To write about history both fascinatingly and instructively requires an extraordinary talent. Samuil Marshak was right: “You have to write for children as for adults, only better.” This also applies to historians. We remembered ten bright books that children read at different times. From these books we received the first knowledge about the past of Russia. Some of them are connected with ideological tendencies - without ideology, as you know, not a single gun will fire. Sometimes I wanted to argue with the authors, but it was they who showed us that it is possible to make discoveries in the past.

Alexandra Ishimova
"History of Russia in stories for children"

Before the last duel, Alexander Pushkin read Ishimova. She opened the genre of children's historical chronicle for Russia. It is important that this is not fiction, but a kind of entertaining textbook. Of course, her historical truth is mixed with legends, many episodes are interpreted in a sentimental spirit. It is immediately clear that the book is not only for boys. Although Ishimova's ability to tell children about political decisions and pitched battles in a brisk, lively style is amazing. Literally, Alexandra Ishimova's book does not look like a dinosaur even today. As if two hundred years had not happened.

Yuri German
"Stories about Dzerzhinsky"

Iron Felix was one of the favorite heroes of Soviet boys - a kind of our Sherlock Holmes, insightful and tireless. The talented pen of the writer Yuri German revived the country's first Chekist. In addition to adventures, there is also the flavor of the era. There is a taste of stale bread of the Civil War. The children received a noble hero and dozens of action-packed adventures with a KGB tinge.

Evgeny Osetrov

"Your Kremlin"

A real children's encyclopedia of patriotism. Conversation with the Kremlin towers, including Taynitskaya, the most mysterious. Evgeny Osetrov wrote many educational books - about Russian antiquity, which lives in traditions, in culture. In this book, he spoke about the history of our state, about its symbols, about the architect Aristotle Fioravanti, about Russian masters, about two parades that took place on Red Square in 1941 and 1945. Osetrov showed the beauty, strength and power of Russia. I came across this book at a very early age - and it strongly influenced me. Since then, I love the Kremlin and do not accept the snobbish attitude towards our country. The Tainitskaya Tower was built in the hearts of Osetrov's readers. And a spring beats in it.

Natalya Konchalovskaya
"Our ancient capital"

Children's poets often turned to historical themes - both Samuil Marshak and Sergei Mikhalkov. But the most profound poem about the past of our country was written by Mikhalkov's wife Natalya Konchalovskaya. It turned out sincerely, fascinatingly, witty. Through the history of Moscow, the history of the Russian people is revealed. Checked: children like Konchalovskaya's poems. But she wrote not only about the well-known, ceremonial episodes of our history. About Vasily Shuisky, for example, many of us learned from Konchalovskaya.

Maria Prilezhaeva
"Life of Lenin"

About Lenin in the USSR they wrote a lot and grandiloquently, including for children. You can also remember the stories of Mikhail Zoshchenko - elegant, witty. But Prilezhaeva embraced Lenin's life "from and to" and wrote a real "children's detective story" with the adventures of conspirators. To a modern reader, many pages of this book will probably seem immensely sugary, but then Lenin was treated as a kind of ideal of the “most humane person”, and the historical canvas offered by Prilezhaeva was for many the first step in understanding the contradictory, tortuous history of the 20th century.

Mikhail Bragin
"In a terrible time"

Pravdist, war correspondent and historian, Mikhail Bragin was in love with the Russian heroes of 1812. He wrote several popular science books about Mikhail Kutuzov and his contemporaries, but perhaps his most famous book is "In a terrible time." Children's entertaining (and a little moralizing) chronicle of the Patriotic War. Smolensk, Borodino, the death of Pyotr Bagration, the struggle of strategies, burned Moscow, finally, the victories of late autumn and December 1812 ... It is written so that the boys could not tear themselves away - they read day and night, read instead of lessons and sipped soup. The book has not died even in the 21st century, it is being republished and will be republished.

Sergey Alekseev
"One Hundred Stories from Russian History"

Alekseev started with an educational book, and then developed his own skaz intonation, by which it is easy to recognize any of his miniatures. The first of his unforgettable books is The Impossible Happens. Stories about Peter's time. And then they went like fighters in the ranks: “The Story of a Serf Boy”, “Stories about Suvorov and Russian Soldiers”, “The Glory Bird” (about the war of 1812), “The Terrible Horseman” (about Stepan Razin!) ... These books are read excitedly , many of today's venerable historians have grown out of Alekseev's readers. And in every children's library, Alekseev's books are among the most read and shabby. Honored Books!

Anatoly Mityaev
"Book of Future Commanders"

Anatoly Mityaev is a true classic of the genre. You can also recall his other books: “Winds of the Kulikovo Field”, “The Book of Future Admirals”, “Stories about the Russian Navy”, “One thousand four hundred and eighteen days: Heroes and battles of the Great Patriotic War” ... But still, first of all, it comes to mind "The book of future commanders", which is treasured in many families. Mityaev arms us with knowledge, imperceptibly teaches us to love the army, to appreciate courage and prudence. Prince Svyatoslav and Alexander Suvorov become our good friends, heroes of children's games and dreams. How important it is not to pass by Mityaev's books. Without them, childhood is not a joy.

Alexander Degtyarev, Igor Dubov
"From Kalka to Ugra"

A special genre is popular science literature for children. Yes, yes, and it happens. Of course, this book is not for the younger ones, but teenagers read it with enthusiasm, and for many it has become the "gateway of learning." The story of the heroic struggle of Russia with the Mongol hordes not only charges with a patriotic mood, but also teaches you to analyze facts, compare causes and effects, and reflect.

Alexander Toroptsev
"World history of fortresses and castles"

Modern writer Alexander Toroptsev opens the world of history to children. He wrote a dozen books in the genre of an entertaining encyclopedia. Heroes, wars, civilizations, crafts... Everything is written passionately, the story floats in front of the guys like in a movie. Such books introduce historical knowledge more than textbooks.

History of Ancient Russia- the history of the Old Russian state from 862 (or 882) to the Tatar-Mongol invasion.

By the middle of the 9th century (according to the chronicle chronology in 862), in the north of European Russia, in the Priilmenye region, a large alliance was formed from a number of East Slavic, Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes, under the rule of the princes of the Rurik dynasty, who founded a centralized state. In 882, the Novgorod prince Oleg captured Kiev, thereby uniting the northern and southern lands of the Eastern Slavs under one authority. As a result of successful military campaigns and diplomatic efforts of the Kiev rulers, the lands of all East Slavic, as well as some Finno-Ugric, Baltic, Turkic tribes became part of the new state. In parallel, the process of Slavic colonization of the north-east of the Russian land was going on.

Ancient Russia was the largest state formation in Europe, fought for a dominant position in Eastern Europe and the Black Sea region with the Byzantine Empire. Under Prince Vladimir in 988, Russia adopted Christianity. Prince Yaroslav the Wise approved the first Russian code of laws - Russian Truth. In 1132, after the death of the Kiev prince Mstislav Vladimirovich, the Old Russian state began to disintegrate into a number of independent principalities: Novgorod land, Vladimir-Suzdal principality, Galicia-Volyn principality, Chernigov principality, Ryazan principality, Polotsk principality and others. At the same time, Kiev remained the object of the struggle between the most powerful princely branches, and the Kiev land was considered the collective possession of the Rurikovichs.

Since the middle of the 12th century, the principality of Vladimir-Suzdal has risen in North-Eastern Russia, its rulers (Andrey Bogolyubsky, Vsevolod the Big Nest), fighting for Kiev, left Vladimir as their main residence, which led to its rise as a new all-Russian center. Also, the most powerful principalities were Chernigov, Galicia-Volyn and Smolensk. In 1237-1240, most of the Russian lands were subjected to the devastating invasion of Batu. Kiev, Chernigov, Pereyaslavl, Vladimir, Galich, Ryazan and other centers of Russian principalities were destroyed, the southern and southeastern outskirts lost a significant part of the settled population.

background

The Old Russian state arose on the trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks" on the lands of the East Slavic tribes - the Ilmen Slovenes, Krivichi, Polyans, then covering the Drevlyans, Dregovichi, Polochans, Radimichi, Northerners.

Before calling the Varangians

The first information about the state of the Rus dates back to the first third of the 9th century: in 839, the ambassadors of the kagan of the Ros people are mentioned, who first arrived in Constantinople, and from there to the court of the Frankish emperor Louis the Pious. Since that time, the ethnonym "Rus" has also become famous. The term " Kievan Rus”appears for the first time only in historical studies of the 18th-19th centuries.

In 860 (The Tale of Bygone Years erroneously refers it to 866), Russia makes its first campaign against Constantinople. Greek sources associate with him the so-called first baptism of Russia, after which a diocese may have arisen in Russia and the ruling elite (possibly led by Askold) adopted Christianity.

Rurik's reign

In 862, according to The Tale of Bygone Years, the Slavic and Finno-Ugric tribes called the Varangians to reign.

In 862 (the date is approximate, like the entire early chronology of the Chronicle), the Varangians and Rurik's warriors Askold and Dir, who were heading to Constantinople, subjugated Kiev, thereby establishing full control over the most important trade route "from the Varangians to the Greeks." At the same time, the Novgorod and Nikon chronicles do not connect Askold and Dir with Rurik, and the chronicle of Jan Dlugosh and the Gustyn chronicle call them the descendants of Kiy.

In 879, Rurik died in Novgorod. The reign was transferred to Oleg, the regent under the young son of Rurik Igor.

The first Russian princes

The reign of Oleg the Prophet

In 882, according to chronicle chronology, Prince Oleg ( Oleg Prophetic), a relative of Rurik, went on a campaign from Novgorod to the south, capturing Smolensk and Lyubech along the way, establishing his power there and putting his people on the reign. In Oleg's army there were Varangians and warriors of tribes subject to him - Chuds, Slovenes, Meri and Krivichi. Further, Oleg, with the Novgorod army and a mercenary Varangian squad, captured Kiev, killed Askold and Dir, who ruled there, and declared Kiev the capital of his state. Already in Kiev, he established the size of the tribute that the subject tribes of the Novgorod land had to pay annually - Slovene, Krivichi and Merya. The construction of fortresses in the vicinity of the new capital was also begun.

Oleg militarily extended his power to the lands of the Drevlyans and Northerners, and the Radimichi accepted Oleg's conditions without a fight (the last two tribal unions had previously paid tribute to the Khazars). The annals do not indicate the reaction of the Khazars, however, the historian Petrukhin suggests that they began an economic blockade, ceasing to let Russian merchants through their lands.

As a result of the victorious campaign against Byzantium, the first written agreements were concluded in 907 and 911, which provided for preferential terms of trade for Russian merchants (trade duties were canceled, repairs of ships were provided, accommodation for the night), the solution of legal and military issues. According to the historian V. Mavrodin, the success of Oleg's campaign is explained by the fact that he managed to rally the forces of the Old Russian state and strengthen its emerging statehood.

According to the chronicle version, Oleg, who bore the title of Grand Duke, ruled for more than 30 years. Rurik's own son Igor took the throne after the death of Oleg around 912 and ruled until 945.

Igor Rurikovich

The beginning of Igor's reign was marked by an uprising of the Drevlyans, who were again subjugated and subjected to even greater tribute, and the appearance of the Pechenegs in the Black Sea steppes (in 915), who ruined the possessions of the Khazars and ousted the Hungarians from the Black Sea region. By the beginning of the X century. the nomad camps of the Pechenegs stretched from the Volga to the Prut.

Igor made two military campaigns against Byzantium. The first, in 941, ended unsuccessfully. It was also preceded by an unsuccessful military campaign against Khazaria, during which Russia, acting at the request of Byzantium, attacked the Khazar city of Samkerts on the Taman Peninsula, but was defeated by the Khazar commander Pesach and turned its weapons against Byzantium. The Bulgarians warned the Byzantines that Igor started the campaign with 10,000 soldiers. Igor's fleet plundered Bithynia, Paphlagonia, Pontic Heraclea and Nicomedia, but then was defeated and he, leaving the surviving army in Thrace, fled to Kiev with several boats. The captured soldiers were executed in Constantinople. From the capital, he sent an invitation to the Vikings to take part in a new invasion of Byzantium. The second campaign against Byzantium took place in 944.

Igor's army, which consisted of glades, Krivichi, Slovenes, Tivertsy, Varangians and Pechenegs, reached the Danube, from where ambassadors were sent to Constantinople. They entered into an agreement that confirmed many of the provisions of the previous agreements of 907 and 911, but abolished duty-free trade. Russia pledged to protect the Byzantine possessions in the Crimea. In 943 or 944 a campaign was made against Berdaa.

In 945, Igor was killed while collecting tribute from the Drevlyans. According to the chronicle version, the reason for the death was the desire of the prince to receive tribute again, which was demanded of him by the combatants, who envied the wealth of the squad of the governor Sveneld. A small squad of Igor was killed by the Drevlyans near Iskorosten, and he himself was executed. The historian A. A. Shakhmatov put forward a version according to which Igor and Sveneld began to conflict because of the Drevlyan tribute and, as a result, Igor was killed.

Olga

After Igor's death, due to the infancy of his son Svyatoslav, real power was in the hands of Igor's widow, Princess Olga. The Drevlyans sent an embassy to her, offering her to become the wife of their prince Mal. However, Olga executed the ambassadors, gathered an army, and in 946 began the siege of Iskorosten, which ended with its burning and the subjugation of the Drevlyans to the Kiev princes. The Tale of Bygone Years described not only their conquest, but also the revenge that preceded this on the part of the Kiev ruler. Olga imposed a large tribute on the Drevlyans.

In 947, she undertook a trip to the Novgorod land, where instead of the former polyudya, she introduced a system of quitrents and tributes, which the locals themselves had to bring to the camps and graveyards, passing them on to specially appointed people - tiuns. Thus, a new method of collecting tribute from the subjects of the Kievan princes was introduced.

She became the first ruler of the Old Russian state who officially adopted Christianity of the Byzantine rite (according to the most reasoned version, in 957, although other dates are also proposed). In 957, Olga, with a large embassy, ​​paid an official visit to Constantinople, known for the description of court ceremonies by Emperor Constantine Porphyrogenitus in the work "Ceremonies", and she was accompanied by the priest Gregory.

The emperor calls Olga the ruler (archontissa) of Russia, the name of her son Svyatoslav (in the retinue listing are " people of Svyatoslav”) is mentioned without a title. Olga sought baptism and recognition by Byzantium of Russia as an equal Christian empire. At baptism, she received the name Elena. However, according to a number of historians, it was not possible to agree on an alliance immediately. In 959, Olga received the Greek embassy, ​​but refused to send an army to help Byzantium. In the same year, she sent ambassadors to the German emperor Otto I with a request to send bishops and priests and establish a church in Russia. This attempt to play on the contradictions between Byzantium and Germany was successful, Constantinople made concessions by concluding a mutually beneficial agreement, and the German embassy, ​​headed by Bishop Adalbert, returned with nothing. In 960, the Russian army went to help the Greeks, who fought in Crete against the Arabs under the leadership of the future emperor Nicephorus Focas.

The monk Jacob in the 11th century essay “Memory and Praise to the Russian Prince Volodimer” reports the exact date of Olga’s death: July 11, 969.

Svyatoslav Igorevich

Around 960, the matured Svyatoslav took power into his own hands. He grew up among his father's warriors and was the first of the Russian princes to have a Slavic name. From the beginning of his reign, he began to prepare for military campaigns and gathered an army. According to the historian Grekov, Svyatoslav was deeply involved in the international relations of Europe and Asia. Often he acted in agreement with other states, thus participating in solving the problems of European, and, partly, Asian politics.

His first action was the subjugation of the Vyatichi (964), who were the last of all the East Slavic tribes to continue to pay tribute to the Khazars. Then, according to Eastern sources, Svyatoslav attacked and defeated the Volga Bulgaria. In 965 (according to other data also in 968/969) Svyatoslav made a campaign against the Khazar Khaganate. The Khazar army, led by the kagan, went out to meet Svyatoslav's squad, but was defeated. The Russian army stormed the main cities of the Khazars: the city-fortress Sarkel, Semender and the capital Itil. After that, the ancient Russian settlement Belaya Vezha arose on the site of Sarkel. After the defeat, the remnants of the Khazar state were known under the name of the Saksins and no longer played their former role. The establishment of Russia in the Black Sea region and the North Caucasus is also connected with this campaign, where Svyatoslav defeated the Yases (Alans) and Kasogs (Circassians) and where Tmutarakan became the center of Russian possessions.

In 968, a Byzantine embassy arrived in Russia, proposing an alliance against Bulgaria, which had then left Byzantium. The Byzantine ambassador Kalokir, on behalf of Emperor Nicephorus Foki, brought a gift - 1,500 pounds of gold. Having included the allied Pechenegs in his army, Svyatoslav moved to the Danube. In a short time, the Bulgarian troops were defeated, the Russian squads occupied up to 80 Bulgarian cities. Svyatoslav chose Pereyaslavets, a city on the lower reaches of the Danube, as his headquarters. However, such a sharp strengthening of Russia caused fears in Constantinople and the Byzantines managed to convince the Pechenegs to make another raid on Kiev. In 968, their army besieged the Russian capital, where Princess Olga and her grandchildren, Yaropolk, Oleg and Vladimir, were located. The city saved the approach of a small squad of governor Pretich. Soon, Svyatoslav himself arrived with a cavalry army, driving the Pechenegs into the steppes. However, the prince did not seek to remain in Russia. Chronicles quote him as follows:

Svyatoslav remained in Kiev until the death of his mother Olga. After that, he divided the possessions between his sons: Yaropolk left Kiev, Oleg - the lands of the Drevlyans, and Vladimir - Novgorod).

Then he returned to Pereyaslavets. In a new campaign with a significant army (according to various sources, from 10 to 60 thousand soldiers) in 970, Svyatoslav captured almost all of Bulgaria, occupied its capital Preslav and invaded Byzantium. The new emperor John Tzimiskes sent a large army against him. The Russian army, which included Bulgarians and Hungarians, was forced to retreat to Dorostol (Silistria) - a fortress on the Danube.

In 971 it was besieged by the Byzantines. In the battle near the walls of the fortress, Svyatoslav's army suffered heavy losses, he was forced to negotiate with Tzimiskes. According to the peace treaty, Russia pledged not to attack the Byzantine possessions in Bulgaria, and Constantinople promised not to incite the Pechenegs to campaign against Russia.

Governor Sveneld advised the prince to return to Russia by land. However, Svyatoslav preferred to sail through the Dnieper rapids. At the same time, the prince planned to gather a new army in Russia and resume the war with Byzantium. In winter, they were blocked by the Pechenegs and a small squad of Svyatoslav spent a hungry winter in the lower reaches of the Dnieper. In the spring of 972, Svyatoslav made an attempt to break into Russia, but his army was defeated, and he himself was killed. According to another version, the death of the Kiev prince occurred in 973. From the skull of the prince, the Pecheneg leader Kurya made a bowl for feasts.

Vladimir and Yaroslav the Wise. Baptism of Russia

The reign of Prince Vladimir. Baptism of Russia

After the death of Svyatoslav, a civil strife broke out between his sons for the right to the throne (972-978 or 980). The eldest son Yaropolk became the great prince of Kiev, Oleg received the Drevlyansk lands, and Vladimir - Novgorod. In 977, Yaropolk defeated Oleg's squad, and Oleg himself died. Vladimir fled "over the sea", but returned two years later with the Varangian squad. During a campaign against Kiev, he conquered Polotsk, an important trading post on the western Dvina, and married the daughter of Prince Rogvolod, Rogneda, whom he had killed.

During the civil strife, Vladimir Svyatoslavich defended his rights to the throne (r. 980-1015). Under him, the formation of the state territory of Ancient Russia was completed, the Cherven cities and Carpathian Rus, which were disputed by Poland, were annexed. After the victory of Vladimir, his son Svyatopolk married the daughter of the Polish king Boleslav the Brave, and peaceful relations were established between the two states. Vladimir finally annexed the Vyatichi and Radimichi to Russia. In 983 he made a campaign against the Yotvingians, and in 985 against the Volga Bulgarians.

Having achieved autocracy in the Russian land, Vladimir began a religious reform. In 980, the prince established in Kiev a pagan pantheon of six gods of different tribes. Tribal cults could not create a unified state religious system. In 986, ambassadors from various countries began to arrive in Kiev, offering Vladimir to accept their faith.

Islam was offered by the Volga Bulgaria, Western-style Christianity by the German emperor Otto I, Judaism by the Khazar Jews. However, Vladimir chose Christianity, which the Greek philosopher told him about. The embassy that returned from Byzantium supported the prince. In 988, the Russian army besieged the Byzantine Korsun (Chersonese). Byzantium agreed to peace, Princess Anna became the wife of Vladimir. The pagan idols that stood in Kiev were overthrown, and the people of Kiev were baptized in the Dnieper. A stone church was built in the capital, which became known as the Tithes Church, since the prince gave a tenth of his income for its maintenance. After the baptism of Russia, treaties with Byzantium became unnecessary, since closer relations were established between the two states. These ties were largely strengthened thanks to the church apparatus that the Byzantines organized in Russia. The first bishops and priests arrived from Korsun and other Byzantine cities. The church organization within the Old Russian state was in the hands of the Patriarch of Constantinople, who became a great political force in Russia.

Having become the prince of Kiev, Vladimir faced the increased Pecheneg threat. To protect against nomads, he builds a line of fortresses on the border, the garrisons of which he recruited from the "best men" of the northern tribes - the Ilmen Slovenes, Krivichi, Chud and Vyatichi. Tribal borders began to blur, the state border became important. It was during the time of Vladimir that the action of many Russian epics telling about the exploits of heroes takes place.

Vladimir established a new order of government: he planted his sons in Russian cities. Svyatopolk received Turov, Izyaslav - Polotsk, Yaroslav - Novgorod, Boris - Rostov, Gleb - Murom, Svyatoslav - the Drevlyane land, Vsevolod - Vladimir-on-Volyn, Sudislav - Pskov, Stanislav - Smolensk, Mstislav - Tmutarakan. Tribute was no longer collected during polyudya and only on churchyards. From that moment on, the princely family with their warriors "fed" in the cities themselves and sent part of the tribute to the capital - Kiev.

The reign of Yaroslav the Wise

After the death of Vladimir, a new civil strife took place in Russia. Svyatopolk the Accursed in 1015 killed his brothers Boris (according to another version, Boris was killed by Yaroslav's Scandinavian mercenaries), Gleb and Svyatoslav. Having learned about the murder of the brothers, Yaroslav, who ruled in Novgorod, began to prepare for a campaign against Kiev. Svyatopolk received help from the Polish king Boleslav and the Pechenegs, but in the end he was defeated and fled to Poland, where he died. Boris and Gleb in 1071 were canonized as saints.

After the victory over Svyatopolk, Yaroslav had a new opponent - his brother Mstislav, who by that time had entrenched himself in Tmutarakan and Eastern Crimea. In 1022, Mstislav conquered the Kasogs (Circassians), defeating their leader Rededya in a fight. Having strengthened the army with the Khazars and Kasogs, he marched to the north, where he subjugated the northerners, who replenished his troops. Then he occupied Chernigov. At this time, Yaroslav turned for help to the Varangians, who sent him a strong army. The decisive battle took place in 1024 at Listven, the victory went to Mstislav. After her, the brothers divided Russia into two parts - along the bed of the Dnieper. Kiev and Novgorod remained with Yaroslav, and it was Novgorod that remained his permanent residence. Mstislav moved his capital to Chernigov. The brothers maintained a close alliance, after the death of the Polish king Boleslav, they returned to Russia the Cherven cities captured by the Poles after the death of Vladimir the Red Sun.

At this time, Kiev temporarily lost the status of the political center of Russia. The leading centers then were Novgorod and Chernigov. Expanding his possessions, Yaroslav undertook a campaign against the Estonian Chud tribe. In 1030, the city of Yuryev (modern Tartu) was founded on the conquered territory.

In 1036, Mstislav fell ill while hunting and died. His only son had died three years earlier. Thus, Yaroslav became the ruler of all Russia, except for the Principality of Polotsk. In the same year Kiev was attacked by the Pechenegs. By the time Yaroslav arrived with an army of Varangians and Slavs, they had already captured the outskirts of the city.

In the battle near the walls of Kiev, Yaroslav defeated the Pechenegs, after which he made Kiev his capital. In memory of the victory over the Pechenegs, the prince laid the famous Hagia Sophia in Kiev, and artists from Constantinople were called to paint the temple. Then he imprisoned the last surviving brother - Sudislav, who ruled in Pskov. After that, Yaroslav became the sole ruler of almost all of Russia.

The reign of Yaroslav the Wise (1019-1054) was at times the highest flowering of the state. Public relations were regulated by the collection of laws "Russian Truth" and princely charters. Yaroslav the Wise pursued an active foreign policy. He intermarried with many ruling dynasties of Europe, which testified to the wide international recognition of Russia in the European Christian world. Intensive stone construction began. Yaroslav actively turned Kiev into a cultural and intellectual center, taking Constantinople as a model. At this time, relations between the Russian Church and the Patriarchate of Constantinople were normalized.

From that moment on, the Russian Church was headed by the Metropolitan of Kiev, who was ordained by the Patriarch of Constantinople. Not later than 1039, the first Metropolitan of Kiev Feofan arrived in Kiev. In 1051, having gathered the bishops, Yaroslav himself appointed Hilarion as metropolitan, for the first time without the participation of the Patriarch of Constantinople. Hilarion became the first Russian metropolitan. Yaroslav the Wise died in 1054.

Crafts and trade. Monuments of writing (“The Tale of Bygone Years”, the Novgorod Codex, the Ostromir Gospel, Lives) and architecture (the Tithe Church, St. Sophia Cathedral in Kiev and the cathedrals of the same name in Novgorod and Polotsk) were created. The high level of literacy of the inhabitants of Russia is evidenced by numerous birch bark letters that have come down to our time. Russia traded with the southern and western Slavs, Scandinavia, Byzantium, Western Europe, the peoples of the Caucasus and Central Asia.

Board of sons and grandsons of Yaroslav the Wise

Yaroslav the Wise divided Russia between his sons. Three eldest sons received the main Russian lands. Izyaslav - Kiev and Novgorod, Svyatoslav - Chernigov and Murom and Ryazan lands, Vsevolod - Pereyaslavl and Rostov. The younger sons Vyacheslav and Igor received Smolensk and Vladimir Volynsky. These possessions were not inherited, there was a system in which the younger brother inherited the eldest in the princely family - the so-called "ladder" system. The eldest in the clan (not by age, but by line of kinship), received Kievi and became the Grand Duke, all other lands were divided among members of the clan and distributed according to seniority. Power passed from brother to brother, from uncle to nephew. The second place in the hierarchy of tables was occupied by Chernihiv. At the death of one of the members of the family, all the younger Ruriks moved to the lands corresponding to their seniority. When new members of the clan appeared, they were assigned a lot - a city with land (volost). A certain prince had the right to reign only in the city where his father reigned, otherwise he was considered an outcast. The ladder system regularly caused strife between the princes.

In the 60s. In the 11th century, Polovtsians appeared in the Northern Black Sea region. The sons of Yaroslav the Wise could not stop their invasion, but were afraid to arm the militia of Kiev. In response to this, in 1068, the people of Kiev overthrew Izyaslav Yaroslavich and put Prince Vseslav of Polotsk on the throne, a year before that he had been captured by the Yaroslavichs during the strife. In 1069, with the help of the Poles, Izyaslav occupied Kiev, but after this, the uprisings of the townspeople became constant during crises of princely power. Presumably in 1072, the Yaroslavichi edited the Russkaya Pravda, significantly expanding it.

Izyaslav tried to regain control over Polotsk, but to no avail, and in 1071 he made peace with Vseslav. In 1073 Vsevolod and Svyatoslav expelled Izyaslav from Kiev, accusing him of an alliance with Vseslav, and Izyaslav fled to Poland. Svyatoslav, who himself was in allied relations with the Poles, began to rule Kiev. In 1076 Svyatoslav died and Vsevolod became the prince of Kiev.

When Izyaslav returned with the Polish army, Vsevolod returned the capital to him, keeping Pereyaslavl and Chernigov behind him. At the same time, the eldest son of Svyatoslav Oleg remained without possessions, who began the struggle with the support of the Polovtsy. In the battle with them, Izyaslav Yaroslavich died, and Vsevolod again became the ruler of Russia. He made his son Vladimir, born of a Byzantine princess from the Monomakh dynasty, the prince of Chernigov. Oleg Svyatoslavich fortified himself in Tmutarakan. Vsevolod continued the foreign policy of Yaroslav the Wise. He sought to strengthen ties with European countries by marrying his son Vladimir to the Anglo-Saxon Gita, the daughter of King Harald, who died in the Battle of Hastings. He gave his daughter Eupraxia to the German Emperor Henry IV. The reign of Vsevolod was characterized by the distribution of land to nephew princes and the formation of an administrative hierarchy.

After the death of Vsevolod, Kiev was occupied by Svyatopolk Izyaslavich. The Polovtsy sent an embassy to Kiev with an offer of peace, but Svyatopolk Izyaslavich refused to negotiate and seized the ambassadors. These events became the occasion for a large Polovtsian campaign against Russia, as a result of which the combined troops of Svyatopolk and Vladimir were defeated, and significant territories around Kiev and Pereyaslavl were devastated. The Polovtsy took away many prisoners. Taking advantage of this, the sons of Svyatoslav, with the support of the Polovtsy, laid claim to Chernigov. In 1094, Oleg Svyatoslavich with Polovtsian detachments moved to Chernigov from Tmutarakan. When his army approached the city, Vladimir Monomakh made peace with him, losing Chernigov and going to Pereyaslavl. In 1095, the Polovtsy repeated the raid, during which they reached Kiev itself, devastating its environs. Svyatopolk and Vladimir called for help from Oleg, who reigned in Chernigov, but he ignored their requests. After the departure of the Polovtsians, the Kiev and Pereyaslav squads captured Chernigov, and Oleg fled to his brother Davyd in Smolensk. There he replenished his troops and attacked Mur, where the son of Vladimir Monomakh, Izyaslav, ruled. Murom was taken, and Izyaslav fell in battle. Despite the offer of peace that Vladimir sent him, Oleg continued his campaign and captured Rostov. He was prevented from continuing the conquest by another son of Monomakh, Mstislav, who was the governor in Novgorod. He defeated Oleg, who fled to Ryazan. Vladimir Monomakh once again offered him peace, to which Oleg agreed.

The peaceful initiative of Monomakh was continued in the form of the Lubech Congress of Princes, who gathered in 1097 to resolve existing differences. The congress was attended by Kiev prince Svyatopolk, Vladimir Monomakh, Davyd (son of Igor Volynsky), Vasilko Rostislavovich, Davyd and Oleg Svyatoslavovichi. The princes agreed to stop the strife and not claim other people's possessions. However, the peace did not last long. Davyd Volynsky and Svyatopolk captured Vasilko Rostislavovich and blinded him. Vasilko became the first Russian prince to be blinded during civil strife in Russia. Outraged by the actions of Davyd and Svyatopolk, Vladimir Monomakh and Davyd and Oleg Svyatoslavich set off on a campaign against Kiev. The people of Kiev sent a delegation to meet them, headed by the metropolitan, who managed to convince the princes to keep the peace. However, Svyatopolk was entrusted with the task of punishing Davyd Volynsky. He released Vasilko. However, another civil strife began in Russia, which grew into a large-scale war in the western principalities. It ended in 1100 with a congress in Uvetichi. Davyd Volynsky was deprived of the principality. However, for "feeding" he was given the city of Buzhsk. In 1101, the Russian princes managed to conclude peace with the Polovtsy.

Changes in public administration at the end of the 10th - beginning of the 12th centuries

During the baptism of Russia in all its lands, the power of Orthodox bishops was established, subordinate to the Kiev Metropolitan. At the same time, the sons of Vladimir were installed as governors in all the lands. Now all the princes who acted as allotments of the Kiev Grand Duke were only from the Rurik family. The Scandinavian sagas mention fief possessions of the Vikings, but they were located on the outskirts of Russia and on the newly annexed lands, so at the time of writing The Tale of Bygone Years, they already seemed like a relic. The Rurik princes waged a fierce struggle with the remaining tribal princes (Vladimir Monomakh mentions the Vyatichi prince Khodota and his son). This contributed to the centralization of power.

The power of the Grand Duke reached its highest level under Vladimir and Yaroslav the Wise (then after a break under Vladimir Monomakh). The position of the dynasty was strengthened by numerous international dynastic marriages: Anna Yaroslavna and the French king, Vsevolod Yaroslavich and the Byzantine princess, etc.

From the time of Vladimir, or, according to some reports, Yaropolk Svyatoslavich, the prince began to give land to combatants instead of a monetary salary. If initially these were cities for feeding, then in the 11th century, combatants began to receive villages. Together with the villages, which became estates, the boyar title was also granted. The boyars began to make up the senior squad. The service of the boyars was determined by personal loyalty to the prince, and not by the size of the land allotment (conditional land ownership did not become noticeably widespread). The younger squad (“youths”, “children”, “gridi”), who was with the prince, lived off feeding from the princely villages and the war. The main fighting force in the 11th century was the militia, which received horses and weapons from the prince for the duration of the war. The services of the hired Varangian squad were basically abandoned during the reign of Yaroslav the Wise.

Over time, the church (“monastic estates”) began to possess a significant part of the land. Since 996, the population has paid tithes to the church. The number of dioceses, starting from 4, grew. The chair of the metropolitan, appointed by the patriarch of Constantinople, began to be located in Kiev, and under Yaroslav the Wise, the metropolitan was first elected from among the Russian priests, in 1051 he became close to Vladimir and his son Hilarion. The monasteries and their elected heads, abbots, began to have great influence. The Kiev-Pechersk Monastery becomes the center of Orthodoxy.

The boyars and the retinue formed special councils under the prince. The prince also consulted with the metropolitan, the bishops and abbots, who made up the church council. With the complication of the princely hierarchy, by the end of the 11th century, princely congresses (“snems”) began to gather. There were vechas in the cities, on which the boyars often relied to support their own political demands (the uprisings in Kiev in 1068 and 1113).

In the 11th - early 12th centuries, the first written code of laws was formed - "Russian Pravda", which was consistently replenished with articles "Pravda Yaroslav" (c. 1015-1016), "Pravda Yaroslavichi" (c. 1072) and "Charter of Vladimir Vsevolodovich" (c. 1113). Russkaya Pravda reflected the growing differentiation of the population (now the size of the virus depended on the social status of the murdered), regulated the position of such categories of the population as servants, serfs, serfs, purchases and ryadovichi.

"Pravda Yaroslava" equalized the rights of "Rusyns" and "Slovenes" (it should be clarified that under the name "Slovene" the chronicle mentions only Novgorodians - "Ilmen Slovenes"). This, along with Christianization and other factors, contributed to the formation of a new ethnic community, which was aware of its unity and historical origin.

Since the end of the 10th century, Russia has known its own coin production - silver and gold coins of Vladimir I, Svyatopolk, Yaroslav the Wise and other princes.

Decay

The first to separate from Kiev was the Polotsk principality - this happened already at the beginning of the 11th century. Having concentrated all the other Russian lands under his rule only 21 years after the death of his father, Yaroslav the Wise, dying in 1054, divided them among his five surviving sons. After the death of the two younger of them, all the lands were under the rule of the three elders: Izyaslav of Kiev, Svyatoslav of Chernigov and Vsevolod Pereyaslavsky (“the triumvirate of Yaroslavichi”).

Since 1061 (immediately after the defeat of the Torques by the Russian princes in the steppes), the Polovtsy raids began, replacing the Pechenegs who migrated to the Balkans. During the long Russian-Polovtsian wars, the southern princes could not cope with the opponents for a long time, undertaking a number of unsuccessful campaigns and suffering painful defeats (the battle on the Alta River (1068), the battle on the Stugna River (1093).

After the death of Svyatoslav in 1076, the Kiev princes attempted to deprive his sons of the Chernigov inheritance, and they resorted to the help of the Polovtsy, although for the first time the Polovtsy were used in strife by Vladimir Monomakh (against Vseslav of Polotsk). In this struggle, Izyaslav of Kiev (1078) and the son of Vladimir Monomakh Izyaslav (1096) died. At the Lyubech Congress (1097), called to stop civil strife and unite the princes to protect themselves from the Polovtsians, the principle was proclaimed: “ Let each one keep his own". Thus, while maintaining the right of the ladder, in the event of the death of one of the princes, the movement of heirs was limited to their patrimony. This opened the way to political fragmentation (feudal fragmentation), since a separate dynasty was established in each land, and the Grand Duke of Kiev became the first among equals, losing the role of overlord. However, this also made it possible to stop the strife and join forces to fight the Polovtsy, which was moved deep into the steppes. In addition, agreements were concluded with allied nomads - “black hoods” (torks, Berendeys and Pechenegs, expelled by the Polovtsy from the steppes and settled on the southern Russian borders).

In the second quarter of the 12th century, the Old Russian state broke up into independent principalities. The modern historiographic tradition considers the chronological beginning of fragmentation to be 1132, when, after the death of Mstislav the Great, son of Vladimir Monomakh, Polotsk (1132) and Novgorod (1136) ceased to recognize the power of the Kiev prince, and the title itself became an object of struggle between various dynastic and territorial associations of the Rurikovichs. The chronicler under 1134, in connection with the split among the Monomakhoviches, wrote down “ the whole Russian land was torn apart". The civil strife that began did not concern the great reign itself, but after the death of Yaropolk Vladimirovich (1139), the next Monomakhovich Vyacheslav was expelled from Kiev by Vsevolod Olgovich of Chernigov.

During the XII-XIII centuries, part of the population of the southern Russian principalities, due to the constant threat emanating from the steppe, and also because of the incessant princely strife for the Kiev land, moved north, to the calmer Rostov-Suzdal land, also called Zalesie or Opole. Having joined the ranks of the Slavs of the first, Krivitsko-Novgorod migration wave of the 10th century, settlers from the populous south quickly made up the majority on this land and assimilated the rare Finno-Ugric population. Massive Russian migration during the 12th century is evidenced by chronicles and archaeological excavations. It was during this period that the foundation and rapid growth of numerous cities of the Rostov-Suzdal land (Vladimir, Moscow, Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Yuryev-Opolsky, Dmitrov, Zvenigorod, Starodub-on-Klyazma, Yaropolch-Zalessky, Galich, etc.), whose names often repeated the names of the cities of origin of the settlers. The weakening of Southern Russia is also associated with the success of the first crusades and the change in the main trade routes.

During two major internecine wars of the mid-12th century, the Kiev principality lost Volyn (1154), Pereyaslavl (1157) and Turov (1162). In 1169, the grandson of Vladimir Monomakh, Vladimir-Suzdal Prince Andrei Bogolyubsky, sent an army led by his son Mstislav to the south, which captured Kiev. For the first time, the city was brutally plundered, Kiev churches were burned, the inhabitants were taken into captivity. Andrey's younger brother was planted to reign in Kiev. And although soon, after the unsuccessful campaigns against Novgorod (1170) and Vyshgorod (1173), the influence of the Vladimir prince in other lands temporarily fell, Kiev began to gradually lose, and Vladimir to acquire the political attributes of the all-Russian center. In the 12th century, in addition to the prince of Kiev, the princes of Vladimir also began to bear the title of great, and in the 13th century, episodically also the princes of Galicia, Chernigov and Ryazan.

Kiev, unlike most other principalities, did not become the property of any one dynasty, but served as a constant bone of contention for all strong princes. In 1203, it was again plundered by the Smolensk prince Rurik Rostislavich, who fought against the Galician-Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich. In the battle on the Kalka River (1223), in which almost all South Russian princes took part, the first clash of Russia with the Mongols took place. The weakening of the southern Russian principalities increased the onslaught from the Hungarian and Lithuanian feudal lords, but at the same time contributed to the strengthening of the influence of the Vladimir princes in Chernigov (1226), Novgorod (1231), Kiev (in 1236 Yaroslav Vsevolodovich occupied Kiev for two years, while his older brother Yuri remained reign in Vladimir) and Smolensk (1236-1239). During the Mongol invasion of Russia, which began in 1237, in December 1240, Kiev was turned into ruins. It was received by Vladimir princes Yaroslav Vsevolodovich, recognized by the Mongols as the oldest in the Russian lands, and later by his son Alexander Nevsky. They, however, did not begin to move to Kiev, remaining in their ancestral Vladimir. In 1299, the Metropolitan of Kiev moved his residence there. In some ecclesiastical and literary sources - for example, in the statements of the Patriarch of Constantinople and Vytautas at the end of the 14th century - Kiev continued to be considered as a capital city at a later time, but by that time it was already a provincial city of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Since 1254, the Galician princes bore the title "King of Russia". The title of "great princes of all Russia" from the beginning of the 14th century began to be worn by the princes of Vladimir.

In Soviet historiography, the concept of "Kievan Rus" was extended both until the middle of the XII century, and for a wider period of the middle of the XII - the middle of the XIII centuries, when Kiev remained the center of the country and the control of Russia was carried out by a single princely family on the principles of "collective suzerainty". Both approaches remain relevant today.

Pre-revolutionary historians, starting with N. M. Karamzin, adhered to the idea of ​​transferring the political center of Russia in 1169 from Kiev to Vladimir, dating back to the works of Moscow scribes, or to Vladimir (Volyn) and Galich. In modern historiography there is no unity of opinion on this matter. Some historians believe that these ideas do not find confirmation in the sources. In particular, some of them point to such a sign of the political weakness of the Suzdal land as a small number of fortified settlements compared to other lands of Russia. Other historians, on the contrary, find confirmation in the sources that the political center of Russian civilization moved from Kiev, first to Rostov and Suzdal, and later to Vladimir-on-Klyazma.

History of Russia in stories for children Ishimova Alexandra Osipovna

Old Russian state *VI-XII centuries*

§ 6 - 7. OLD RUSSIAN STATE UNDER THE FIRST PRINCES The main features of the Old Russian state. In the 9th century, East Slavic tribal unions occupied the vast territory of Eastern Europe, which exceeded the area of ​​many states of Western Europe. These unions were led

author Kiselev Alexander Fedotovich

§ 11 - 12. OLD RUSSIAN STATE IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE XI - BEGINNING OF THE XII CENTURY Polovtsian danger. In 1055, detachments of Kipchak nomads appeared near the banks of the Dnieper, near Pereyaslavl. In Russia they were called Polovtsians. These tribes came from the Ural-Altai steppes. From this time until

From the book History of Russia from ancient times to the 16th century. 6th grade author Chernikova Tatyana Vasilievna

CHAPTER 1 OLD RUSSIAN STATE

From the book Russia and Ukraine. When the guns speak... author Shirokorad Alexander Borisovich

Chapter 3 THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE I would least of all like to bore the reader with a retelling of the history of the Old Russian state, I just want to cite a number of well-known facts that refute the works of independent historians. Let's start with the fact that the term "Kievan Rus" is

From the book History of the Byzantine Empire. T.1 author

Church and state at the end of the 4th century Theodosius the Great and the triumph of Christianity. Under Julian's successor Jovian (363–364), a staunch Christian in the Nicene sense, Christianity was restored. But the last circumstance did not mean persecution against the pagans,

From the book Ancient Russia through the eyes of contemporaries and descendants (IX-XII centuries); Lecture course author Danilevsky Igor Nikolaevich

Topic 2 OLD RUSSIAN STATE Lecture 4 Formation of the Old Russian state Lecture 5 Power in Ancient Russia Lecture 6 Ancient Russia: General

From the book Calling the Varangians [Norman false theory and the truth about Prince Rurik] author Grot Lidia Pavlovna

"Swedish Vikings" could not create the Old Russian state One of the expositions in Teknikens hus in Norrbotten clearly demonstrates the changes in the landscape in northern Sweden along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. Once she made me think about how this

From the book History of the Byzantine Empire. Time before the Crusades until 1081 author Vasiliev Alexander Alexandrovich

Church and state at the end of the 4th century Theodosius the Great and the triumph of Christianity. Under Julian's successor Jovian (363–364), a staunch Christian in the Nicene sense, Christianity was restored. But the last circumstance did not mean persecution against the pagans,

From the book Calling the Varangians [Normans who were not] author Grot Lidia Pavlovna

"Swedish Vikings" could not create an ancient Russian state One of the expositions in Teknikens hus in Norrbotten clearly demonstrates the changes in the landscape in northern Sweden along the coast of the Gulf of Bothnia. Once she made me think about how this

From the book Ancient Russia. 4th–12th centuries author Team of authors

Ancient Russian state In the distant past, the ancestors of Russians, Ukrainians, Belarusians were a single people. They came from kindred tribes who called themselves "Slavs" or "Slovenes" and belonged to the branch of the Eastern Slavs. They had a single one - Old Russian From the book History of the Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. Volume One author Team of authors

Chapter VII ANCIENT RUSSIAN STATE OF KIEV RUSSIA IN THE IX CENTURY as a result of the long internal development of the East Slavic tribes, one of the largest states of medieval Europe, Kievan Rus, developed. Its historical core was the Middle Dnieper, where very

From the book History of Russia IX-XVIII centuries. author Moryakov Vladimir Ivanovich

CHAPTER III The State of Russia in the 10th - early 12th centuries The process of the formation of the Old Russian state was a long one. Created in the X century. the state of Slavic tribal unions was far from a strong association. The princes of tribal unions that were part of it, tribal princes

From the book History. Express tutor to prepare for the GIA. History of Russia from antiquity to the end of the 16th century. Grade 9 author Vladimirova Olga Vladimirovna

Topic 1. The Old Russian state (IX - first half of the XII century) Brief historical background Eastern Slavs in the second half of the first millennium: occupations, social system, beliefs. In the VI-VIII centuries. Eastern Slavs were divided into tribal unions and settled most of

From the book History of Europe. Volume 2. Medieval Europe. author Chubaryan Alexander Oganovich

Chapter VIII THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE FORMATION OF THE OLD RUSSIAN STATE One of the largest states of early medieval Europe was the Old Russian state, or Kievan Rus. Emerged in the vastness of Eastern Europe as a result of the unification of a number of

Irina Tarasenko

Target:

Give an idea of ​​the way of life ancient Slavs,

to cultivate interest in the history of the Motherland, respect for the ancestors.

Tasks:

Develop attention, the ability to understand the task. - To cultivate perseverance, purposefulness in achieving the final result. Create a good mood, bring children joy, new experiences.

To expand the knowledge of children about the strength and glory of heroic Russia. introduce the name of the clothes of the Russian hero: (chain mail, helmet, boots, weapons of the Russian warrior (spear, shield, bow, quiver, sword).

Develop the ability to maintain a conversation, encourage the desire to express their point of view. Activate dictionary: strong, brave, courageous, fearless, courageous, courageous, mighty.

Give an idea of ​​epics and storytellers. To cultivate a positive attitude towards folklore through Russian folk melodies, to feel the character and rhythm of music.

To bring up love and respect for our ancestors - the defenders of the Motherland, respect for their courage.

Types of joint activities: playful, motor, communicative, productive.

preliminary work: reading fairy tales about Russian heroes, looking at paintings by V. Vasnetsov.

move classes: Children build "time Machine", enter the house ancient Slavs, are talking about the heroes (clothes and weapons). Build a layout ancient settlement. Round dance. Oak Conversation. Decorating an oak leaf.

GCD progress:

1. Educator:

Guys, let's say hello to our guests.

Hello golden sun

hello blue sky

Hello, free breeze,

Hello little oak.

We live in our native land

I welcome you all.

Guys, have you noticed that I'm wearing unusual clothes? Our ancestors, the Slavs, wore such clothes. And today, I invite you to go to journey and look at the time when our ancestors lived on earth, into the past. How can you get there? (children's answers). Let's build a time machine.

Children are given cards - colored squares with the image of various geometric shapes on them, of different numbers. Proposed scheme layout "time machines", according to which they collect it from blocks.

We built a time machine

The magic engine warmed up,

And in time now we will carry me,

We'll go to visit great-grandmother there,

And we will shake hands with Dobrynya.

We give a countdown 5,4,3,2,1 - start (music plays, lights go on).

2. Educator: - Here we are in the past.

Glory to the Russian side!

Glory to Russian antiquity!

And about this old

I'll start telling

For all of you to know

About the affairs of the native land.

Let's go and see what it looks like, shall we? Presumably, this is how the dwelling of our ancestors, the Slavs, looked like.

Why is it so dark? At that time there was no electricity and glass, and a bull bladder was pulled over small windows, through which little sunlight entered the hut. They illuminated the hut with a torch - a thin long chip of a dry tree, and to strengthen the burning torch served - a light (from the word light). The teacher clearly shows how to make a torch and strengthens it in the light. In the hut at the torch, our ancestors were engaged in housework, needlework, sang songs, told fairy tales.

3. Educator: Look who's walking there. (everyone leaves "huts", the teacher picks up the harp).

An old storyteller came to the settlement, which means that today he will tell us an epic - a song legend about the exploits of heroes. So people in the old days learned about heroes, because then there was no radio, TV, newspapers, so the storyteller went from village to village and sang (sounds like a song) about heroes-heroes, about exploits, about how it was. About the deeds and victories of the heroes, about how they overcame evil enemies, defended their land, showed courage, courage, ingenuity, kindness.

The speaker said so:

I'll tell you about old things,

Yes, about experienced

Yes, about battles, yes, about battles,

Yes, about heroic deeds!

Who are the rich people? (who protects the Russian land from enemies)

What should be a Russian hero? (strong, mighty, brave, courageous, brave, kind)

And he went with his bare hands to the enemies? (answers children: armor, shield, sword, chain mail, spear, bow, arrows, quiver)

Let's stand together one, two, three

We are now heroes

We put our hands to our eyes,

Let's spread our strong legs,

As if in a dance, hands to hips,

Leaning left, right

Turns out to fame (text movements)

4. Educator:

Guys, we have already visited one hut, and now I suggest you build a layout - ancient, Slavic settlement. The Slavs are a glorious, good, kind people. They needed somewhere to live, and therefore they chose places to live near forests and rivers.

The teacher invites the children to think about why the Slavs in antiquities settled in forests and near rivers. Then he summarizes the children's answers and explains that it was possible to hunt in the forest, pick mushrooms and berries, and fish in the rivers. They raised domestic animals, and, having cleared a piece of forest, they grew bread.

Each family chose a place for building housing in the vast expanses of our Motherland (lays a green tablecloth on the table, it was desirable to choose such a place on a hillock so that water would not flood the dwelling. There should be forests nearby (puts tree models on the table). There is a proverb "To live by the forest - not to be hungry" (figures of wild animals). There must be a river or lake near the dwelling (puts a bowl of water on the table).

There were many children in families, children created their own families, more and more people became. Villages and villages began to appear, households were started (figurines of pets and birds) it was easier for everyone to manage the household and help each other, because relatives, relatives always help each other (children put several models of wooden houses on the table). Each settlement was surrounded by a fence (a wicker fence is placed around the houses). And behind the fence was a moat filled with water (around the fence lays out a moat with water). So we fenced our houses, and we got a fortress, a fortified Slavic town. From such towns, the heroes left to defend their homeland, the Russian land.

A courageous, hardworking, kind and glorious people lived in Russia, who could sing songs and dance in their free time.

round dance "Oh, you Porushka-Poranya".

5. Educator:

Guys, and you know, in order for the weapons in the hands of the heroes to be strong, the heroes turned to God with a prayer. Leaving for a campaign, they approached an oak tree, took with them a leaf and a handful of their native land.

Oak, what tree? (children's answers).

Oak is a mighty tree, it was revered in Russia for its power, vitality, gave strength to people. Let us, like our ancestors, perform this ceremony.

We grew oak - (squatting, children slowly rise, pull their hands up).

Here it is!

Root yes it -

That's so deep! (lean down, showing the root)

Leaves yes it -

So wide (spread arms out to sides)

Branches yes it -

That's so high! (hands up) Oak-oak, you are mighty (slowly raise clasped hands up)

In the wind you, oak, creaky. (shaking hands)

Give me strength, courage, kindness, (right hand on heart)

To the native land

Protect from the enemy!

6. Artistic creativity. Children coloring blanks "oak leaf".

7. Oh, guys, it's time for us to return to kindergartens. Let's go to "time machine", we give a countdown 5, 4, 3, 2, 1 (space music).

8. Educator: - On what we are with you traveled?

Where have we been?

What they were doing?

What do you remember?

About the first Russian princes for primary school students

Kondratieva Alla Alekseevna, primary school teacher, MBOU "Zolotukhinskaya Secondary School" in the village of Zolotukhino, Kursk Region
Material Description: I offer you literary material - a guide to the first Russian princes. You can use the material in a wide variety of forms: a conversation, a class hour, a quiz, a game hour, an extracurricular event, a virtual trip, etc. The material is designed to help any student answer important questions such as:
1) How did the Slavs live in ancient times?
2) When was the first Russian state formed?
3) Who ran it?
4) What did the first princes do for the power of the state and increase its wealth?
5) In what year did the Baptism of Russia take place?
chain: creation of a short, colorful, interesting reference book about the first Russian princes.
Tasks:
1. Contribute to the formation of ideas about the role of the first Russian princes in the domestic and foreign policy of Ancient Russia.
2. Arouse students' interest in the history of Russia, literature, expand their understanding of the history of Russia, develop a cognitive interest in reading, instill a strong interest in books.
3. To form a general cultural literary competence through the perception of literature as an integral part of the national culture, to form the communicative competence of students.
Equipment:
Exhibition of children's books on the history of Russia:
1. Bunakov N. Living word. S-P., 1863.
2. Vakhterovs V. and E. The world in stories for children. M., 1993.
3. Golovin N. My first Russian story in stories for children. M., 1923.
4. Ishimova A. History of Russia in stories for children. M., 1990.
5. Petrushevsky. Stories about old times in Russia. Kursk, 1996.
6.What is it? Who is this? M., 1990.
7. Chutko N.Ya., Rodionova L.E. Your Russia: Textbook-reader for the beginning of school. Obninsk. 2000.
8. Tenilin S.A. The Romanov dynasty. Brief historical reference book, N. Novgorod, 1990.
9. Encyclopedia. I know the world. Russian history. Astrel, 2000.
10.. Encyclopedia for children. History of Russia. M., 1995.
Event progress:
Teacher's story.
It is known that the main written source about the distant times of our homeland are chronicles, including the famous "Tale of Bygone Years", compiled in the twelfth century by the monk of the Kiev-Pechersk monastery Nestor.

Today we will make another virtual trip to Ancient Russia and find out how our people lived and who ruled in ancient times. We will collect with you basic information about the life of the first Russian princes and compile our own written source for all inquisitive schoolchildren, which we will call "A Brief Historical Guide to the First Russian Princes".
More than a thousand years have passed since Russia received Holy Baptism. This happened under Prince Vladimir, who was nicknamed the Red Sun by the people, the Baptist of Russia in 988.

Today we are celebrating the 1000th anniversary of the repose of the Holy Equal-to-the-Apostles Prince Vladimir.

Prince Vladimir is the beloved grandson of Princess Olga, who did a lot to spread the faith of Christ in Russia. Our distant past - Russians, Russians, Russians - is connected with the tribes of the ancient Slavs. Slavic tribes (Krivichi, Northerners, Vyatichi, Radimichi, Glade, Drevlyans ...) were constantly afraid that enemies would attack them, devastate settlements, take away everything that had been accumulated by the labor of people. Fear forced the Slavs to unite in order to defend their lands together. At the head of such an association was an elder, a leader (they called him a prince). But the princes could not live in harmony, in peace: they did not want to share wealth and power. These strife went on for a long time.
And then the Slavic people decided:"Let's look for a prince who would bring order to our land, who would be fair and smart." This is what the chronicle says.
The Slavs turned to the Varangians for help (the Varangians lived in the northern country of Scandinavia). The Vikings were famous for their intelligence, patience and military prowess.
In 862, the first Rulers in the Ancient Fatherland were the brothers Rurik, Sineus and Truvor.

The first Russian prince Rurik brought his army (team) to Novgorod and began to reign there.

The country in which they settled became known as Russia.
Since that time, Rus began to be called the lands ruled by Rurik and after him by other Varangian princes: Oleg, Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav. The princes strengthened Russia, maintained order within the country, and took care of its security.

Rurik (d. 879) - Varangian, Novgorod prince and ancestor of the princely, which later became royal, Rurik dynasty.

In one of the campaigns in foreign lands, Rurik died. Instead of him, his relative, Prince Oleg, began to reign.

Oleg the Prophet (882-912)

“Let this city be the mother of Russian cities!”- this is what Prince Oleg said about Kiev-grad. Oleg really liked the city of Kiev and he remained to reign there (as the chronicle tells, in 911, at the very beginning of the 10th century).

The city was surrounded by a moat and strong log walls.

Under Oleg, Kiev not only grew richer, but also greatly strengthened. The prince strengthened his power with the help of military campaigns, which brought great wealth. Oleg received the nickname "prophetic" among the people, that is, omniscient, knowing what others are not given to know. This nickname reflects his insight, wisdom.
There is a legend about the death of Prince Oleg. They say that a magician (foreteller) told him that he would die from his beloved horse. Since then, Oleg has not mounted this horse.

Once, after many years, the prince remembered his favorite, but found out that he was dead.
Oleg laughed at the magician's prediction and decided to look at the horse's bones. The prince stepped on the horse's skull and laughed: "Is it not from this bone that I die?"
Suddenly, a snake crawled out of the skull and stung Oleg. He died from this bite.

Reproduction of the painting by V.M.Vasnetsov "Oleg's farewell to the horse"
These paintings Vasnetsov wrote to the work of A.S. Pushkin "Song of the Prophetic Oleg"

(Demonstration of the book. An excerpt is read.)
Student:
The prince quietly stepped on the horse's skull
And he said: “Sleep, lonely friend!
Your old master has outlived you:
At the funeral feast, already close,
It's not you who will stain the feather grass under the ax
And drink my ashes with hot blood!

So that's where my death lurked!
The bone threatened me with death!”
From the dead head the coffin serpent
Meanwhile, hersing crawled out;
Like a black ribbon wrapped around the legs:
And suddenly the stung prince cried out.
Oleg was a brave prince, the people loved him and pitied him when he died. Oleg was not only brave, but also smart, he defeated many neighboring peoples, ruled the state for 33 years.

Igor is the son of Rurik. (912-945)

Igor assumed power over Russia after the death of Oleg. When Rurik died, Igor was a very small child and could not govern the people himself. His uncle, Oleg, who loved his nephew very much and took care of him, reigned for him. Igor's reign was marked by several major military campaigns of Russian troops. In addition to Byzantium, the Russians were attracted by the shores of the Caspian Sea, which beckoned with their riches, because the famous trade route ("from the Varangians to the Greeks") went along the Volga through the sea, which connected Russia with the countries of the Arab East.

Prince Igor was distinguished by his greed. He collected tribute from the Slavic tribe of the Drevlyans, who lived in dense forests. Igor's combatants took away their honey, leather, furs, dried meat and fish. But everything was not enough for the prince. Then the Drevlyans decided to kill Igor in order to free themselves from an unbearable tribute and punish the prince for greed. So they did.

Olga the Holy (945 - circa 965) - Grand Duchess, widow of Prince Igor.

Princess Olga is one of the most interesting faces of ancient Russian history. The peculiarity of her position lies in the fact that of all the rulers of the "Rurik Empire" she is the only woman. Its origin is unknown. Probably, she was "from the family of neither Prince nor Grandee, but from ordinary people."
During her reign, Russia did not fight with any of the neighboring states.
Saint Equal-to-the-Apostles Olga became the spiritual mother of the Russian people, and through her began their enlightenment with the light of the faith of Christ. 957 - baptism of Princess Olga in Constantinople in the church of Hagia Sophia. The high moral ideals of Christianity, major commandments of God – "Thou shalt love the Lord thy God with all thy heart and with all thy soul, and thy neighbor as thyself" - became close to the heart of Princess Olga. Olga became famous in Russia for her deeds of piety, she built one of the first Russian Christian churches - wooden church of Hagia Sophia in Kiev.

The chronicle calls Olga "the wisest of all people" and talks about the princess's tireless cares for "arrangement of the earth." The baptism of all Russia took place only under Olga's grandson, Prince Vladimir. Olga lived a very long time and left the kindest memory of herself.

Prince Svyatoslav Igorevich (957 - 972)

Svyatoslav from an early age was distinguished by his will, nobility and courage. He constantly practiced riding, learned to wield a spear, shot from a bow and grew up to be a mighty hero. Svyatoslav dressed not like a prince, in expensive clothes, but like a simple warrior. Svyatoslav was the living embodiment of a mighty force. The warrior prince lived only 27 years, but he managed to make six victorious campaigns and remained young and brave in the memory of the Russians. On campaigns, he did not carry carts or boilers with him, did not boil meat, but, cutting horse meat, or “animal” (game), or beef, into thin slices, roasted it on coals and ate it. Nor did he have tents, but slept on the ground. Gloomy and ferocious, he despised any comfort, slept in the open air and put a saddle under his head instead of a pillow.
Going on a campaign, he first sent messengers to say: "I'm going to you."

Grand Duke Vladimir - grandson of St. Olga, son of Svyatoslav.

Student:
The choice of faith is a ray in the window,
Like the sun turning.
In the simplicity of the heart of the Sun
The people called Vladimir.
The grace of the Lord has come.
The light of Christ is illumined.
Faith light burns today
Becoming the foundation of the foundations.
Princess Olga, often talking with her grandson, talked about her journey to Constantinople, about foreign, unknown lands, about peoples. And more and more about their God - Christ and His Mother, the Virgin Mary. Naturally wise, enterprising, courageous and warlike, he ascended the throne in 980.
Being a pagan, Vladimir was a power-hungry, zealous adherent of idolatry.
Pagan gods of the Slavs

The pagan Slavs erected idols, near which they not only made sacrifices, but swore oaths, arranged ritual feasts.

Nestor the chronicler lists the names of pagan idols, which Prince Vladimir, while still a pagan, placed on the hill behind the grand duke’s tower: “a wooden Perun with a silver head and a golden mustache, Khors, Dazhbog, Stribog, Simargl and Mokosh.

And they offered sacrifices to them, calling them gods, and brought their sons and daughters to them.
The most ancient supreme male deity among the Slavs was Genus. Already in Christian teachings against paganism of the XII-XIII centuries. they write about Rod as a god worshiped by all peoples. Rod was the god of the sky, thunderstorms, fertility. They said about him that he rides on a cloud, throws rain on the ground, and from this children are born. He was the ruler of the earth and all living things, he was a pagan creator god.

Such was Russia on the eve of Baptism ...
In his young years, Prince Vladimir knew that he could unite people, make one big people of a great power. This is the only faith, the faith by which the soul lives. That faith that is not for sale and is not bought, but for which it is not a pity to give one's life.
Who and how offered to choose faith for Prince Vladimir?
The Volga Bulgars - the Mohammedan faith, the Germans - Catholicism, the Khazars - the Jewish faith, the Byzantines - the Christian faith. Prince Vladimir learned the Christian faith from a Greek philosopher.
In 988 he was baptized in the city of Korsun and was named Vasily. Before this event, the prince was struck by blindness, from which he suddenly received healing during the sacrament of baptism performed on him. Returning to Kiev, the Grand Duke baptized, first of all, his children on the Pochaina River, which flows into the Dnieper. The place where they were baptized is still called Khreshchatyk. Then, having destroyed the idols in the city, he converted the people of Kiev to the Orthodox faith and thereby laid the foundation for the spread of the Christian faith in Russia.

Baptism of Russia
1 student:
Noon, warmed by the heat,
The earth glows with heat.
Waves of warm light
Filling the fields.
Above the green space
Where the river winds
Like snowy mountains
Clouds float away.
I'm standing over a cliff
I see a golden splash
The wind flutters lazily
Strands of white birches.
Silver flow,
Jets like glass
Here is Holy Baptism
Our Russia accepted.
White birds are circling
Above the Dnieper in the sky,
And the words of the chronicler
I suddenly remembered.
2 student:
Nestor accurately and vividly
Saint's Day described:
Everyone was in a hurry to break
Old and small went to the Dnieper.
nature rejoiced,
The distance is transparently light!
And the people gathered
On the Dnieper without a number.
The sun was just rising
The sky turned pink.
With images, with a censer
There was a procession to the river.
The robes sparkled brightly,
Decorated with crosses
Pearls, stones, enamels
Unearthly beauty.
The priests went singing
And they carried the holy cross,
loaded with prayer
Into the water a golden cross.
3 student:
Over the Dnieper steep
Watched the christening
Prince Vladimir the mighty
In expensive clothes.
The people of Kiev went into the water
And they went up to the chest.
And from now on the Slavs
A new path has been chosen.
Angels sang from heaven
silver river,
The one that became the font
For Russia for centuries.
Spread open in the sky
Golden window:
In a blessed prayer
Many souls saved!

Prince Vladimir ordered to baptize the people everywhere and build wooden churches, placing them in the very places where idols used to stand. Beautiful works of Greek architecture appeared in Russia. Temples were decorated with paintings, silver, gold. And from that time on, the faith of Christ began to spread throughout the Russian land and penetrate into its most remote outskirts.

Saint Vladimir took care of his people, opened and improved schools, hospitals and almshouses. The poor, the poor and the weak found fatherly protection and patronage from him.
So Prince Vladimir lived until his death and died in his beloved village of Berestovo,
near Kiev, July 15, 1015. The Russian Church appreciated the great feat of Prince Vladimir and canonized him among the saints, calling him the Equal-to-the-Apostles. His memory is honored by the Church on the day of his death.
This year, 2015, we commemorate the 1000th anniversary of the repose of the Great Saint.

Check yourself: "The first Russian princes"

1. Set the chronological sequence of the reign of the first Russian princes
(Rurik, Oleg. Igor, Olga, Svyatoslav, Vladimir ...)
2. Name the prince who proclaimed Kiev the capital of the ancient Russian state.
(Oleg. In 882, Prince Oleg captured Kiev and made it the capital of the state.)
3. Indicate the name of the prince, who always warned his opponent about the offensive with the phrase "I'm going to you"(Prince Svyatoslav, son of Igor and Olga)
4. The ancient Slavs worshiped the elements, believed in the relationship of people with various animals, and made sacrifices to deities. This faith got its name from the word "people". What was the name of this belief?
(Paganism. “People” is one of the meanings of the ancient Slavic word “language”.)
5. Because he did such a great and holy deed - he baptized his people in the true faith - after death he became holy and pleasing to God. Now they call him that - the holy prince. Which prince baptized Russia? (Holy Prince Vladimir is the grandson of Princess Olga).
6. On what river did the Baptism of Russia take place?(On the Pochaina River, which flows into the Dnieper)
7. Where did the Grand Duchess Olga receive her Baptism of Christ?

Read also...

• Culture of speech in Russian
• In economics, the following types of investments are distinguished
• Summary of the lesson “Journey to Ancient Russia
• Philosophical-ethical and socio-political views