What is the difference between the rights of men and women. Equal rights of men and women in various spheres of society: myth or reality. One law for some, another for others
What rights are Russian men infringed upon by law?
1. Registration for military registration applies to all males
Federal Law "On Military Duty and Military Service":
... submit to the military commissariat annually by October 1 lists of male citizens who have reached the age of 15 and male citizens who have reached the age of 16, and by November 1 - lists of male citizens subject to initial military registration next year
Article 8, part 2;
Subject to conscription for military service:
a) male citizens between the ages of 18 and 27, who are in the military register or not, but who are obliged to be in the military register and who are not in reserve (hereinafter referred to as citizens who are not in the reserve)
Article 22, part 1.
Note. Not all examples of gender formulations in this Federal Law have been considered. Moreover:
- women with a military registration specialty, i.e. those who are legally liable for military service, in fact, are not subject to persecution by the repressive apparatus;
- employment in a number of specialties requires men to undergo military service, while there is no similar request for women.
As evidence of the anti-constitutional, criminal nature of military service for Russian men, we cite extracts from the Constitution of the Russian Federation:
1) Article 2. Man, his rights and freedoms are the highest value. Recognition, observance and protection of human and civil rights and freedoms is the duty of the state;
2) Article 6, part 2. Every citizen of the Russian Federation has all the rights and freedoms on its territory and bears equal obligations stipulated by the Constitution of the Russian Federation;
3) Article 7. The Russian Federation is a social state, the policy of which is aimed at creating conditions that ensure a decent life and free human development;
4) Article 19, part 1. Everyone is equal before the law and court;
5) Article 19, part 2. The state guarantees the equality of human and civil rights and freedoms regardless of gender, race, nationality, language, origin, property and official status, place of residence, attitude to religion, beliefs, membership of public associations, as well as other circumstances. Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens on the basis of social, racial, national, linguistic or religious affiliation is prohibited;
6) Article 19, part 3. Man and woman have equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their realization;
7) Article 20, part 1. Everyone has the right to life;
8) Article 21, part 1. The dignity of the individual is protected by the state. Nothing can be the basis for belittling it;
9) Article 22, part 1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person;
10) Article 27, part 1. Everyone who is legally on the territory of the Russian Federation has the right to move freely, choose a place of stay and residence;
11) Article 30, part 2. No one can be forced to join or stay in any association;
12) Article 37, part 2. Forced labor is prohibited;
13) Article 55, part 2. In the Russian Federation, laws must not be issued that abolish or diminish the rights and freedoms of man and citizen;
14) Article 59, part 1. Defense of the Fatherland is the duty and obligation of a citizen ("citizen", but not a "male citizen", note) of the Russian Federation.
Referring to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, military conscription in Russia can also be described as an illegitimate system of measures:
1) Article 1. All people are born free and equal in their dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood;
2) Article 2. Everyone must have all the rights and all freedoms proclaimed by this Declaration, without any distinction, such as with respect to race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other beliefs, national or social origin, property, class or other status. In addition, no distinction should be made on the basis of the political, legal or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether that territory is independent, trust, non-self-governing or otherwise limited in its sovereignty;
3) Article 3. Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person;
4) Article 4. No one shall be held in slavery or in servitude; slavery and the slave trade are prohibited in all their forms;
5) Article 5. No one should be subjected to torture or cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment;
6) Article 7. All people are equal before the law and have the right, without any distinction, to equal protection of the law. All persons have the right to equal protection against any kind of discrimination in violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination;
7) Article 13, part 1. Everyone has the right to move freely and choose his place of residence within the boundaries of each state;
8) Article 20, part 2. No one can be forced to join any association.
2. The retirement age and the required length of service for men is 5 years more than for women
Federal Law "On Labor Pensions in the Russian Federation":
Men who have reached the age of 60 and women who have reached the age of 55 have the right to an old-age labor pension.
Article 7, part 1;
Persons (with the exception of persons who have reached the age of 80 or are disabled of group I) who have worked for at least 15 calendar years in the regions of the Far North and have an insurance experience of at least 25 years for men or at least 20 years for women who do not have dependent disabled people family members, the fixed base size of the insurance part of the old-age labor pension is set in the amount of 3,843 rubles per month
Article 14, part 7;
Persons (with the exception of persons who have reached the age of 80 or are disabled of group I) who have worked for at least 20 calendar years in areas equated to the regions of the Far North, and have an insurance experience of at least 25 years for men or at least 20 years for women, for those who do not have dependent disabled family members, the fixed base size of the insurance part of the old-age labor pension is set in the amount of 3 330 rubles 60 kopecks per month
Article 14, part 11;
The fixed base size of the insurance part of the old-age labor pension established for citizens (paragraph 2 of this article) for each full year of insurance experience exceeding 30 years for men and 25 years for women, on the day of the appointment of the insurance part of the old-age labor pension for the first time, and for citizens, entitled to the early appointment of an old-age labor pension in accordance with Articles 27 - 28 of this Federal Law, on the day of reaching the age provided for in paragraph 1 of Article 7 of this Federal Law, increases by 6 percent
Article 14, part 17.
Note. Moreover, women live on average more than 10 years more than men. The established retirement age for men and women is also found in other laws; further, the editorial board will not cite all articles containing the wording "women / women over 55 years old" and "men / men over 60 years old".
3. Exclusively men can be sentenced to death
The death penalty is not assigned to women, as well as to persons who have committed crimes under the age of eighteen, and to men who have reached the age of sixty-five by the time the court sentenced
Article 59, part 2.
4. Exclusively men can be sentenced to life imprisonment
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation:
Life imprisonment is not assigned to women, as well as to persons who have committed crimes under the age of eighteen, and to men who have reached the age of sixty-five by the time the court sentenced
Article 57, part 2.
5. Exclusively men can be sentenced to serve a sentence in colonies of strict and special regimes
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation:
Serving of imprisonment is assigned:
...
b) men sentenced to imprisonment for committing grave crimes, who have not previously served imprisonment, as well as women sentenced to imprisonment for committing grave and especially grave crimes, including any kind of recidivism, - in correctional colonies of the general regime;
c) men sentenced to imprisonment for committing especially grave crimes, who have not previously served imprisonment, as well as in case of a recidivism or dangerous recidivism, if the convicted person has previously served imprisonment, - in correctional colonies with a strict regime;
d) men sentenced to life imprisonment, as well as in case of especially dangerous recidivism - in correctional colonies of special regime
Article 58, part 1;
... men sentenced to imprisonment for committing especially grave crimes for a term exceeding five years, as well as in the case of a particularly dangerous recidivism of crimes, may be sentenced to serve part of the sentence in prison, while the court takes into account the time the convicted person is held in custody before entering into legal force of conviction while serving a sentence in prison
Article 58, part 2.
4. Convicted men, except for those listed in parts five, six and seven of this article, as well as convicted women, serve their sentences in correctional colonies with a general regime.
5. Men sentenced to imprisonment for the first time for the commission of especially grave crimes are serving their sentences in correctional colonies with a strict regime; in case of recurrence of crimes and dangerous recurrence of crimes, if the convicted person has previously served imprisonment.
6. In correctional colonies of a special regime, convicted men with a particularly dangerous recidivism of crimes, sentenced to life imprisonment, as well as convicts for whom the death penalty by way of pardon has been replaced by imprisonment for a specified period or life imprisonment are serving their sentences.
7. In prisons, those sentenced to imprisonment for a term of more than five years for committing especially grave crimes, with especially dangerous recidivism of crimes, as well as convicts who are malicious violators of the established procedure for serving sentences, transferred from correctional colonies, serve their sentences
Article 74;
c) from correctional colonies of general, strict and special regimes to a prison for a term of not more than three years with serving the remainder of the sentence in a correctional colony of the type of regime from which they were sent to prison. Convicts sentenced to life imprisonment, convicts to whom the death penalty by way of pardon has been replaced by life imprisonment, as well as convicted women are not subject to transfer to prison
Article 78, part 2, paragraph 4;
1. Men are held in prisons who have been sentenced to imprisonment for a term of more than five years with serving part of the sentence in prison ...
2. General and strict regimes are established in prisons.
Section 130.
6. Male prisoners have more restrictions than women
The Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation:
Convicted women, convicted juveniles are sent to serve their sentences at the location of the corresponding correctional institutions
Article 73, part 3;
Persons sentenced to imprisonment are allowed to receive parcels, parcels and parcels:
a) women and persons held in educational colonies - without limiting the number;
b) for men - in the amount established by Articles 121, 123, 125 and 131 of this Code
Article 90, part 1;
The norm of living space per person sentenced to imprisonment in correctional colonies cannot be less than two square meters, in prisons - two and a half square meters, in colonies intended for serving sentences by convicted women - three square meters ...
Article 99, part 1;
For violation of the established procedure for serving a sentence, the following penalties may be applied to those sentenced to imprisonment:
...
d) transfer of convicted men who are persistent violators of the established
the procedure for serving sentences held in correctional colonies of general and strict
regimes, into cell-type rooms, and in correctional colonies of a special regime - into solitary
cameras for up to six months;
e) the transfer of convicted men who are persistent violators of the established procedure for serving a sentence into single cell-type premises for a period of up to one year;
f) transfer of convicted women who are persistent violators of the established procedure for serving a sentence to cell-type premises for up to three months
Article 115, part 1;
Convicted women may be allowed to live outside the correctional colony with their family or children in a rented or their own living space.
Article 121, part 3;
In the absence of penalties for violations of the established procedure for serving a sentence and a conscientious attitude towards work and study, convicts may be transferred from the usual conditions of serving a sentence to lightened ones:
a) convicted men serving imprisonment for the first time, as well as all categories of convicted women - after serving three months of the sentence under normal conditions
Article 132, part 4.
7. Men do not have the right to postpone or cancel certain criminal penalties in the case of young children and in other cases when similar exemptions are given to women.
Compulsory work is not assigned ... to pregnant women, women with children under the age of three ...
Article 49, part 4;
Correctional labor is not assigned ... to pregnant women, women with children under the age of three ...
Article 50, part 5;
Forced labor is not assigned ... to pregnant women, women with children under the age of three, women who have reached the age of fifty-five, men who have reached the age of sixty ...
Article 53.1, part 7;
Arrest is not ordered ... for pregnant women and women with children under the age of fourteen
Article 54, part 2;
A convicted pregnant woman, a woman with a child under the age of fourteen, a man with a child under the age of fourteen and who is the only parent ... the court may postpone the actual serving of the sentence until the child reaches the age of fourteen
Section 82.
The Criminal Executive Code of the Russian Federation:
Convicted women with children under the age of three in the children's home of a correctional institution, and convicted women released from work due to pregnancy and childbirth, as well as convicts who are disabled of group I, are not sent to a punishment cell, cell-type premises and single cell-type premises are not translated
Article 117, part 7.
8. Men do not have the right to confess the fact of rape as rape
The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation:
1. Rape, that is, sexual intercourse with the use of violence or with the threat of its use against the victim or other persons, or with the use of the victim's helpless state, shall be punishable by imprisonment for a term of three to six years.
2. Rape:
...
b) combined with a threat of murder or infliction of grievous bodily harm, as well as committed with particular cruelty towards the victim or other persons;
c) entailing infection of the victim with a venereal disease - shall be punishable by imprisonment for a term of four to ten years with or without restraint of liberty for a term of up to two years.
3. Rape:
a) a minor;
b) entailing by negligence the infliction of grievous harm to the victim's health, her infection with HIV or other grave consequences, - shall be punishable by imprisonment for a term of eight to fifteen years with the deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to twenty years or without such and with restraint of liberty for up to two years.
4. Rape:
a) entailed by negligence the death of the victim;
b) a victim who has not reached the age of fourteen - is punishable by imprisonment for a term of twelve to twenty years with the deprivation of the right to hold certain positions or engage in certain activities for a term of up to twenty years or without it and with restriction of freedom for a term of up to two years
Section 131.
Note. Articles 132 and 133 still admit that men can also be victims of sexual assault, but in the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, in some incomprehensible way, rape and sexual assault become by no means synonymous - if you think about it, such an interpretation openly demonstrates the following attitude the public to sexual violence: "Rape of a woman is a more serious crime than rape of a man."
9. Men are not entitled to a free DNA test for paternity and adequate functioning of the competent authorities in solving the problem of establishing paternity
This implies not only the absence of free services for determining genetic paternity in medical institutions, but also Article 110 of the Arbitration Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (distribution of court costs between the persons participating in the case) and Article 98 of the Civil Procedure Code of the Russian Federation (distribution of court costs between the parties).
Family Code of the Russian Federation:
The claim of the person registered as the father of the child on the basis of paragraph 2 of Article 51 of this Code to contest paternity cannot be satisfied if at the time of the registration this person knew that he was not actually the father of the child
Article 52.
Note. The arising question "What to do with the children?" the editors can only agree that there is no fault of the children, but the editors are completely objective, stating that the deceived man is not obliged to bear responsibility for them.
10. Women are given advantages in matters related to alimony, which leads to known practices carried out by unscrupulous female persons
1. Spouses are obliged to financially support each other.
2. In case of refusal of such support and the absence of an agreement between the spouses on the payment of alimony, the right to demand the provision of alimony in court from the other spouse who has the necessary means for this shall have:
...
wife during pregnancy and within three years from the date of birth of a common child "
Article 89;
The right to demand the provision of alimony in court from the ex-spouse, who has the necessary funds for this, have: the ex-wife during pregnancy and within three years from the date of the birth of a common child
Article 90, part 1.
11. Men do not have the right to renounce paternity and divorce before childbirth or in the early stages of a woman's pregnancy, if women have the sole right to decide on an abortion or childbirth without regard to the opinion of their spouse.
Family Code of the Russian Federation:
The husband does not have the right to initiate divorce proceedings without the consent of his wife during the wife's pregnancy and within a year after the birth of the child.
Article 17.
Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Health Protection of Citizens in the Russian Federation":
Each woman decides on her own the issue of motherhood. Artificial termination of pregnancy is carried out at the request of the woman with informed voluntary consent
Article 56, part 1.
Note. The editors support the position that a woman can make a decision to terminate a pregnancy, however, the editors believe that the decisive word in the question of whether the male partner has obligations accompanying parental status should remain with the male partner himself (at the same time as possible for an abortion) ), since pregnancy can be the result of deception, blackmail and threats from the woman.
12. Labor standards for men are higher than for women, and women are allowed to work less
SP 2.2.2.1327-03 "Hygienic requirements for the organization of technological processes, production equipment and working tools":
The maximum permissible weight of the weight lifted and manually moved for women when alternating with other work no more than 2 times per hour should not exceed 10 kg, and lifting and moving heavy weights constantly during the work shift - 7 kg. When moving goods on trolleys or in containers, the applied force should not exceed 10 kg.
Article 10, part 1;
In teams of men and women, physical activity for women should be 40% less than for men
Article 10, part 2.
According to Appendix 3, for men, the maximum permissible norm is a weight of 30 kg (for women - 10), for the optimal - up to 15 kg (for women - up to 5).
Labor Code of the Russian Federation:
A test at hiring is not established for:
...
pregnant women and women with children under the age of one and a half years
Article 70;
Women working in rural areas can be provided, upon their written request, one additional day off per month
Article 262;
For women working in the Far North and equated localities, a 36-hour working week is established by a collective agreement or labor agreement ...
Section 320.
13. Sports standards for men are higher than for women
As an example, we can cite the standards of the TRP (Ready for Labor and Defense), a physical culture and sports complex, introduced back in the Soviet years.
Note. The editors believe that the standards should not be equalized between men and women, but must be set purely on an individual basis, taking into account the weight, muscle mass and health characteristics of the individual.
To summarize. The cited legislative acts are a blatant example of violation of the rights and freedoms prescribed in the Constitution. Stricter penalties and stricter standards for men cannot be justified:
- the fact that, on average, men are about 1.2 times stronger than women physically and several times more often than women commit grave and especially grave crimes: the average statistic does not say anything about a particular person and is not an objective basis for his limitations in rights and opportunities;
- the "special social role" of women, usually associated with motherhood, which is so often referred to by Russian courts when they reject claims demanding that certain actions of certain legal entities be recognized as discrimination. Laws forcing motherhood have not been adopted in Russia, therefore, "protecting the reproductive health of women" who have not given birth or are not going to give birth does not justify itself.
First edition.
% of the unemployed were looking for work on their own without the assistance of employment services (in April 2011 - 63%). At the same time, men were less likely to apply to employment services in search of work than women. Among unemployed men, the proportion of job seekers with the help of employment services in April 2012 amounted to 28.9%, among unemployed women - 35.6%. When looking for a job, it is most preferable to turn to the help of friends, relatives and acquaintances - it is used by more than half of the unemployed.
Thus, there are no significant gender differences in the scale of unemployment. But women are characterized by a longer period of job search. Among them, the share of those who are in a state of long-term unemployment is higher.
A lower level of recovery from unemployment for women is associated with worse employment opportunities, less competitiveness in the labor market, which is a reflection, inter alia, of the discriminatory practices of Russian employers. At the same time, a longer search period reflects the more passive behavior of women, their less activity in finding a job, and the presence of less incentives for them to find a job.
On the whole, Russia maintains a very high level of economic activity of women. This is facilitated by the fact that the constant work activity of women is still necessary to ensure the family budget. For most households, one working spouse cannot provide the required level of consumption and well-being. In addition, the high employment rate of women is supported by established social traditions and a high level of education. The participation of women in income-generating activities is a socially acceptable norm of behavior. Women continue to have wide employment opportunities and access to jobs.
The overwhelming majority of Russian women are working or looking for work (90%). The overwhelming majority of working women (96.3%) are employed in the hired labor force. Only 3.7% of them are self-employed, and only 0.9% are employers themselves.
Limited employment opportunities, lack of job vacancies and discriminatory practices by employers force women to take entrepreneurial and self-employment opportunities in their search for work and earnings.
The spheres of women's entrepreneurship are light industry, folk crafts and trades, production and processing of agricultural products, trade and purchasing activities, consumer services, public catering, consulting and educational activities, traditional medicine, cosmetology services, etc.
Moreover, in big business, a woman is an exception. On average and small, they are about 30%. State programs in this area have been repeatedly proclaimed, but none of them has been implemented. Women's business survives in very, very difficult conditions, due to the initiative and ability of women for social adaptation.
The economic activity of women, in contrast to men, is negatively affected by the number of children. This result is easily explained, because it is women who bear the main burden associated with raising children. For women, the level of education has a stronger (than for men) positive impact on the level of economic activity. This means that for women, education brings great returns in terms of improving their position in the labor market. For men, health characteristics make a greater contribution to changes in the level of economic activity than for women. Trends in the impact of health on labor force participation are the same for both men and women, but with very poor health assessments, the labor force participation rate of men declines more.
It can be concluded that although unemployment affects men and women equally, the consequences are different for them. Women's unemployment, due to its long-term nature, is one of the mechanisms for pushing women out of the labor market. Unemployed women turn out to be a more problematic group, since job loss for them is associated with a lower probability of getting out of unemployment compared to men.
2. Spheres of employment of men and women
Gender segregation manifests itself in the asymmetric distribution of men and women in various structures: industry, professional and official.
Rice. 1. Employment of men and women in various fields of activity (2011)
In general, we can conclude that the main sphere of female employment is the service sector. Almost 60% of women are employed in it, while the share of this sector in the employment of men is less than 30%.
The highest concentration of women is observed in such sectors as health care, social security, education (in this sector, women make up about 4/5), culture and art, finance, credit, insurance. The level of unskilled workers among women is 52.5%, of the level of all unskilled workers.
To date, several studies have been carried out on the vocational guidance of women. According to one of them, four types are quite distinctly distinguished among Russian women:
"Career women" - those who want to grow professionally and work
full time work. They turned out to be 5.3% among married and 5.8% among un
married women;
“Professionally oriented women” who want to pursue a career, but prefer to work part-time. They turned out to be 26.1% and 48%, respectively;
“Working mothers” - those who do not want to make a career and choose
part-time work. Out of it turned out to be 35.3% and 38.5% among married
and unmarried women;
"Housewives" - those who do not want to make a career and prefer
not to work at all - 33.3% and 7.7%, respectively.
Today in the Russian sphere of employment there are stable stereotypes about women and men as workers.
According to these stereotypes, men are better leaders at work, are more resilient, have higher productivity, think more about work and are more devoted to it, are more resourceful and tech-savvy, although they are more prone to alcoholism and absenteeism. At the same time, women are characterized by accuracy, higher diligence, higher responsibility and discipline, but at the same time they think more about home than about work, less often agree to an uncomfortable work regime and, most importantly, young women are not reliable and not convenient as workers, because at any time they can go on maternity leave, take parental leave or sick leave to care for a sick child.
This stereotypical perception of all men and women is the basis for the unequal treatment of employers towards working men and women, and, therefore, the basis for the formation of discrimination in the world of work.
Employers perceive women as a less useful labor force, because women have to combine work activity with family responsibilities, therefore, they can be less expected to be professional zeal and strive for career growth, etc. In turn, women, knowing that they are treated as less preferred workers, do not even try to compete with men, and for their employment they choose such professions and types of activities that not only require less labor efforts from them, but also allow it is more comfortable to combine household chores with professional employment.
Thus, it can be concluded that there is a gender distribution by industry. And also there are more highly qualified specialists among men.
... The level of earnings of men and women
The Russian legislation fixes the dependence of the amount of wages on the size and quality of the employee's labor contribution.
Table 3
Average gross wages of men and women by the surveyed types of economic activities (2011)
|
2011 (rub.) |
||||
|
|
||||
|
Mining |
||||
|
Manufacturing industries |
||||
|
Building |
||||
|
Hotels and restaurants |
||||
|
Transport and communications |
||||
|
Education |
||||
|
Activities for the organization of recreation and entertainment, culture and sports |
||||
Table 4
Ratio of women's wages to men's wages by the surveyed types of economic activities (2011)
|
Total for surveyed types of economic activities |
|
|
Mining |
|
|
Manufacturing industries |
|
|
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water |
|
|
Building |
|
|
Wholesale and retail trade; repair of motor vehicles, motorcycles, household goods and personal items |
|
|
Hotels and restaurants |
|
|
Transport and communications |
|
|
Real estate operations, rental and service provision |
|
|
research and development |
|
|
Education |
|
|
Health care and social services |
On average, women’s wages are lower than men’s (see Table 3.4), which is due to the lower job status of women, the differentiation of wages by industry, the concentration of women in traditional sectors of the economy in relatively low-paid jobs, and continuing gender segregation in the labor, belonging to a certain form of property, with social and physical stress, which is carried by a married woman, etc.
At the same time, there are industries and professions characterized by high wages, where women traditionally predominate (banks, real estate, advertising, small business, etc.), but in which recently due to the financial crisis in the economy ( and in the Russian crisis it also has its own characteristics and problems) there is a tendency for them to be crowded out by men.
4. Employment of men and women in the family
Differences in the structure of time distribution underlie the different positions of men and women in the labor market and in the economic sphere. Despite the high level of labor activity of women, in the 21st century, there is still an unwritten “social contract”, which enshrines the distribution of roles in the family and in the labor market. Historically, for a long time, it has developed that women have the main responsibility for housekeeping and caring for children, while a man's responsibility is to be the breadwinner of the family and earn income. This leads to the fact that, especially given the high level of employment of women in Russia, the time of men is more distributed between work and leisure, and among women between work, leisure and activities in the household.
The issues of family life, organization of joint labor and women's employment attract the attention of many researchers. So, sociologists have determined that all household chores take 4-5 hours a day from a woman.
To organize a normal family life, it is necessary to perform the following work: cooking breakfasts, lunches, dinners, preparing food for future use (canning, salting, drying vegetables, fruits, mushrooms); buying groceries in stores, cleaning the apartment, washing and ironing clothes, caring for children, accompanying them to kindergarten, nursery or school, monitoring the education of children and providing them with the necessary assistance in this, games and conversations with children, reading and discussing books read visiting school. And how much time are taken by various kinds of secondary matters, such as repairing clothes and linen, caring for indoor plants, teaching children various types of work (washing dishes, cooking, wet cleaning the apartment, washing). Most of the housework is done by a woman.
According to sociological research, a woman works daily, taking into account work in production and at home, 12-15 hours, and this is one and a half shifts, not counting participation in public life. With such a load, a woman is very tired.
Studies show that almost all women are engaged in domestic work, but among men, one in five is generally exempted from doing domestic work. At the same time, women's domestic work is longer than men's: the average time spent by women per week on all types of domestic work is 30.3 hours, while for men - only 14.0 hours.
The Russian feature of the division of roles and responsibilities between men and women is that, despite the high workload in the household, most women today have paid employment.
And the involvement of women in social production often turns into serious losses in the field of reproduction of the main productive force of society - man. Statistics record an inverse correlation between the level of professional employment of women and the birth rate. Moreover, professionally employed women spend much less time on childcare than non-working women. The time specially allotted for communication with children by a working mother is practically insignificant (E.I. Martynova, L.T. Shineleva). This trend of declining birth rates is especially evident in conditions of social uncertainty, which is typical at the current stage of development of Russian society.
The time of paid employment for men and women does not differ much: in 2009, women worked on average 36.5 hours a week at their main job, while men - 39.3 hours. At the same time, the household and the upbringing of children (especially small ones) is considered a woman's business, regardless of whether she works or not. This is how women experience “double employment”.
At the same time, the majority of women believe that they have to work for financial reasons. Indeed, on the one hand, the size of the wages of most Russian men does not allow them to provide a tolerable standard of living for their families, so women's wages become a significant contribution to the family budget (in an ordinary Russian family, a wife's earnings are usually comparable to that of a husband).
On the other hand, some Russian women today have little or no such support from their husbands: excessive alcohol consumption and drug addiction are predominantly a “male” problem, and male irresponsibility is a fairly typical phenomenon.
Conclusion
In Russia, the distribution of roles and responsibilities between men and women remains extremely traditional. Most Russians, both men and women, are confident that raising children and doing housework is more suitable for women, and making money is more suitable for men.
In words, many modern men and women agree that domestic work in the family should be divided equally between husband and wife. But in reality, raising children and doing housework falls primarily on women's shoulders.
Today, Russian women retain their full-fledged presence in the labor market: among all employed women, they make up 49%, and men, respectively, 51%. Russian labor legislation does not contain discriminatory provisions against women. However, there are still many unresolved gender issues in the world of work.
In our country, discrimination in recruitment is one of the most common types of discrimination that can occur at any stage of the recruitment procedure, from advertising a vacancy, selection of candidates to the final stage - registration of an employee for work.
Discrimination against women in hiring often begins already at the moment when the employer is just announcing the availability of a vacancy at his enterprise.
Many employers tend to hire only women who are free from family responsibilities. At the same time, many private business owners sincerely do not understand why they cannot hire workers at their "own" enterprise the way they want. Therefore, when applying for a job, a situation is quite typical when the employer asks a woman looking for a job questions regarding her marital status, the number of children, their age, the woman's intentions to have more children in the near future, etc. (men are not asked such questions).
Many such advertisements placed in the media directly indicate not only the gender of the desired employee, but sometimes his (her) age, and sometimes the preferred appearance of the future employee (the latter requirement is put forward only when the employer wants to hire a woman).
Unfortunately, the discriminatory nature of job advertisements does not end only with illegal requirements for the sex, age and appearance of the applicant. An in-depth analysis of all advertisements submitted shows that, on average, the vacancies for “women” are offered significantly lower wages than the average for “male” vacancies.
Despite the higher level of education, women's salaries lag significantly behind men's salaries (women receive on average only 64% of men's salaries).
This is due to significant gender segregation (sectoral, professional and vertical). Women work in less paid industries and occupy lower positions on the career ladder (on average).
A rather tolerant attitude has developed among Russians. Both the authorities and the population tend to view this difference not as a problem caused by discrimination against women in the world of work, but as a natural consequence of the greater natural predisposition of women to housekeeping and raising children.
According to Art. 4 of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (1979), temporary measures aimed at accelerating the establishment of de facto equality between men and women are not considered discriminatory, but these measures should not entail the maintenance of unequal or differentiated standards; these measures should be withdrawn when the goals of equality of opportunity and equal treatment are achieved,
Hence, “special measures aimed at protecting maternity are not considered discriminatory”.
Thus, I believe that in the course of the study, we found the answer to the question: "Equal rights of men and women in various spheres of society: Myth or reality?" Men and women in Russian society do not have equal rights. And only in some cases these unequal measures are forced and aimed at protecting motherhood and childhood "
Bibliography
1. ABC of women workers' rights and gender equality. / [Electronic resource] ILO, 2008
Babaeva, L.V. Women: Current Trends in Social Policy. / [Text] // Socis. 1997. - No. 7.
3. Ershova, E. Implementation by the Russian Federation of the UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women / [Text] M., Consortium of Women's Non-Governmental Associations. 2012 .-- 15p.
4. Employment and unemployment in the Russian Federation in April 2012 / [Electronic resource] gks.ru
Labor and wages costs. / [Electronic resource]
UN Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women / [Electronic resource]
The concept of the demographic policy of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2025. / [Electronic resource]
8. Mezentseva Ye.B. Men and Women in Domestic Work: the Logic of Economic Rationality versus the Logic of Gender Identity? / [Text] // Gender Equality: Finding Solutions to Old Problems. ILO, M .: 2003.
9. Problems of legal protection of women from discrimination in the sphere of labor and employment. M .: KZhNO, 2008 / [Electronic resource]
Roshchin S. Yu. Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women in Russia in the Context of the Millennium Development Goals / [Electronic resource] Text of the report provided (with the consent of the author)
Kalinaeva G.V., Head of the UN Working Group on the Promotion of
For posting on the portal "Woman and Society". 2003. -
Dictionary of Gender Terms / [Text] - M .; "Information-XXI century". 2002
As if you do not know that femki are fighting for privileges, if that. The law and so for the most part on their side, almost everything forgives. Not a single femka is recognized, she will throw tons of pre-prepared templates with excuses - but the point and fact is that these are all excuses in order to show themselves as "nitaka", but in fact, not easy such, and even more such! In general, even schoolchildren understand that they are fighting for privileges, advantages, benefits, and many even for the purpose of really oppressing men - and do you know why femmes are on fire? Because this is revealing the truth, and if you put pressure on the gas, and do even more with all this exposure and oppression, then wow, there will be a war and a storm, approximately as in the same group with a meme about condoms, to which such a name as "skin" was attributed , of course, femmes saw themselves in this term there, so they burned out, and blazed at it for several more weeks / months - it's just that the uterus cuts your eyes, and how femmes insult, oppress men in their sexist groups, so it's immediately “okay , after all, this is true and there is nothing like that here "- this is the logic of these females. True, many men have scored on this, but know why? Because they are not like that, and after all, they just didn’t call them and “pido ... rapists, sp ... baki, pedophiles, bastards, chmyrs”, in their opinion they can offend and slander men, and men and guys they are not there - however, as a rule, girls, youngsters, and sometimes women who are lost in time and have cheated their minds behind garages suffer from this. By the way, a I don't welcome laziness and heels at all, I don't even consider them to be people. And yes, almost all of these femmes who burned at this were sexist pablos, and those femmes who were laughing wildly with these sexist memes in relation to men, like races, and blazed at that post about condoms - just the guys and I broke through the accounts of these monsters more than a hundred pieces, and were simply shocked ... with these privileged and arrogant, impudent bastards.
Do not forget that we have different organisms, and we will not be able to compare, this is already a biological fact - even shy away, but a woman cannot become physically equal as a man, also in a certain area and vice versa.
And the fact that women are crying that they are prohibited from more than a hundred professions, but you were not interested in these professions? Specifically, you, outraged, will you work there? Or are you just by rumor, by the spirits, screaming about that, you don't know what?
These professions where hard, physical labor is needed, which not even all men can do, not to mention the guys, especially with the current, domestic, generation - very quickly modern boys fizzle out from all this, so what can we talk about girls? At best, the girls will open all the gates for them (you girls), but you (the girls) will not go there, at worst you will be killed there or other people will suffer through your fault, just because someone's heart has stopped or their hands are numb. I don't see any sense in this, since there are many alternatives to well-paid jobs, and for this it is not necessary to fuck some girl / woman in the mine. Now, even while sitting at a computer, you can cut good money, and at the same time not strain your little hands.
As I understand it, women or young ladies simply dream of working in specialties: - related to hard work in difficult conditions, like a cupola operator, a beater for castings, a metal pourer, a smelter of metal and alloys, etc. engage in welding: - associated with manual labor or with harsh conditions and work with hazardous chemicals in various areas of the heavy and mining industries. including oil and gas, coal and ore processing works, - some geological exploration and geodetic works, such as an installer of geodetic marks and an electrical fitter, - drilling works, metallurgical and blast furnace works, coke production, chemical production, especially for the production and processing of hazardous substances , for example, mercury, fluorine, phosphorus, chlorine, sulfur. - hazardous industries, such as the production of varnishes and paints, chemical fibers and chemicals, medical and biological drugs and materials, antibiotics, the production of tires, rubber compounds. In fact, women are prohibited from professions associated with heavy manual labor, in harmful and dangerous jobs. It turns out that women are taken care of so that they are not draft horses and they are unhappy. And the most interesting thing is that they do not say what exactly is prohibited, and one gets the impression that something important, monetary and easy to do, has been banned. I suggest feminists to arrange a flash mob and apply for employment for some kind of coal mine as miners or, for example, drag ties on a railway. And work for a couple of three years
Women are a special socio-demographic group. According to the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, they account for 53.7% of the total population of the Russian Federation.
Research into the social status of women has its own reasons. These are, first of all, new socio-economic relations arising in the course of the so-called reforming of society, when the crisis that gripped Russia primarily affected women and families.
The current Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 (Article 19) provides for equal rights and opportunities for men and women. However, the existing double standard for women has pronounced negative consequences. Social status as an integral indicator connects several elements and functions.
It was established at the official level that in the course of the formation of the labor market, discriminatory tendencies towards women grow, their competitiveness decreases, the risk of losing their job and qualifications increases, and the possibility of getting a new job decreases. Among women, unemployment is rising and the wage gap between women and men is widening. Adapting women to market conditions comes at significant costs. The process of declining professional status is underway.
According to the sociological service, in recent years there has been a tendency for an increase in the number of unemployed women - more than 72% of the total active population. Particularly affected are single mothers, women with small children, mothers raising a disabled child, young women who have no work experience after graduating from educational institutions, women whose age is close to retirement, as well as a large "army" of wives of military personnel, despite the fact that most of the unemployed women have higher and secondary specialized education. Here are some statistics: about 80% of mothers with many children are currently unemployed. Naturally, in order to feed her family, a woman agrees to any job, even to one that is prohibited to her according to the medical justification and Labor Code. The demand for female labor is currently declining very actively. Among the objective reasons, it should be noted, first of all, the unevenness of labor losses across sectors of the national economy and industries in connection with a drop in production volumes. Thus, in the chemical and petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering and light industry, the largest reduction in labor force was observed. Meanwhile, 68% of all women working in industry are concentrated in these sectors. The position on the labor market of women who quit of their own free will, as well as of female youth who graduated from secondary schools and vocational schools, is deteriorating - the proportion of these contingents among the unemployed is growing. About half of unemployed women have children under the age of 16, 11% of them are single mothers and 10% have many children. Also, the discrepancy between the vocational and qualification structure of the unemployed and the structure of vacancies has more pronounced negative consequences for women than for men. Enterprises that apply to the employment service, print admissions, if they do not openly specify the sex of the employee, then they give preference to men. There is a clear tendency for the gender of the employee, and often the presence and number of children, to become decisive in employment. Women of pre-retirement age cannot find work at all. Unfortunately, there is no data on the situation of women raising a disabled child, but, I think, the picture here is especially complicated. For most working women, the main thing is to keep their jobs. At the same time, many of them agree to lose their earnings, just to have a guaranteed income and keep the social services provided at the place of work. Moreover, in some localities there are no other areas of employment, and so far are not foreseen, where women who have lost their jobs could find jobs. The zone of increased risk for women to lose their jobs is such physical labor, which has long been developed as "male", in the fields of mechanical engineering and metalworking, construction, transport, mining and metallurgy. The ousting of women from “male” types of activities, especially those requiring highly skilled labor and well-paid ones, is primarily under the influence of their lower competitiveness as compared to men.
The participation of women in politics is perceived negatively by the majority of the male population. However, in the era of major historical changes, political, economic and social crises, women have often acted and continue to act as initiators of a social movement. They do not duplicate men in their actions, but they influence their behavior, views, assessments, prompting them to take action. Norway is the leader in gender equality: since 2008, women have made up 40% of top managers of all companies registered in the country. According to statistics, there are only 12% of women in the management of European companies. For comparison: in the USA this figure is 15%, and in Japan it is slightly more than 1%. “The economic crisis is making the involvement of women in company management more relevant than ever. To restore Europe's competitiveness on the global stage, we need to use all of our human capital. We cannot afford to neglect half of our population, ”said European Commissioner Viviane Reading at the World Economic Forum in Davos. The European Commission recognizes that it will take another half century to reach the desired 40 percent quota. Equality of pay is also not easy. On average across the EU, men still earn almost 20% more for identical jobs. In Estonia, this difference reaches 30.9%, and in Italy, it is only 4.9%. In France, large corporations will have to take a little less than 1,500 women to leadership positions. This is exactly how much it takes to fulfill the law passed this year by the French parliament. According to him, in 2017, 40 percent of the seats on the boards of directors of companies with a turnover of more than 50 million euros per year should be held by women. Serious sanctions have been imposed for ignoring and failing to comply with the quota. Europe is fighting for gender equality at the legislative level.
Achieving equality of opportunity, partnership in politics is a state problem. The existing points of view on the social role of women in society, the lack of support for women who are most prepared for state activities, the practical absence of the question of the role of women in society in the programs of parties and public organizations hinder the realization of her potential opportunities, which leads to low participation of women in this area. Currently, among women in the civil service, no more than 10% hold managerial positions. Both statistical data and the results of sociological studies show that women are assigned positions (at best) of the second, and, as a rule, of the third plan, associated mainly with executive and technical functions. The representation of women in local government structures has sharply decreased. There are 3,600 deputies in the legislative bodies of state power of the constituent entities of the Federation, among whom there were only 337 women (9%).
Thus, in modern Russia, gender disparities persist both in the sphere of political decision-making and in the sphere of their implementation. The adaptation of women to new conditions is associated with high social costs; their unequal starting opportunities are evident. The existence of patriarchal views in the mass consciousness sharply negatively affects the stimulation of the active activity of a significant part of the population, which is women.
For the establishment of gender equality, as well as for women to exercise equal rights and opportunities with men, it is necessary for women to be represented in all political decision-making bodies. This would ensure the advancement of legislative initiatives that are close to their interests. The problem is that modern society creates equal conditions for the development of men and women. Equality is not the sameness of rights, but their social equality.
In modern Russia, gender disparities persist in all spheres. The adaptation of women to new conditions is associated with high social costs; their unequal starting opportunities are evident. The existence of patriarchal views in the mass consciousness sharply negatively affects the stimulation of the active activity of a significant part of the population, which is women.
80 companies took part in the study, conducted in January-February 2011 by the method of correspondence questionnaire. Among the respondents there are heads of personnel departments of large domestic and foreign companies operating in Russia, of which: 29% - the manufacturing sector, 44% - the service sector, 10% - the financial industry, 18% - others. The average number of employees in the surveyed companies is 6,400 people. About 53% of all employees of the surveyed companies are women.
All the discrimination that women are subjected to during their active years of life is carried over to the retirement age. Many remain alone due to the high mortality rate among men. Data from the most recent 2010 census, the detailed results of which have not yet been released, point to a 10 million female preponderance, especially among the older age groups. That is, most of the 40 million pensioners are women. They receive a pension, which averaged 56 euros per month before the increase in 2008, which was only slightly more than the subsistence level. Despite an almost 11% increase in 2009, the size of pension payments remains small, and therefore many pensioners continue to work, receiving salaries and pensions, or live with their children, helping them with household chores. However, this coexistence usually does not stand the test of time.
Although at the end of perestroika, the average wage for women was 70% of that for men, it went down during the first post-Soviet decade and in 2005 reached 60% of that for men. Many more women are now pursuing higher education (10.76 million in 2002 compared to 8.6 million for men). However, according to the latest data for 2011, the average wage for women is only 40% of that for men.
According to the Russian Constitution, men and women in our country have "equal rights and freedoms and equal opportunities for their realization." To find out how things really are in modern Russian society, the respondents were asked a number of questions.
It turned out that, in the opinion of a significant number of respondents (45%), today in our country men have more opportunities to exercise their rights. (Note that the higher the standard of living of Russians, the more often they adhere to this point of view.) Moreover, if among men this opinion is shared by 40% of the respondents, then among women - half (49%). The overwhelming majority of the participants in the expert survey, whose social status is quite high, also believe that it is easier for men than for women to exercise their rights. In contrast, respondents with a low level of education and income are more likely to say that women have more opportunities to exercise their rights than men. Thus, the higher the social level to which a woman wants to rise, the more difficult it is for her to compete with men.
Question: "According to the Russian Constitution, women and men have equal rights. What do you think, who has more opportunities to exercise their rights today - women, men, or are their opportunities equal?"
|
||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
A similar picture is observed when answering the question about the possibilities of promoting women in the service. According to 60% of respondents, it is more difficult for a woman to make a career than a man. Among the respondents with higher education, 70% are sure of this. This figure is especially significant, since it is people with a high level of education who are most often concerned about career growth. The fact that men and women have equal opportunities for career advancement is said by 30% of the respondents, among whom there is a large proportion of optimists.
Despite all the difficulties that the fairer sex face when promoting in the service, Russians see the guarantee of a young woman's well-being in a good job. So, answering the question "If you had a teenage daughter in your family, what would you first connect her future with - a successful marriage or a good job?", two-thirds of Russians (64%) preferred a good job. Only a quarter of respondents (27%) today associate success in life with a successful marriage - this position is close to rural residents, as well as people with low levels of education and income, for many of whom the opportunity to find a good job seems unlikely.
The DFG participants expressed the opinion that in Russia much rests on women's shoulders. However, women themselves are not satisfied with the fact that they are forced to take on serious burdens and solve “non-female” problems.
- “We worked at the plant for 30 years - so women carried everything on their shoulders all their lives! (DFG, Novosibirsk).
- “At this critical moment, in which the country is, as always, they travel with women, because a man, as a rule, in our country at critical moments is fired from his job, he has some personal problems, he drinks down, and he is not. The woman is left with everything: children, grandchildren, food. I want to say that the position of women now is simply catastrophic. " (DFG, Moscow).
- "I believe that there should be no gender difference. It's a shame when both a woman and a man can do the same job on an equal footing, but a woman will usually receive less." (DFG, Samara).
- "Here I am - the director. A young man and a woman have come to me. I will, of course, choose a man. I know that they will work the same way. But a woman will be a mother sooner or later. On maternity leave - find her a replacement. Replacement does not guarantee, that will be as good as she is. Then sick leave, childcare ... Of course, the man will be hired faster. " (DFG, Samara).
- "Even if a woman is lonely, still a man-boss in the depths of the subconscious thinks that she needs to return home, cook dinner, that her head is busy with this, and not with work problems." (DFG, Samara).
- “A woman can’t do anything. A woman can do one thing: her task is to give birth to a child. And the rest is done better by a man. In medicine, all surgeons are men. On women's affairs, doctors are men. Cooks are men.” (DFG, Moscow).
- "There are professions that, due to social stereotypes, are considered non-feminine, for example, a chauffeur, a pilot. Of the modern professions, programmers-mathematicians are less willing to hire, although women are sometimes more talented in this area, it is believed that men are more inclined to logical reasoning, to communicating with technology " (DFG, Samara).
- "There are professions that we conventionally consider that this is not female. And, perhaps, there you meet an unfriendly attitude if a woman goes to work there. But it depends only on her. If she is a person who knows, knows how and, first of all, willing work, then she will be there ... " (DFG, Moscow).
- "To hammer in a nail - that too, she can, if I am not there. I come - she says:" I made a shelf. " I am idle around the apartment, what, am I going to sit or read a newspaper? There is no such thing. Therefore, we have equality " (DFG, Moscow).
- "I personally try to give my wife as much decision-making power as possible. I admit that in many ways she is much wiser than me." (DFG, Novosibirsk).
- "Basically how - I worked, I came to the sofa" (DFG, Moscow).
- "Somewhere a woman leads, somewhere a man. One has stronger willpower, the other is weaker. It does not depend on gender." (DFG, Novosibirsk).
- "- When my dad retired and began to receive less than mom, he did not say anything, but it was evident that he felt less comfortable.
“Many families fell apart because the wife received more than her husband” (DFG, Samara).
However, there are exceptions here: some men are ready to support their wife in every possible way, making a career, and take over the household.
- "My wife earns more than me - I will help her, as best I can, at home." (DFG, Novosibirsk).
- "If she wants, she will punch any man. No woman can be stopped if she wants this career." (DFG, Samara).
- "If she wants, she will achieve it. If she is capable - I saw examples and even tried it myself - there are no contraindications." (DFG, Moscow).
- "A man-politician can afford anything he likes: dress casually, look dirty, speak incorrectly, do not know something, may not get out of scandals. And the woman is watched, everyone absolutely notices: how she said, how she is dressed - with taste or not, what is on her head, what is on her face. And it is very difficult for women to advance there. No wonder we have Matvienko and Khakamada - everything is with them. " (DFG, Novosibirsk).
- "There used to be a quota for women's participation in the life of the country. Now this quota is not there, so men are in power. We need more to go there, to the Government. Maybe it would be useful." (DFG, Novosibirsk).
- "We had such a woman, I just saw her as President - Starovoitova" (DFG, Moscow).
- "A woman has a softer approach to questions, it may be easier for a woman to engage in financial and economic activities. And now the time is such that it is no longer necessary to act by force, but by gentleness." (DFG, Samara).
- "I believe that there would be more women in the government and even at the head - it would be more ideal. Because a woman is more pragmatic. She will not do too much, she will think." (DFG, Samara).
Nowadays, doing anything other than family and home, women encounter significant obstacles on their way, and the higher the ambition of a woman, the more difficult it is for her. Despite the fact that the current social situation does not stimulate women to pursue a career in general and a political career, in particular, it is with work that Russians pin their hopes for the future of their daughters. This means that the old, patriarchal scheme of relations, where the husband is the breadwinner and the wife is the keeper of the hearth, no longer works, and the new scheme has not yet been formed.
