The French chemist and microbiologist Louis Paster was born on December 27, 1822, died in 72 years. It is famous for its vaccination and pasteurization work.

The scientific merit of Louis Pasteur: 1. Proved that most infectious diseases are caused by the smallest living organisms, microorganisms. 2. Created vaccines for the treatment of rabies, Siberian ulcers and bird cholera. 3. Developed the pasteurization method - disinfecting fluids with heating.

Dismantle

Scientific goals: Finding vaccine from rabies - illness with almost one hundred percent mortality.

Difficulties: Danger of infection; Scandal and possible arrest for child experiments

Who: Louis Paster and his assistant Emil Ru. Where: Paris, France. When: From 1882 to 1885

How: Paster has spent years on painstaking research and was able to allocate microorganisms that cause a disease. To get a sample of infection, he spent experiments on animals.

Results: In the XIX century, rabies were not rare - people infected from sick dogs and wild animals. Louis Pasteur found an effective treatment.

Louis Pasteur made people's lives safer.

The doctor makes the young Frenchman injecting fresh vaccine from rabies. Pasteur watches the procedure, wondering whether the medicine will help, or the patient will become only worse.

Can Paster win a ruthless rabies virus?

July 6, 1885Louis Paster turned out to be drawn into a fight not for life, but to death. Nine-year-old Josef Maisters from Alsace, 400 km from Paris, was brought to him to the laboratory. Two days before that, Joseph strongly bitten a mad dog - as much as 14 bite. Paster asked for two doctors, Alfred Vulpene and Jack Joseph Tranche, inspect the boy. The doctors agreed that death threatens without treatment to the patient.

The student is trying to save his life from a mad dog on the street of a French town. In the XIX century, hundreds of people died in Europe from rabies.

Pasteur has remembered since childhood, which torments are experiencing patients with rabies. The virus that is contained in the saliva of animals, within a few weeks attacks the nervous system, spinal and brain. His victims are silent in spasms and cramps, they are thrown in the heat. They are experiencing hallucinations - they see what is really not. They can not drink and eat and eventually fall into someone. Soon the death comes.

How to recognize a dog sick with rabies?

Without proper treatment, the rabies virus kills the dog in a few weeks. Symptoms:

1. strange changes in behavior: for example, incessant growl;
2. heat and loss of appetite;
3. foam of mouth;
4. muscular weakness, uncertain gait, paralysis.

Pasteur examines the bottle with grape juice. In his youth, he began the study of a microworld with studying yeast fungi, which convert sugar in alcohol. This process is called fermentation.

Pasteur is watching experimental dogs who have been made from rabies. He sees that his calculations are true and vaccine works.

For three years, Pasteur with his assistant, Emil Ru, tried to find a cure for rabies, but Paster believed that the work was far from completion. He experienced a vaccine on several dogs, but did not spend experiments on people. Pasteur and Rus risked life, working with mad dogs and collecting their infected saliva.

For ten tense days, Paster made Josef Mayster 13 injection vaccine from rabies, gradually increasing the concentration. He waited and hoped that the vaccine would work. The reaction of the body of the Josef for the medicine was crucial for the career of Pasteur. The scientist understood that scientific evidence on his side: rabies was not the first deadly disease. In 1877, the Siberian ulcer, a destructive Poveret, killed thousands of sheep throughout Europe.

The powerful Pasteur microscope allowed it to study bacteria - organisms that can cause diseases. He shared them to different types and sought ways to cope with harmful to the body.

Siberian ulcers are dangerous for both livestock and people.

In the course of its experiments, Paster discovered that he could create weakened forms (strains) of viruses. If such a strain introduce a sheep, then its body gets the opportunity to deal with the disease. In 1881, Pasteur made a whole herd of sheep vaccinations with his new vaccine from Siberian ulcers.

Paster vaccinates sheep, protecting them from Siberian ulcers. After 10 years half a million cows and 3.5 million sheep were vaccinated from this disease.

Twenty days later, he infected these sheep and another herd, not past vaccination, a virus of the Siberian ulcers. All unsecured sheep died. All vaccinated survived. This experience Paster applied when developing a rabies vaccine. It turned out that the dried spinal cord of infected rabbits contains a weakened form of the virus.

Louis Pasteur in his laboratory

Pasteur understood that dirt, that is, microbes, able to disrupt all his experiments, so insisted on flawless purity.

Photography microscopic, but fatal mad virus under an electron microscope

The rabies virus infects the nervous cell and breeds, infecting all new cells. Without treatment, the infection gets to the brain, and the patient dies.

Finding into the animal body, a weakened virus did not cause rabies symptoms. On the contrary, the body began to produce special cells - antibodies that fought with the disease

Pasteur's helpers are preparing vaccines. As soon as a successful vaccine was created, it took a large amount for the treatment of people and animals that could be infected.

It was thanks to this, the treatment of young Joseph Maister turned out to be successful. He recovered and returned home. Paster became famous, and crowds of patients rushed to Paris. From October 1885 to December 1886, Paster and his colleagues vaccinated 2,682 people who have been suspected with rabies. 98% of them survived. Joseph grew.

During the First World War, he served in the army, and after he worked as a gatekeeper at the Pasteur Institute, the main thing on that day the research center of microbiology and infectious diseases.

In the photo adult Josef Mayster next to the monument Louis Pasteer in 1935. The Pastemark Institute, where Maister worked, today is a powerful scientific organization with 24 branches around the world.

Chronology of the stunning discoveries Louis Pasteur

In twenty years, Paster was able to pass exams only from the second time, but in the future he made several breakthroughs in science and medicine.

1848 year

Makes a coup in the ideas about the microscopic structure of molecules in crystals.

1859 year

Refutes the popular belief of self-timing of life from the air.

1863 year

It offers pasteurization technology - long-term disposable heating of products (as a result, microbes die in them).

1865 year

Opens two types of bacteria, causing diseases of silky worms. Saves the French Silk Industry.

1877 year

Studies of Siberian ulcers, diseases dangerous for animals and man.

1879 year

Develops the first vaccine from bird cholera.

1884 year

The first successfully puts dogs from rabies.

1885 year

Josef Mayster becomes the first person healing from rabies in the pasteur laboratory.

1886 year

Nineteen people from Russia, skiing with a mad wolf, attend Pastera and are successfully cured.

1888 year

The Pasteur Institute opens, which contains essential research on the fight against infections.

Interesting facts from the life of the French scientist, the founder of microbiology and immunology you will learn in this article.

Louis Pasteur Interesting Facts

In 1849, Pasteur married Marie Nauren. They were born Five children. But two of them them, unfortunately, died very small. Their family relationships were a role model: Louis and Marie respected each other, appreciated humor.

Back in the student years, Paster made his first discovery.

• Paster has been engaged in a biology all his life and treated people, without receiving neither medical, nor biological education.

Paster was a talented artist, His name was the reference books of the XIX century portraiters. He left portraits of his sisters and mother, but, in connection with the enthusiasm of chemistry, he threw painting.

Pasteur studied such infectious diseases as a Siberian ulcer, cholera, rabies, etc.

With it, such sciences such as microbiology, virology, immunology, bacteriology originated.

Pasteur has developed a new method of prevention of infections - vaccination.

Paster collected money for the opening of the Microbiological Institute in Paris. The institute opened in 1888 and is still working. In the XX century, 8 employees, one of which was, received Nobel Prize.

His name is widely known all over the world due to the technology created and named later in his honor. pasteurization .

• Pasteur was awarded the orders of almost all countries of the world. He had about 200 awards.

It saved from the ruin of the winemakers of France, indicating that the wine turns into vinegar under the influence of bacteria causing wine fermentation, and that it is enough to heat the wine to 60 °, so that then it was possible to store it in well-clouded bottles unlimited time.

"The benefactor of mankind" was so called the government of France biologist and the Chemist Louis Pasteur. The contribution of the French scientist is difficult to overestimate, because he proved the microbiological basis for the fermentation process and the emergence of a number of diseases, invented a way to combat pathogenic microorganisms - pasteurization and vaccination. Prior to today, the opening of the founder of immunology and microbiology saves the life of millions of people.

Childhood and youth

The future microbiologist was born in the city of Doyle (France) on September 18, 1822. Father Louis, Jean Pasteur, was noted by participation in Napoleonic wars, and later opened a leather workshop. The head of the family was illiterate, but the son sought to give a good education.

Louis successfully graduated from school, and then with the support of his father began to study in college. The boy was distinguished by an amazing diligence than he was hit by teachers. Paster believed that in study, it was necessary to show perseverance and in correspondence with the sistems indicated that success mainly depends on labor and desire to learn.

Upon completion of the Louis College, Louis moved to Paris to enroll in the highest normal school. In 1843, a talented guy easily overcame the entrance examinations and four years later received a diploma of a prestigious educational institution.

In parallel Paster paid a lot of time painting and achieved high results. The young artist entered the directories as a great portrait of the XIX century. At the 15th age, Louis wrote portraits of mother, sisters and many friends. In 1840, Pasteur even received the degree of bachelor of arts.

Biology

Despite the versatility of talents, Louis Paster pretended to be engaged exclusively by science. At the age of 26, the scientist became a professor of physics due to the discovery of the structure of wine acid crystals. Nevertheless, studying organic substances, Louis realized that his genuine calling lies in a study not physics, but biology and chemistry.

Pasteur worked for some time in the Dijonian lyceum, but in 1848 he went to the University of Strasbourg. At the new work, the biologist began to study the processes of fermentation, which subsequently brought him a celebrity.

In 1854, the scientist holds the post of dean at the University of Lille (Faculty of Natural Sciences), but not delayed there for a long time. Two years later, Louis Paster goes to Paris to work in Alma Mater - the highest normal school as director of academic work. In a new place, Paster spent successful reforms, showing brilliant administrative abilities. He introduced a hard examination system, which increased the level of knowledge of students and the prestige of the educational institution.

In parallel, the microbiologist continued to explore wine acids. After examining the wort of a microscope, Louis Paster revealed that the fermentation process is not a chemical nature, as Justus said Lubih background. Scientist discovered that this process is associated with the life and activities of yeast fungi, feeding and breeding in a wandering fluid.

During 1860-1862, the microbiologist was concentrated on the study of the theory of self-relocation of microorganisms, which many researchers adhered to at that time. For this, Paster took the nutrient mass, he heated it to a temperature at which microorganisms were dying, and then placed in a special flask with the Swan neck.

As a result, no matter how much this vessel with nutrient mass would be in air, life in such conditions was not born, since the spores of the bacteria remained on the bends of the long neck. If the neck was chicked out either rinsed the bends of the liquid medium, then microorganisms began to multiply soon. Consequently, the French scientist denied the dominant theory and proved that the microbes cannot self-relieve and each time are brought from the outside. For this discovery, the French Academy of Sciences awarded Pasteer in 1862 a special premium.

Pasteurization

The breakthrough in scientific research scientists contributed to the need to solve the practical task. In 1864, winemakers applied to Pasteer with a request to help figure out the causes of damage. After studying the composition of the drink, the microbiologist discovered that it was not only yeast fungi, but also other microorganisms that led to the spoilage of the product. Then the scientist thought about how to get rid of this problem. The researcher suggested heating the wort to 60 degrees, after which microorganisms dying.

The method proposed by the Pasteur began to be used in the manufacture of beer and wine, as well as in other sectors of the food industry. Today the described reception is called pasteurization, by name of the discoverer.

The discoveries described were brought by French scientist, but the personal tragedy did not allow the pasteer to quietly rejoice in his achievements. Three microbiologist children died of abdominal typhus. Under the influence of tragic events, scientists took up the study of infectious diseases.

Vaccination

Louis Paster explored wounds, ulcers and ulcers, as a result of which revealed a number of infections pathogens (for example, streptococcus and staphylococcus). Also, the microbiologist studied chicken cholere and tried to find the opposition to this disease. The decision came to the famous Professor by chance.

The scientist left a culture with cholera microbes in a thermostat and forgot about them. When the dried virus was injected with chickens, birds did not die, but moved the facilitated form of the disease. Then Pasteur again infected the chickens with fresh cultures of the virus, but the birds were not injured. Based on these experiments, the scientist discovered a way to avoid a number of diseases: it is necessary to introduce weakened pathogenic microbes into the body.

So there was a vaccination (from Lat. Vacca - "Cow"). This name is the discoverer used in honor of the famous scientist Edward Jenner. The latter sought to prevent the sickness of people with smallpasses, therefore, she overflow the blood of cows infecting harmless to the person's shape for a person.

An experiment with chickens helped a microbiologist to create a vaccine to combat Siberian ulcers. The subsequent use of this vaccine allowed the Government of France to save huge amounts of money. In addition, the new discovery provided passer membership at the Academy of Sciences and Lifetime Pension.

In 1881, Paster witnessed the death of the girl from the bite of a mad dog. Under the impression of the tragedy, the scientist decided to create a vaccine from the deadly disease. But the microbiologist discovered that the rabies virus existed only in brain cells. There was a problem of obtaining a weakened form of the virus.

Scientific days did not leave the laboratory and conducted experiments on rabbits. The microbiologist first infected animals with rabies, and then the brain displaced. At the same time, Paster subjected to death hazard, collecting rabbits from the mouth. Nevertheless, a talented scientist managed to extrude the vaccine from rabies from the dried rabbit brain. Many are confident that this discovery has become the main achievement of an outstanding microbiologist.

Some time Louis Paster did not dare to apply a vaccine in humans. But in 1885, the mother of the 9-year-old Josef Maistera came to him, whom a mad dog was bitten. The child had no chance to stay alive, so the vaccine was the last opportunity for him. As a result, the boy survived, which indicated the effectiveness of the opening of Pasteur. A little later, with the help of a vaccine, 16 people crawled to be saved. After that, the vaccine was constantly used to combat rabies.

Personal life

In 1848, Louis Paster began working at Strasbourg University. Soon, a young scientist was invited to visit the Rector of Lauren, where he met the daughter of his boss - Marie. After a week, a talented microbiologist wrote a letter to the rector, in which he asked the hands of the girl. Although Louis communicated with Marie only once, he did not doubt the correctness of choice.

The father of his elect, Pasteur honestly confessed that he had only good heart and good health. As can be judged from the photo of a scientist, the man did not differ in beauty, the Louis had no wealth or favorable kinship.

But the rector believed the French biologist and gave his consent. Young people got married on May 29, 1849. Subsequently, the spouse lived together for 46 years. Marie began for her husband not just his wife, but the first assistant and reliable support. Couple has five children, three of them died from the abdominal epidemic.

Death

Louis Pasteur survived the stroke at 45, after which he remained disabled. The scientist did not move his hand and leg, but the man continued to work hard. In addition, the microbiologist was often dangerous during the experiments, which forced the family to worry about his life.

The great scientist died on September 28, 1895 from complications after several strokes. At that time, Louis paste was 72 years old. First, the remains of the microbiologist were resting in Notre Dame de Paris, and then moved to the Pasteur Institute.

During life, the scientist received awards from almost all countries of the world (almost 200 orders). In 1892, the French government presented a medal specifically for the 70th anniversary of the microbiologist with a signature of "benefactor of mankind." In 1961, in honor of Pasteur, a crater on the moon was named, and in 1995, a brand was released in Belgium with the image of a scientist.

Nowadays, the name of an outstanding microbiologist wears more than 2 thousand streets in many countries of the world: USA, Argentina, Ukraine, Iran, Italy, Cambodia, etc. In St. Petersburg (Russia), the Research Institute of Epidemiology and Microbiology them. Pasteur.

Bibliography

• Louis Pasteur. Etudes Sur Le Vin. - 1866.
• Louis Pasteur. Etudes Sur Le Vinaigre. - 1868.
• Louis Pasteur. Etudes Sur La Maladie des Verse à Soie (2 Volumes). - 1870.
• Louis Pasteur. Quelques Réflexions Sur La Science en France. - 1871.
• Louis Pasteur. Etudes Sur La Bière. - 1976.
• Louis Pasteur. Les Microbes Organisés, Leur Rôle Dans La Fermentation, La Putréfaction et La Contagion. - 1878.
• Louis Pasteur. Discours de Réception De M.L. Pasteur à L "ACADÉMIE FRANçAISE. - 1882.
• Louis Pasteur. Traeitement de la Rage. - 1886.

Louis Pasteur (right pasteur, fr. Louis Pasteur; December 27, 1822, Dol, Department of Yura - September 28, 1895, Vilnev-l'Ethan near Paris) - Outstanding French microbiologist and chemist, Member of the French Academy (1881).

Pasteur, showing the microbiological essence of fermentation and many human diseases, became one of the founders of microbiology and immunology. His work in the structure of the structure of crystals and polarization phenomena was based on stereochemistry.

Pasteur also put a point in a centuries-old dispute about the self-timing of some forms of life at present, experimental by proving the impossibility of this (see the birth of life on Earth). His name is widely known in unscientific circles thanks to created by him and named later in his honor of pasteurization technology.

Louis Pasteur was born in French Yura in 1822. His father - Jean Pasteur - was a leatherman and veteran of Napoleonic wars. Louis studied in a college of Arbua, then Besansson. There, the teachers were advised to enter the highest normal school in Paris, which he managed in 1843. He graduated from 1847.

Paster manifested himself a talented artist, his name was in the reference books of portraitists of the XIX century.

The first scientific work Paster was performed in 1848. Studying the physical properties of wicked acid, it found that the acid obtained during fermentation possesses the optical activity - the ability to rotate the plane of the polarization of light, while the chemically synthesized isomeric acidic acid is not posted by this property.

Studying crystals under a microscope, he allocated two types of them, which seems to be a mirror reflection of each other. A sample consisting of crystals of the same type turned the polarization plane clockwise, and the other is against. A mixture of two types of 1: 1, of course, did not possess optical activity.

Paster came to the conclusion that the crystals consist of molecules of various structures. Chemical reactions create both of them with the same probability, but living organisms use only one of them.

Thus, for the first time the chirality of molecules was shown. As discovered later, amino acids are also chiral, and only their L shapes are present in the composition of living organisms (with rare exceptions). In some way, Paster anticipated and this discovery.

After this work, Paster was appointed an adjunct professor of physicists in a Dijonian lyceum, but after three months already in May 1849 moved the adjunct professor of chemistry to the University of Strasbourg.

Studying the fermentation Pasteur engaged in 1857. At that time, the theory was dominant that this process has a chemical nature (Y. Lubi), although the work on its biological character was already published (Sh. Kanyar de Latur, 1837), who did not have recognition. By 1861, Paster showed that the formation of alcohol, glycerin and succinic acid during fermentation can occur only in the presence of microorganisms, often specific.

Louis Paster proved that fermentation is a process, closely related to the vital activity of yeast fungi, which feed and multiply due to the wandering fluid. If this issue is clarified, Pasteer had to refute the prevailing view of the libid to fermentation at the time, as in the chemical process.

Especially convincing were pasteur-made experiments made with liquid containing pure sugar, various mineral salts that served as a rock fungus, and ammonium salt, which delivered the fungus the necessary nitrogen.

The fungus developed, increasing in weight; Ammonia salt spent. According to the theory of libech, it was necessary to wait for a decrease in the weight fungi and ammonia isolation, as the product of the destruction of a nitrogenous organic matter, which constitutes an enzyme.

Following that Paster has shown that the presence of a special enzyme is also necessary for dairy fermentation, which is multiplied in a wandering fluid, also increasing in weight, and with which it is possible to cause fermentation in new portions of the fluid.

At the same time, Louis Paster made another important discovery. He found that there are organisms that can live without oxygen. For them, oxygen is not only not needed, but also harmful. Such organisms are called anaerobic.

Representatives of them are microbes causing oily-acid fermentation. The reproduction of such microbes causes vision of wine and beer. The fermentation, therefore, turned out to be an anaerobic process, life without respiratory, because oxygen (pasteur effect) has adversely affected him.

At the same time, organisms capable of both fermentation and breathing, in the presence of oxygen grew more active, but consumed less organic matter from the medium. This showed that an anaerobic life is less effective. It is shown now that from one number of organic substrate, aerobic organisms are able to extract almost 20 times more energy than anaerobic.

In 1860-1862, Paster studied the possibility of self-reliabing microorganisms. He conducted an elegant experience, taking a thermally sterilized nutrient medium and placing it in an open vessel with a downward down neck.

No matter how much the vessel was in the air, there were no signs of life in it, since the bacteria contained in the air had sedated on the bends of the neck. But it was worth breaking it, as a colony of microorganisms were growing on the medium. In 1862, the Paris Academy awarded Pasteer a prize for permission of the issue of self-timing of life.

In 1864, French winemakers are addressed to Pasteer with a request to help them in the development of means and methods of combating wine diseases. The result of its research was a monograph in which Paster showed that wine diseases are caused by various microorganisms, and each disease has a special causative agent.

To destroy the harmful "organized enzymes", he proposed to warm the wine at a temperature of 50-60 degrees. This method, called pasteurization, has been widely used in laboratories, and in the food industry.

In 1865, Paster was invited to his former teacher to the south of France in order to find the cause of the disease of the silk worms. After the publication in 1876, Robert Koch "Etiology of Siberian Ulcers" Paster fully devoted himself to immunology, finally setting the specificity of the pathogens of the Siberian ulcers, the maternity hospital, cholera, rabies, chicken cholera and other diseases, developed ideas about artificial immunite, proposed the method of safety vaccinations, In particular from Siberian ulcers (1881), rabies (together with Emil Ru 1885).

The first grafting against rabies was made on July 6, 1885 by 9-year-old Josef Mayster at the request of his mother. The treatment ended successfully, the boy recovered.

Pasteur was engaged in Bolo-Gay all his life and treated people without receiving a medical or biological education. Also Pasteur in childhood was engaged in painting. When he saw the years after his work, he said, as well, that Louis chose science, as he would be a big competitor.

In 1868 (at the age of 46), Pastera had a hemorrhage to the brain. He remained disabled: the left hand was inactive, the left leg was dragging along the ground. He almost died, but eventually recovered.

Moreover, he made the greatest discoveries after that: he created a vaccine against Siberian ulcers and vaccinated against rabies. When a brilliant scientist died, it turned out that his huge part of his brain was destroyed.

Paster was a passionate patriot and the gentleman's hater. When he was brought from mail a German book or brochure, he took her with two fingers and discarded with a sense of great disgust. Later, in retaliation, his name was named Bacteria - Pasterell (Pasteurella), causing septic diseases, and to the opening of which he apparently did not have a relationship.

The name of Pasteur has more than 2000 streets in many cities in the world.

The Institute of Microbiology (subsequently called the name of the scientist) was founded in 1888 in Paris for funds collected by international subscription. Pasteur became its first director.

The fact that cheese, cream and other products important for human activity are produced from pasteurized milk and for a long time will not be suitable for a long time, every schoolboy knows today. But few people know that we owe such a discovery to the genius French scientist Louis Pasteer, whose biography and will be considered in this article.

The process of pasteurization came up with the French microbiologist and Chemist Louis Paster many years ago, he was already a respected scientist. He discovered that the microbes are responsible for the watering of alcohol, and during pasteurization, the bacteria is destroyed by heating. His work led him and his team to creating vaccinations from Siberian ulcers and rabies. It is known for many achievements and discoveries, for example, modern medicine is obliged to him with fundamental development in the field of maintaining and developing immunity. In the course of many years of experiments, he managed to develop vaccines against different animal diseases, and his vaccinations against rabies were already saved by many people.

Louis Pasteur biography: childhood

Louis Pasteur, the third of five children, was born on December 27, 1822 in the French city of Dol, where he lived with his parents, brothers and sisters for three years. After moving the family, he grew and studied in the city of Arbua. In the early school years, Louis Paster, interesting facts of whose biography we are considering, showed at first unbearable talent in the field of scientific subjects, and rather artistic, because I spent a lot of time writing portraits and landscapes. He diligently studied and visited the school, then some time was busy studying at the college in Arbua, before he moved to the Royal College in Besanson.

Education of the future great scientist

Every year Louis Paster, whose biography is seen in this article, has multiplied his knowledge. As a result, his academic successes did not remain unnoticed, because of which he soon began to teach in the highest normal Paris school. He received a bachelor's degree (1840) and a bachelor's degree (1842) in the Royal College of Besansson, as well as the degree of Dr. Science (1847) from Ecole Normal in Paris.

Paster spent several years of learning and teaching in Dijonsky Lyceum. The doctoral degree in 1847 Louis received in the field of natural sciences, for which he prepared two dissertations in the chemical and physical direction. During his stay in Paris, there was a lot of lectures in Sorbonne, especially forgotten in chemistry classes.

First discoveries in the field of chemistry

During study, Paster conducted several experiments on the study of the crystal structure and wine-acid activity. In 1849, the scientist tried to solve the problem regarding the nature of wine acid - the chemical found in the sediments of the fermentation of wine. It used the rotation of polarized light as a means for studying crystals. When the polarized light passed through the solution, the angle of inclination of the plane of light rotated. Paster noticed that another compound called grape acid is also contained in wine fermentation products and has the same composition as wine acid. Most scientists assumed that two compounds were identical. Nevertheless, Paster noticed that grape acid does not rotate flat-polarized light. It determined that although these two compounds have the same chemical composition, they still have different structures.

Looking at the grape acid under the microscope, Paster discovered the presence of two different types of tiny crystals. Although they looked almost the same, in fact they were a mirror reflection of each other. He separated these two types of crystals and carefully began to study them. When polarized light passes through them, the scientist saw that both crystals rotate, but in the opposite direction. When both crystals are in the liquid, the effect of polarized light does not differ. This experiment found that one of the study of the composition is not enough to understand how a chemical behaves. The structure and form are also important, it led the researcher to the region of stereochemistry.

Academic career and scientific achievements

Initially, Paster planned to become a teacher of natural sciences, as he was strongly inspired by the knowledge and abilities of Professor Dumas, whose lectures he visited in Sorbonne. For several months, he worked as a professor of physicists in a lyceum in Dijon, then in early 1849 he was invited to the University of Strasbourg, where they were offered the position of professor of chemistry. Already from the first years of his work, Paster took an active part in intensive research activities, developed professionalism and soon began to use a deserved reputation as a chemist in the scientific world.

In the biography of Louis Pasteur (in English Louis Pasteur), 1854, when he moved to Lille, where the faculty of chemistry was opened only a few months ago. It was then that he became the Dean of the Department. In the new place of work, Louis Paster showed himself an extremely innovative teacher, he tried to train students, focusing primarily to practice, which was largely helped by new laboratories. It also implemented this principle as a director for scientific work in the highest normal school in Paris, he took this position in 1857. There he continued his innovative work and put pretty bold experiments. He published the results of their research at the time in the magazine of the Higher Normal School, the creation of which was initiated by him. In the sixties of the XIX century, he got a favorable order from the French government to study the silkworm, which he took him several years. In 1867, Louis Pasteur called to Sorbonne, where he taught as a professor of chemistry for several years.

Successful chemical discoveries and biography Louis Pasteur

In addition to its outstanding academic career, Louis Paster made himself a loud name and in the field of chemical discoveries. Already in the first half of the XIX century, scientists knew about the existence of the smallest living beings in wine fermentation products and in food skewing. Their accurate origin, however, was still known to the end. But Louis Pasteur in the course of various experiments in his laboratory found out that these organisms in products fall through the air, there are various processes, and the cause of all sorts of diseases is caused, and they can exist without oxygen. Pasteur called them microorganisms or microbes. Thus, he proved that fermentation is not a chemical, but a biological process.

Practical benefit of scientific discoveries Pasteur

Its discovery quickly spread among specialists, and also found its place in the food industry. The scientist began to look for ways to prevent wine fermentation or at least slow down this process. Louis Paster, whose biography is known today every scientist, found out during his research that when heated bacteria is destroyed. He continued experiments and found out that by short-term heating to a temperature of 55 degrees Celsius, and then instant cooling you can kill bacteria and at the same time get the characteristic taste of wine. So the chemist developed a new method of short heating, which today is called "pasteurization". Today it is widely used in the food industry for canning milk made from it products, as well as vegetables and fruit juices.

Work in the field of medicine

In the seventies of the XIX century Louis Paster, the biography and achievements of which today are known to every schoolboy, dedicated himself to developing a method that is known today as immunization. At first, he first focused on chicken cholera, contagious illness, deadly for people. Working with experimental pathogens, he found that an antibody formed antibodies helped to withstand the disease. Its studies helped in the coming years to develop vaccines against other deaths, such as Siberian ulcers and rabies.

An important breakthrough in the field of medicine occurred due to the idea of \u200b\u200ba scientist about vaccination against rabies, which he developed in 1885 during his work with rabbits. The first patient who was saved in this way was a little boy infected with the bite of a mad dog. Since Paster introduced the vaccine before the penetration of the disease in the brain, the little patient survived. Pasteur vaccine made it famous internationally and brought him a reward in the amount of 25,000 francs.

Personal life

In 1849, Louis Paster, the biography and photos of which are discussed in this article, met in Strasbourg from Ann Marie Laurent, the daughter of the University of Rector, and in the same year he married her. In a happy marriage, five children were born, from which only two lived to mature age. The death of his nine-year-old daughter Zhanna, who died from Typh, pushed the scientist to learn later and vaccination from this terrible disease.

Sunset of the Great Researcher

The biography of Louis Pasteur (in French Louis Pasteur) is rich in historical events and discoveries. But no one is completely insured against diseases. Since 1868, the scientist has been partially paralyzed due to the hardest stroke of the brain, but he was able to continue his research. He celebrated its 70th anniversary in Sorbonne, which was attended by a number of prominent scientists, including the British surgeon, Joseph Lister. At this time, his condition worsened, and he died on September 28, 1895. The biography of Louis Pasteur in English and many others today is available to study its descendants.