. Skvortsov are working on the theoretical substantiation of some issues. They devote their works to the separation of two terms from each other - “culture of speech” and “culture of language”.

In the 1970s, the culture of speech becomes an independent discipline. She has a subject, object, methodology and techniques of scientific research.

Linguists of the 90s are not far behind their predecessors. At the end of the 20th century, a number of works devoted to the problem of speech culture were published.

The development of speech and the culture of speech communication continue to be one of the urgent linguistic problems. Today, the attention of linguists is riveted to such questions.

• Establishment of internal links between the increase in the speech culture of society and the development of national culture.
• Improving the modern Russian language, taking into account the changes taking place in it.
• Scientific analysis of the processes occurring in modern speech practice.

What are the features and properties of speech culture?

Speech culture in linguistics has a number of distinctive properties and features, which are also the logical basis of the phenomenon under study:

Knowing the basics of speech culture and applying them for their intended purpose is the duty of every educated person.

What is the type of speech culture?

The type of speech culture is a characteristic of native speakers depending on their level of language proficiency. The ability to use language means is also important. Here an important role is played by how well developed speech communication, the culture of speech is. Let's consider the issue in more detail.

Based on the foregoing, the main norms of speech culture should be distinguished:

• Normative. Protects the literary language from the penetration of colloquial expressions and dialectisms and keeps it intact and in accordance with generally accepted norms.
• Communicative. It implies the ability to use the functions of the language in accordance with the situation. For example, accuracy in scientific speech and the admissibility of inaccurate expressions in colloquial speech.
• Ethical. It means the observance of speech etiquette, that is, the norms of behavior in communication. Greetings, appeals, requests, questions are used.
• Aesthetic. It implies the use of techniques and methods of figurative expression of thought and the decoration of speech with epithets, comparisons and other techniques.

What is the essence of human speech culture?

Above, we considered the concepts of "language", "speech culture" as a social phenomenon that characterizes society. But society is made up of individuals. Consequently, there is a kind of culture that characterizes the oral speech of an individual. This phenomenon is called "human speech culture". The term should be understood as a person's attitude to knowledge of the language and the ability to use and improve it if necessary.

These are skills not only speaking and writing, but also listening and reading. For communicative perfection, a person must master all of them. Mastering them presupposes knowledge of samples, signs and patterns of constructing a communicatively perfect speech, mastery of etiquette and the psychological foundations of communication.

The speech culture of a person is not static - it, like language, is subject to changes that depend both on social transformations and on the person himself. It begins to form with the first words of the child. It grows with him, transforming into the speech culture of a preschooler, then a schoolchild, a student and an adult. The older a person is, the better their speaking, writing, reading and listening skills become.

What is the difference between Russian speech culture?

Russian speech culture belongs to the section of disciplines that are engaged in the study of national speech cultures. Each nation during its existence has formed its own language norm. What is natural for one ethnic group may be alien to another. These features include:

ethnic features of the language picture of the world;

use of verbal and non-verbal means;

a collection of texts that includes all texts ever written in that language, both ancient and modern.

The ethnic picture of the world is understood as a set of views on the world through the words and expressions of a particular language, which is shared by all people who speak it and is taken for granted. But the difference between national pictures of the world can be easily traced through the analysis of folklore and the epithets used. For example, the expressions “bright head” and “kind heart” imply high intelligence and responsiveness. It is no coincidence that the head and the heart are chosen in these epithets, since in the understanding of Russians a person thinks with his head, but feels with his heart. But this is not the case in other languages. For example, in the language of Ifaluk, internal feelings are conveyed by the intestines, in the Dogon language - by the liver, and in Hebrew, they do not feel with the heart, but think.

At what level is the modern Russian culture of speech?

Modern speech culture reflects:

• typological features of the Russian language;
• scope of its application;
• unity of speech throughout the territory of the Russian Federation;
• territorial variants of the Russian language;
• written and oral texts of not only artistic, but also national significance, which reveal ideas about good and correct speech, about the achievements of the science of the Russian language.

Russian speech etiquette

Russian speech etiquette is understood as a set of norms and rules of communication that have developed under the influence of national culture.

Russian speech etiquette divides communication into formal and informal. Formal is communication between people who are little known to each other. They are connected by the event or occasion on which they gathered. Such communication requires unquestioning observance of etiquette. In contrast to this style, informal communication occurs between people who are well acquainted with each other. This is family, friends, relatives, neighbors.

Features of speech etiquette in Russia involve addressing a person to you in formal communication. In this case, you need to address the interlocutor by name and patronymic. This is mandatory, since there are no forms similar to "sir", "mister", "mrs" or "miss" in Russian speech etiquette. There is a general "ladies and gentlemen", but it applies to a large number of people. In pre-revolutionary Russia, there were such appeals as sir and madam, but with the advent of the Bolsheviks they were supplanted by such words as comrade, citizen and citizen. With the collapse of the USSR, the word "comrade" became obsolete and acquired its original meaning - "friend", and "citizen" and "citizen" became associated with the police or the court. Over time, they also disappeared, and words that attracted attention came to replace them. For example, “sorry”, “excuse me”, “could you...”.

Unlike the speech culture of the West, in Russian there are many topics for discussion - politics, family, work. At the same time sexual are prohibited.

In general, the culture of speech etiquette is assimilated from childhood and improves over time, acquiring more and more subtleties. The success of its development depends on the family in which the child grew up, and on the environment in which he develops. If the people around him are highly cultured, then the child will master this form of communication. Conversely, supporters of the vernacular type of speech culture will teach their child to communicate in simple and uncomplicated sentences.

Is it possible to develop speech culture on your own?

The development of speech culture depends not only on the environment of a person, but also on himself. At a conscious age, if desired, it can be developed independently. To do this, you need to devote time to self-study every day. It will take 3 days to complete all the tasks, and before mastering the new one, you need to repeat the old one. Gradually, it will be possible to perform tasks not only together, but also separately. At first, such a lesson in speech culture will take 15-20 minutes, but will gradually increase to an hour.

Vocabulary expansion. For the exercise, you need to take any dictionary of Russian or foreign languages. Write out or underline all the words of one part of speech - nouns, adjectives or verbs. And then choose synonyms. This exercise contributes to the expansion of passive vocabulary.

Compose a story with keywords. Take any book, pick up at random with your eyes closed 5 any words and make up a story based on them. You need to compose up to 4 texts at a time, each of which takes no more than 3 minutes in time. This exercise contributes to the development of imagination, logic and ingenuity. A more difficult option is to compose a story of 10 words.

Conversation with a mirror. For this exercise, you will need the text from task 2. Stand by the mirror and tell your story without facial expressions. Then retell your story a second time, using facial expressions. Analyze your facial expression and the manner of the story by answering 2 questions - "do you like your facial expression and the way you present information" and "whether others will like them." This task is aimed at developing the habit of consciously managing your facial expressions.

Listening to a recording from a voice recorder. This exercise will help you hear yourself from the outside and identify the strengths and weaknesses of your speech, and therefore, correct the shortcomings and learn to use the advantages of your manner of speaking. Read any literary text or poem you like on the recorder. Listen, analyze it like the previous task, and try to retell or read it by heart a second time, taking into account the corrections.

1. Conversation with the interlocutor. This type of exercise helps develop dialogue skills. If among your friends or acquaintances there are people who do these exercises, then you can do exercise 2 with one of them. If not, then ask someone to help you. To do this, prepare a topic of conversation and a plan in advance. Your goal is to interest the interlocutor, arouse his curiosity and hold his attention for at least 5 minutes. The task is considered completed if the interlocutors talked on 3-4 of the given topics.

The development of speech culture requires constant training - only in this case, success will not be long in coming.

Beautiful speech attracts attention and helps to convey the speaker's idea in accessible words. In the communicative process, an important place is given to linguistic norms and ethics of communication. A person who is actually familiar with the concept of a culture of speech has an abundant vocabulary, his speech is distinguished by purity, expressiveness, clarity and correctness.

• Content:

It is impossible to talk about the culture of speech in isolation from language culture although there is a terminological distinction between them. The richer and more multifaceted the culture of the language, the better it will be. speech impact. There will be more options for building speech structures. Let's bring some clarity to these two concepts. Consider what is language and speech in order to better understand their relationship.

Culture of speech and language

concept a culture of speech quite versatile and directly related to language. We convey our thoughts and feelings to the interlocutor using words familiar to both. In this case, the language is symbolic mechanism to express the essence of the transmitted information.

In another sense, language is also way of thinking. If you think about it, you will understand that a person has no other thoughts than those formed with the help of familiar words of one or more languages.

The implementation of mental activity is carried out through speeches, which represents the language in action. This may be oral communication, writing on paper or other media.

Two definitions of speech culture

1. A set of language tools and qualities that allow you to effectively influence the addressee in order to solve communicative problems.
2. The ability to best influence an interlocutor or a group of people in a certain situation, demonstrating good command of the literary language.

Sound culture of speech and its development

The sound component of speech has always been relevant, its practical significance is undeniable today.

Learning Aspects sound culture of speech at the physical, physiological and linguistic levels, it contributes to the disclosure of the regular principles of its formation and development. Each language has its own set of sounds and has a number of features. For example, the Russian language has the following distinctive qualities:

• melodiousness of vowel sounds;
• consonants have a peculiar pronunciation and are often pronounced softly;
• variety of intonation.

The sound culture of speech provides for the correct selection and pronunciation of sounds, the training of clear diction and expressiveness. It obeys all phonetic and orthoepic rules. Its structure is divided into the following main sections:

1. Culture of speech pronunciation - competent reproduction of sounds and clear articulation, which is formed on the basis of delivered speech breathing and training of the vocal apparatus;
2. Speech hearing is a complex of phonemic, rhythmic and pitch hearing.

Based on this, in the sound culture of speech, effective work should be carried out in 2 directions: the development of speech perception and speech motor apparatus. In the educational process, special attention should be paid to the formulation of orthoepically correct speech, its distinctness and expressiveness. In general, the culture of verbal communication should be considered part of etiquette.

For a normal existence, a person needs communication. It permeates the spiritual world, provides material activity and social adaptation. Spending a long time in seclusion or imprisonment is a real test. Communication is the main need of mankind. It provides the origins for the reproduction, organization and expression of personality. Communication hunger is deadly for babies.

It is built on the basis of the following principles:

1. The instrumental principle is the possession of skills, forms and methods of communication for expressing thoughts and establishing a communicative process;
2. The principle of expediency - the ability to build communication in such a way as to achieve maximum effect in accordance with personal and social goals;
3. The ethical principle is the ability to share views, respect the interests of the interlocutor, and not stick only to one's opinion and defend one's own position only;
4. The aesthetic principle is the ability to focus on communication as an important process that needs constant improvement and development of new forms.

This is an important element of the general culture of a person, which must be instilled from an early age, properly educated and improved all the time. Each person in the subconscious must form an ideal image, in accordance with which there will be a desire to speak beautifully, build speech correctly, and communicate culturally.

Key aspects of speech culture

The culture of speech has its own aspects that help to reveal its essence. The fundamental ones are:

1. Regulatory aspect;
2. ethical aspect;
3. communicative aspect.

The centerpiece is normative aspect. It is customary to understand the norm as a set of correct language means that act as ideal samples. It is mandatory and affects the language comprehensively. It prescribes the rules fixed by the language system as a whole.

Ethical component gives a rationale for the word in a moral and ethical context. communication rules are established in accordance with moral norms and cultural traditions. Such requirements as clarity, clarity and understandability are prescribed for the expression of thoughts.

Parity, being the most important ethical principle, is present at different stages of the conversation. In this case, great importance is given to the look, facial expressions, gestures and smile. Attention signals can also be manifested through regulatory cues. A good interlocutor can not only support the conversation, he is able to offer an interesting topic and set the right tone for the conversation. He knows how to win over from the first minutes of communication.

Communicative aspect, being in close connection with the function of the language, imposes its own requirements on the quality of speech interaction. A high culture of speech is a set of communicative qualities that are reflected in the sphere of communication. Following language norms is important, but not sufficient. You need to be able to find the exact means for expressing thoughts. At the same time, they must be expressive, logical and appropriate for the effective implementation of the tasks of communication. Communicative expediency is an important theoretical category of speech culture.

Speech culture norms

The culture of speech obliges each individual to adhere to certain norms. They are needed in order to preserve the integrity of the literary language and its intelligibility for all speakers.

Main norms of speech culture are:

• Lexical norms- correct word usage, without going beyond the literary language. The difference between words that are close in meaning can be understood by referring to dictionaries and reference books. Compliance with such norms will exclude lexical errors;
• Grammar norms- word formation, morphology and syntax. They are described in textbooks and grammar references;
• Stylistic norms- are prescribed by genre laws and follow from the features of the functional style. These norms can be found in the explanatory dictionary, textbooks on stylistics and speech culture. Examples of stylistic errors: lexical insufficiency and redundancy, stylistic inappropriateness, ambiguity.

Written speech is subject to spelling and punctuation norms. Separately for oral speech, the norms of pronunciation, intonation and stress are established. Compliance with key or minor norms has a great influence on the quality of speech culture in general. The slightest violation of them can form an unpleasant impression on the addressee. The listener is easily distracted and the speech "flies past the ears."

The letter can be considered as an independent system of the communicative process. Written speech embraces a statistical space, not a temporal one. This allows the writer to think over his speech, return to what was written, correct and rebuild the text, and make the necessary clarifications. It can take a long time to find a form of presentation and effective expression of thought.

Reflects a person's thoughts with the help of graphic signs. The presentation of the text is carried out through the use of literary language. If necessary, technical terms, business vocabulary or colloquialisms can be used.

As a rule, such a culture of speech provides for a high level of human education. He must skillfully use words to:

• building complex structures;
• conveying the finest mood;
• reproduction of speech intonation;
• expressions of emotional shades of transmitted information.

With these qualities and abilities, you can convey the essence, convey the right mood and feelings to any listener. Masters of this craft can describe the sound of music, display shades of colors, depict natural phenomena and plunge the reader into a fantasy world.

The culture of speech of modern children

The cultural image of the modern child is far from ideal. The reason for the violation of the speech culture of children is non-compliance with literary norms and the influence of distorted linguistic forms. The Russian language in the information age is under serious pressure, changing beyond recognition.

The speech culture of modern children is a rather plastic environment that instantly reacts to all changes, including unfavorable ones. That is why the state of speech culture today is under close attention. Measures are being taken against the clogging of speech coming from the mouths of children. Unfortunately, now it is “not fashionable” to speak a normal language among young people.

Formation and education of speech culture

The most important intellectual indicator of a person and his culture is speech. In general, it is valuable for society that each individual strives for its improvement. The richer and more figurative the speech, the more significant the person looks and feels.

Alas, not all families pay enough attention to cultural communication. Each child needs to be conveyed that speech culture is a reflection of the spiritual culture of a person. The beauty and grandeur of the native word ennobles feelings and puts thoughts in order.

The work of educators and speech therapists in kindergarten and school is focused on correcting the pronunciation of sounds and correct word stress. This is not enough for formation of beautiful and correct speech. Sound culture is only a part of the general culture of speech. Pronunciation classes are important, but this is only a small part of a vast science. The school curriculum is a continuation of the formation of a culture of speech in children. Here, a large number of hours are devoted to both oral and written speech.

The educational process is always the most fruitful when children are engaged not only at school, but also at home. Parents should show by their own example that the culture of verbal communication adorns interpersonal relationships and facilitates mutual understanding. The treasures of the richest treasury of the Russian language can be acquired with the help of a living word, which children should hear from adults every day.

The concept of speech culture is deeply connected with the literary language. The “quality mark” in the professional activity of a person involved in law, diplomacy, politics, teaching at a university or school, journalism, management, as well as any radio and television worker is the ability to clearly and clearly formulate his thoughts verbally, that is, to speak beautifully and competently. This not only attracts the attention of the audience, but also properly influences it.

literary norm

The central concept of the culture of speech is the norms of the literary language. It is necessary to master them for every person whose activity is connected with people, the organization of their work, who must conduct business or political negotiations, raise children, take care of health, and provide various services.

What does the concept of norm mean in the culture of speech? Certain rules of word usage, pronunciation, use of traditional, unshakably established stylistic, grammatical and any other language means.

The concept of speech culture can be considered by dividing three main components: communicative, ethical and normative. Observing the norms of the literary language, you can achieve the ideal style. The main concept of the culture of speech is the language norm, this aspect is the most important.

Patterns of the functioning of the language

With all the strict requirements for compliance with literary norms, the manner of speaking must be flexible, stamping must be avoided. That is, the concept of speech culture includes the ability to express specific content in its inherent verbal form. The functioning of language is a creative and diverse process.

Aspects: normative, communicative and ethical

In addition to the already considered normative, the concept of "speech culture" includes aspects: communicative (that is, connecting, establishing contacts and relationships between objects of communication) and ethical, associated with the norms of etiquette. All of them will be considered here according to the key meaning of each.

The basis of the communicative aspect, on which the modern concept of speech culture stands, is precisely the choice of language means necessary for the proposed goal. No less important here is the communicative expediency in building speech interaction.

Native speakers, according to the requirements of the communicative aspect, which is included in the concept of the sound culture of speech, should be guided by the emerging conditions of communication and own a variety of functional means. Thus, they will be able to adequately support this communication and promote it in the right direction.

The ethical aspect prescribes a clear knowledge and indispensable application of all the rules of speech culture in each specific situation. This is speech etiquette - formulas of greetings, requests, questions, gratitude, congratulations; address according to the agreement to "you" or to "you", by name in full or abbreviated form, and so on.

The choice of one or another variant of the norms of speech etiquette is influenced by many factors: the age of those communicating, the purposefulness of speech, social status, time and place of interaction, the nature of the relationship - informal or official, intimate or friendly. Swearing is strictly forbidden, and an increased tone in conversation is always condemned.

Culture of public speech

Public speech is considered mainly in general terms: it should be simple, intelligible, emotional and meaningful. Most often, a person receives the first assessments from others by the way he speaks. From oral speech, the interlocutors usually make the correct conclusion about who this speaker is. Whatever he talks about, his portrait has already been created and his personality is practically revealed.

What could be more connected with general culture, with intelligence, with spirituality, than the culture of speech? The definition of the concept is very simple to give: it is the degree of proficiency in language norms and the use of the untold richness of the language, something like a passport, which accurately indicates what environment the speaker has grown up and what is the level of his culture.

The degree of proficiency in the richness and norms of the language shows how competently, accurately and clearly the speaker expresses his thought, how he explains life phenomena. And most importantly - what impact does his speech have on his interlocutors.

Prerequisites for learning speech culture

First of all, a culture of thinking and a conscious love for the language are necessary. The accuracy of thinking helps to choose the means for expression, this is especially important in cases where an incompletely correct expression leads to real errors. You need to think not only about WHAT to say, but also about HOW to do it.

Expand the concept of "speech culture" for yourself - and you will see that all aspects are tied to normativity, which includes clarity and accuracy, purity and correctness of speech, the absence of dialect, vernacular words, narrow professional expressions, archaisms and barbarisms.

It’s great if the speaker’s skill is added to all this: the richness of the dictionary, logical alignment, the variety of phraseological structures, diverse vocabulary, and artistic expressiveness.

Linguistics defines the concept of the subject of speech culture as a purely motivated use of linguistic material and means, that is, they are optimal for a given situation, it is this content that will achieve the goal of the statement. It is necessary to use the only necessary words and constructions for each specific case.

Lawyer speech culture

The concept of "speech culture" includes normative aspects, and it should be considered separately in the field of jurisprudence. This profession requires high moral and ethical qualities, as well as a high level of education and a broad outlook, since a lawyer deals daily with a variety of life phenomena. He must correctly assess each of them, make the right decision and convince all the people who turn to him that he is right. The basic concept of speech culture implies the presence of all these qualities in any speaker, and in a lawyer - especially.

The communicative roles of a lawyer are also very different: they draw up bills, conduct business correspondence, write protocols for interrogations and inspections of crime scenes, as well as decisions, statements of claim, indictments, rulings and sentences, agreements and contracts, complaints and statements. The concept of "culture of speech" includes aspects that are especially deeply studied by lawyers, thanks to the daily acquisition of a variety of communications experience.

Violation of language norms in jurisprudence, and not only in it, causes a negative reaction from interlocutors. An inaccurately asked question provokes misunderstanding. A lawyer, on duty, is forced to be a speaker at trials, a propagandist of legal knowledge, and a lecturer. In this example, the concept of the culture of speech, its social aspects, is especially well manifested. The qualities of good speech must certainly be improved in the work of a lawyer.

Components of speech culture

The main concept of speech culture is the norms of the literary language, oral and written, which select and organize language means for a specific situation and, subject to ethical standards, provide the expected effect for the purpose of communication. Simply put, it is the ability to write and speak correctly, clearly, expressively and politely.

Here again we face the very concept of speech culture and its aspects. Key points on the three aspects listed above: normative, communicative and ethical - will become clear when studying the table.

Here, the existing links between the communicative qualities of speech and its own culture are revealed. The first property, of course, is correctness - following linguistic literary norms in the process of communication. The normative nature of speech as compliance with the language norm, as well as deviation from it, is the result of the correct or incorrect choice of one of the options provided by the language.

Writing and pronunciation

Even the simplest noun "ruble" is equally normative both in spelling and pronunciation. However, how vividly the characteristic of the concept of "speech culture" is manifested in some native speakers with such pronunciation options: ruby, ruby, ruby, ruby and even abbreviated like this - ruble. Any profanity violates the correctness of speech.

Errors in statements are both grammatical and stylistic. Here it is necessary to note the proposal with incorrect coordination, management, shaping. You can often hear inaccuracies in the lexical plan and errors in stress, errors in the use of abbreviations (for example, "it" and not "she" - NATO), the short form or the comparative degree of adjectives suffer even more often ("weaker", "dress better" etc.), as well as skipping words in the phrase ("the movie "Leviathan" will take place" instead of "the viewing of the movie "Leviathan" will take place").

Precision inaccuracies of speech

Errors of this kind are a litmus test, a real speech test for the speaker, which allows you to accurately determine the cultural level of Russian speech proficiency. The speaker must exclude words and phrases from the lexicon:

• "lay down" in non-prefixed form;
• "put on" instead of "put on";
• "take action" instead of "accept";
• "sound" in the sense of "name", "say aloud", "report" (here there can be only one meaning - "record sound separately from the image in the film");
• "intention" instead of "intention";
• "accept" and "begin" instead of "accept" and "begin";
• "incident" and "compromise" with an extra letter "H", etc.

Grammatical errors

Here the Russian language as such is truly "lame" for many speakers. The forms of the word (conjugation, declension) are formed incorrectly, the words are poorly combined in the phrase, and sometimes the very structure of large sentences reveals the illiteracy of the speakers - the syntax is broken. All this discredits the concept of speech culture in relation to the speaker and characterizes him very negatively.

The main reason for such problems is inattention, as well as the lack of an internal plan for constructing a phrase and the entire statement or control over its implementation. The speaker does not hear himself, the consciousness does not feel responsible for what was said. These reasons are quite amenable to elimination, one has only to want.

Stylistic slovenliness

Inaccuracies, roughness, and even direct deviations from unshakable stylistic norms offend, first of all, the ethical and aesthetic feelings of the listeners. That is, they inevitably characterize the speaking person negatively. Stylistic slovenliness is sometimes perceived much worse than dirt under the nails.

First of all, this is by no means permissible obscene language, that is, obscene language. In second place are unreasonable repetitions: "he turned in a televised address", "a historical digression took place in the history of the city" and so on. Here, too, the aesthetic sense of the listeners suffers.

Among other deviations from the norms of style, the use of jargon should be noted. These include:

• clerical-bureaucratic speech ("discuss issues in tranches");
• youth, professional vocabulary ("loh", "bummer", "write textA");
• words from the lexicon of the criminal world ("wet in the toilet", "run over");
• interspersed with colloquial words ("no", "raise the question");
• interspersed with archaisms and high-style book vocabulary (as a rule, it is inappropriate and violates the purity of style);
• superficial mixing of words that have a similar sound, something in common in morphological composition, or a similar semantic or syntactic position is a fairly common mistake in spontaneous speech; the reason is ordinary ignorance of the meaning of these words or phrases ("perform features" and so on).

Conclusion

"Correct speech is good, but good speech is better" - this is how you can paraphrase the famous quote from Danelia's film. Linguists divide the culture of speech into two levels: the lowest is the ability to speak correctly, the highest is to speak well, that is, masterfully.

There are no mistakes in correct speech, all language norms are observed there, but the speaker, scientist, politician, teacher, is perceived by the audience with difficulty. He seems to be smart and speaks well. This is because he did not have enough additional qualities in order for his speech to turn from correct to good.

The qualities you need are:

• knowledge of the subject of one's own speech;
• knowledge of the audience and the ability to own it;
• the ability to use intonation, control breathing, vocal apparatus;
• good vocabulary;
• the ability to make a choice in favor of the best option for expressing thoughts from all offered;
• use of non-verbal means of communication.

The characteristic of the concept of "speech culture" includes not only the normative, but also the communicative aspect, the same manifestations distinguish good speech from just correct speech. In the struggle to master real skill, the speaker will have to learn not only to write and speak accurately, but also to mentally assemble the “building” of both monologue and dialogue brick by brick.

The speech of a truly cultured person is logical, precise, expressive, pure, and the level of education and the inner culture of the speaker can be easily determined from it. The language develops, enriches itself, cleanses itself, but without due attention and careful attitude, it will surely become poorer.

The dictionary of Vladimir Dahl contains 200,000 words. Alexander Pushkin used only 21,197 words. The expression "only" in this context is, of course, a joke, because out of half a million words available in the Russian language, a school graduate pronounces and writes only one and a half thousand, and a university graduate - about eight thousand.

It can be compared: five hundred English words is 70% of the traditional literary language. In Russian, you will need to select 2000 to balance the percentage.

Stylistic norms began their development with the grammars of Lomonosov, absorbing all the best from what the ancient, German and French influence gave. The first manual on the culture of speech can be considered the work of V. I. Chernyshev, written at the beginning of the twentieth century. But the very concept of a culture of speech arose only in the twenties, since the first Soviet intelligentsia, universal literacy and a worker-peasant proletarian culture appeared. It must be admitted that the struggle for the purity of the language was carried out purposefully and tirelessly.

The culture of speech is the ability to master the norms of oral and written language (knowledge of the rules of pronunciation, stress; rules of grammar,

word usage, etc.).

The culture of speech is also the ability to use the expressive means of the language in different conditions of communication, in accordance with the purpose and content of the text.

The culture of speech cannot be improved in isolation from the general culture. To improve the quality of your language means to improve the quality of your spirituality. Cultural speech reflects and influences the psyche and individual development of a person. Increases the degree of his unity with his inner world and others in general. Speech, as a part of culture, is language in action.

Each person in the structure of speech has active and passive dictionaries. By active vocabulary we mean the vocabulary that people use to express their thoughts; words of more or less frequently sold stock; words they own. A passive dictionary is a dictionary that includes very numerous words that are understandable or whose meaning, more or less accurate, is guessed from the context, but many of which only come to mind when they have to be read or heard from others. Active and passive vocabulary are linguistic terms. It is also necessary to say about the reproductive possession of the word. By reproductive possession of a word, we mean one that gives the student the opportunity to:

a) use the word correctly, expressing your thought in accordance with the lexical side of the language;

b) find the corresponding foreign word for native language equivalents, regardless of the context;

c) correctly write and pronounce the word, as well as form its grammatical

Words that belong only to the passive vocabulary, i.e. those that need to be mastered only receptively, students must learn, guided by the context. Based on this, an understanding of the lexical meaning of the word should be achieved. Reproductive and receptive are methodological terms.

It is especially important to note that in our understanding the term "active" is not identified with the term "conversational", as many tend to do. Firstly, by an active dictionary we do not mean such a dictionary of colloquial speech, which always includes some elements that are not part of the literary language and have, to one degree or another, the nature of slang.

Secondly, taking into account the tasks facing students of general development and broadening of their horizons, their active vocabulary should be wider than what is commonly called the vocabulary of everyday speech. All this, however, is included in the structure of the culture of speech.

The term "culture of speech" is used in the broad and narrow sense of understanding this expression. When we talk about the term "culture of speech" in a broad sense, this term is synonymous with "culture of hearing"; in the narrow sense under the culture of speech

they specifically understand the reaction of language means and possibilities in the conditions of everyday communication (both oral and written).

The concept of "culture of speech" includes two stages of mastering the literary language:

1. Correctness of speech.

2. Speech skill.

The correctness of speech is the observance of all literary norms of the language.

A language norm is a sample of stable lexico-grammatical material or a generally accepted custom that all speakers and writers of a given language must adhere to. At the same time, the assessments of the options are very categorical and are defined: correct / incorrect; in Russian / not in Russian; allowed / unacceptable; permissible and

Correct speech is the subject of school teaching of the Russian language (most consistently in the field of grammar and spelling).

Speech skill is not only following the norms of the literary language, but also the ability to choose from the existing options the most accurate in terms of meaning, stylistically appropriate, expressive and intelligible (understandable). The evaluations of the variants are less categorical here.

A high culture of speech implies a fairly high level of moral development of a person, a conscious love for the language, as well as a culture of thinking.

The pinnacle of speech culture, the standard and "starting point" of phenomena about the qualities being created, is recognized as the literary language, in which the cultural traditions of the people, the achievements of masters of the word, writers are consolidated and accumulated.

Clogging various borrowed words of the native language is considered undesirable.

° Security questions!

1. What is the culture of speech? What is its main structure?

2. What two stages of mastering the literary language do you know? Tell about them.

3. What is a language norm?

More on the topic §1. Definition of the concept of "culture of speech" and the allocation of its main components.:

1. basic concepts of speech culture. Dictionary of the difficulties of the Russian language.