What is the spiritual life of society briefly. The concept, essence and structure of the spiritual life of society. Spirituality is a complex concept. It was used primarily in religious, religious and idealistic oriented philosophy. Here it performed in the form of sa
Introduction
The most important philosophical issues relating to the relationship between the world and man include the inner spiritual life of a person, the main values \u200b\u200bthat underlie its existence. A person not only knows the world as a matter of seeking to reveal his objective logic, but also assesses reality, trying to understand the meaning of one's own existence, surviving the world as a proper and short, good and destructive, beautiful and ugly, fair and unfair, etc.
Universal values \u200b\u200bact as the criteria of the degree of both spiritual development and social progress of mankind. The values \u200b\u200bproviding human life include health, a certain level of material security, public relations that ensure the realization of the personality and freedom of choice, the family, the right, etc.
Values \u200b\u200btraditionally attributable to spiritual rank - aesthetic, moral, religious, legal and general cultural (educational) - are considered usually as part components of a single integer, called spiritual culture, which will be the subject of our further analysis.
Question number 1. The concept, essence and maintenance of the spiritual life of society
The spiritual life of a person and humanity is a phenomenon, which, like culture, distinguishes their being from a purely natural and gives him a social character. Through spirituality there is awareness of the surrounding world, the development of a deeper and delicate attitude towards it. Through spirituality, the process of knowing himself, his purpose and life sense.
The history of mankind showed the contradiction of the human spirit, his ups and downs, loss and gains, tragedy and huge potential.
Spirituality today is a condition, factor and a subtle tool to solve the problem of the survival of humanity, its reliable life support, sustainable development of society and personality. From how a person uses the potential of spirituality, its present and future depends.
Spirituality is a complex concept. It was used primarily in religious, religious and idealistic oriented philosophy. Here it performed in the form of an independent spiritual substance, which owns the function of the creation and determination of the fate of the world and man.
In other philosophical traditions, it is not so used and did not find its place both in the sphere of concepts and in the sphere of socio-cultural being of a person. In studies of mental conscious activities, this concept is practically not used because of its "in-rationality".
At the same time, the concept of spirituality is widely used in the concepts of "spiritual revival", in studies of "spiritual production", "spiritual culture", etc. However, his definition still remains debating.
In the cultural and anthropological context, the concept of spirituality is used in the characteristics of the internal, subjective world of a person, as the "spiritual world of personality". But what is included in this "world"? For what criteria to determine its presence, and even more the development?
Obviously, the concept of spirituality is not exhausted by reason, rationality, culture of thinking, level and quality of knowledge. Spirituality is not formed and exclusively through education. Of course, outside the listed spirituality is not and cannot be, however, one-sided rationalism, especially a positivist-scanty sense, is not sufficient to define spirituality. Sphere of spirituality is wider in volume and richer in terms of the content of what applies exclusively to rationality.
Equally, spirituality cannot be determined as a culture of experiences and sensual-volitional development of the world by a person, although outside of this spirituality as human quality and the characteristic of its culture also does not exist.
The concept of spirituality is undoubtedly necessary to determine the utilitarian-pragmatic values, motivating the behavior and internal life of a person. However, it is even more important when identifying those values \u200b\u200bon the basis of which sense-based problems are solved, usually expressed for each person in the system of "eternal issues" of his being. The difficulty of solving them is that, although they have a universal basis, every one in particular historical time and space, each person opens and decides them again for himself and at the same time in its own way. There is a spiritual ascent of the individual, the acquisition of spiritual culture and maturity.
Thus, the main thing here is not the accumulation of a variety of knowledge, but their meaning and purpose. Spirituality is the acquisition of meaning. Spirituality - evidence of a certain hierarchy of values, goals and meanings, in it concentrates problems related to the highest level of development of the world by man. Spiritual development is climbing along the path of acquiring "Truth, Good and Beauty" and other higher values. On this path, the creative abilities of a person are defined not only to think and act utilitarian, but also relate their actions with something "extravalnical", which is "the world of man".
The imbalance in the knowledge of the environment and his own attitude to the process of forming a person as a spiritual being, which has the opportunity to create according to the laws of truth, good and beauty. In this context, spirituality is an integrative quality related to the sphere of sense of values \u200b\u200bthat determine the content, quality and orientation of human being and the "image of man" in each individual.
The problem of spirituality is not only the definition of the highest level of development by the person of his world, attitudes towards him - nature, society, other people, to themselves. This is the problem of maning a person beyond the scope of narrowly empirical being, overcoming themselves "yesterday" in the process of updating and ascent to their ideals, values \u200b\u200band their realization on their life path. Consequently, this is the problem of "livestock". The internal basis of self-determination of the individual is the "conscience" - the category of morality. Morality is the determinant of the spiritual culture of the personality, asks the measure and the quality of freedom of human self-realization.
Thus, spiritual life is the important side of the life and development of a person and society, in the content of which is genuinely human essence is manifested.
The spiritual life of society is the area of \u200b\u200bbeing, in which the objective, nadudividual reality is not given in the form of an opposing person of foreign substrate, but as an ideal reality, a set of meanworthy values \u200b\u200bpresent in it itself and determining the content, quality and orientation of social and individual existence.
The genetically spiritual side of the human being arises on the basis of its practical activity as a special form of reflection of the objective world, as a means of orientation in the world and interact with it. Like the subject-practical, spiritual activity should in general, the laws of this world. Of course, it is not about the full identity of the material and perfect. The essence lies in their principled unity, the coincidence of the main, "nodal" moments. At the same time, the ideal spiritual world created by a person (concepts, images, values) has its own autonomy, develops in its own laws. As a result, it can be very high over material reality. However, the Spirit cannot completely break away from its material base, because ultimately it would mean the loss of human orientation in the world. The result of such a separation for a person is to care in the world of illusions, mental illnesses, and for society - its deformation under the influence of myths, utopia, dogma, social projects.
Adults often think about self-development and self-consciousness, on issues of ethics and morality, spirituality and religion, about the meaning of life. What is the spiritual one can say that this is a rag of his impressions and experiences that are realized in the process of life.
What is spirituality?
Such scientists, as philosophy, theology, religion and social studies are engaged in issues of spirituality. What is the spiritual life of a person? It is very difficult for her definition. This formation that includes knowledge, feelings, faith and "high" (from a moral and ethical point of view) goals. What is the spiritual life of a person? Education, family, hiking church and rare governors of alms? No, it's all wrong. Spiritual life is the achievements of feelings and minds, combined into the so-called who lead to building even higher goals.
"Power" and "Weakness" of spiritual development
What is distinguished from others "spiritually developed personality"? What is the spiritual life of a person? Developed, strives for the purity of ideals and thoughts, she thinks about its development and comes in accordance with his ideals. Weakly developed in this plan a person is not able to appreciate all the charms of the world around, his inner life is colorless and poor. So what is the spiritual life of a person? First of all, it is the progressive development of the personality and its self-regulation, under the "leadership" of high values, goals and ideals.
Worldview features
What is the spiritual life of a person? Essays on this topic are often asked to write schoolchildren and students, as this is a fundamental question. But it cannot be considered without mentioning such a thing. As an "worldview." That the term describes a combination of personality views on the world around him and the processes that occur in it. In the worldview, an individual attitude towards everything is surrounded. The worldview processes determine and reflect the feelings and thoughts that the world presents a person, they form a holistic idea of \u200b\u200bother people, about nature, society, moral values \u200b\u200band ideals. In all historical periods, the peculiarities of human views on the world were different, but it is also difficult to find two personalities with the same views on the world. That is why it can be concluded that the spiritual life of each individual person is individual. There may be people with similar ideas, but there are factors that will definitely make their own adjustments.
Values \u200b\u200band landmarks
What is the spiritual life of a person? If we talk about this concept, then you need to remember about the value guideline. This is the most expensive and even holy moment for each person. These are precisely such landmarks in the aggregate reflect the attitude of the person to the facts, phenomenon and events that occur in reality. Value benchmarks are different for different nations, countries, societies, peoples, communities and ethnic groups. With their help, both individual and social goals and priorities are formed. Mathematical, artistic, political, economic, professional and religious values \u200b\u200bcan be distinguished.
We are what we think
Consciousness determines being - so they say the classics of philosophy. What is the spiritual life of a person? It can be said that development is awareness, clarity of consciousness and purity of thoughts. It cannot be said that all this process is only happening in the head. The concept of "awareness" implies some active actions on this path. It begins with control over their thoughts. Each word comes from unconscious or conscious thoughts, which is why it is important to control them. Following the words come and actions come. Tone voice, body language corresponds to the words that, in turn, are generated by thoughts. Follow your actions is also extremely important, as they will become habits with time. And it is very difficult to overcome a bad habit, it is much better not to have it. Habits form a character, and this is exactly what other people see the person. They are not able to know thoughts or feelings, but they can evaluate and analyze actions. The character, along with actions and habits, forms a life path and spiritual development. It is constant control of oneself and self-improvement that makes up the basis of a human spiritual life.
The main idea of \u200b\u200bthe topic: the spiritual is genuine
human in man, its main wealth.
N.A. Bardyaev "Humanity is associated with
spirituality ... conquest
spirituality is the main task of human life. "
1. The spiritual life of society and its main spheres.
2. The concept of public consciousness.
3. The structure of public consciousness, the form of its manifestation.
I. The spiritual life of society and its main spheres.
Human- The only creature on Earth, which is endowed with not only bodily, but also spiritual life. Only he is able to think logically, comprehend everything existing on the standards of truth, justice and beauty. Without a person, there can be no spiritual production, science, art, religion.
Speaking about the spiritual life of society and man should be emphasized that the spiritual has always played a significant role in the historical process since the emergence of society. The complexity of the spiritual sphere can perhaps compare only with the complexity of the universe, it is distinguished by pronounced multipleness and diversity.
Spiritual side of human historyit was the subject of philosophical analysis in ancient times. They put and tried to resolve the problem of the spirit of Socrates and Plato, Hegel and Feyerbach, K. Marx and Plekhanov, Z. Freud, F.M.Dostoevsky, A.Kamey and many other thinkers made a great contribution to the study of spiritual life.
Spiritual in public life is the finest reality, it is the highest manifestation of the activities of the soul (psyche) of a person. Idealistic philosophy has always emphasized that the spirit ("blower", "breath") is the gift of God. His vitality. N.A. Bardyaev wrote that the Spirit is "truth, beauty, good, meaning, freedom." It is like a huge stream, and the person himself is the manifestation of the Spirit, embodied creative freedom.
From the point of view of philosophical materialism, the spiritual is secondary and exists as the party, the moment of social and historical practice of man.
Under the spiritual lifesocieties usually understand the objective nadindividual reality, which is not given in the form of an interconnected subject matter, but is present in ourselves, which is an integral part of a person's personality. And already in this attempt to determine the spiritual life is visible to the contradiction - on the one hand - the spirit, the perfect start does not exist on themselves, outside of a person, but at the same time they are, as if independent of human. Such contradictory ideal principles, as truth, good, beauty and make up the essence of the "Problems of Spirit", they have always been the focus of philosophers.
The origins of the problem, the spiritual life of society are rooted in the dual material and spiritual nature of the person himself. The spiritual side of being arises on the basis of its practical activity as a special form of reflection of the objective world, as a means of orientation in this world, and Tayuk interact with him. This connection of the Spirit with practical activity is never sticking. After all, our thinking is not natural, it is not inherited biologically, but is formed in social livelihoods.
The spiritual life of society is a special area of \u200b\u200bpeople's activities, there is a production and distribution of them. spiritual values.It includes all the variety of forms and manifestations of spiritual activity, which arises on the basis of and within the framework of public consciousness. This area, as K.Marks believed, there is a "human processing", in contrast to the treatment of nature "i.e. material production. Here people form their consciousness in various forms, betray it with other people, satisfy their spiritual needs, spiritual ties and relationships.
Next, it must be remembered thatthe practical activity of a person is based on the laws of the public world, therefore, the spiritual our activities should generally follow the laws of this world. Of course there can be no complete identity here, we are talking about their principled coincidence of the main points.
The world created by the world of ideal concepts, the images has relative independence, it can break away from material children, but it cannot break with her, because This world has material origin, production from human material activity, and on the other hand, the main function of the spirit, its purpose is the orientation of a person in the world and the loss of it means the death of the spirit itself.
In addition, the products of spiritual activity are ideas, norms, ideals, providing their practical significance, persist in human social memory.
Another point should be emphasized - the active impact of socio-economic, political, national and other factors on the spiritual sphere of society and therefore it always acts in a specific historical form as a certain state of the spiritual world of man.
Since the spiritual life of humanity comes from the life of the material, the structure is largely similar to: spiritual needs, spiritual production, spiritual interest, spiritual values, spiritual consumption, spiritual attitude, etc.
But the external similarity does not exclude the fundamental differences between them.
For example, spiritual needs- They act as the motives of spiritual production, they are not asked biologically, not given from birth, here the activity is purely social. It should be formed and developed in the social world of the individual in the process of its upbringing and education.
Spiritual needs are always specifically historical.They express actual requests of the era. In the period of its formation, the Company forms the most elementary spiritual needs in humans, which ensures its socialization, in the modern era, the spiritual needs of a higher order is the development of the wealth of world culture, participation in their creation, and they are formed through the system of spiritual values \u200b\u200bthat act as reference points Spiritual self-development of man.
Spiritual productionit is the basis of the entire spiritual sphere. It is consciousness productionall spiritual values \u200b\u200band antigencies. In relation to material production, it relatively independently, has its own "work of labor" and "tools" for its processing special "technologies". The production of consciousness is carried out as individuals (scientists, writers) and social groups (clergymen), all the people in the form of led, accept, aphorisms and song creativity. It can be said that the results of spiritual production are:
1. ideas, theories, images, spiritual values;
2. Spiritual public relations of individuals;
3. The person himself, since he is a spiritual being.
In spiritual production, three main types of development of reality can be distinguished: scientific, aesthetic, religious. Hence the three types of spiritual production, where the production process is in the pure form of ideas, images, ideas, as well as relevant relations and relations between people. Each type of development of reality creates its own, unique holistic world.
Spiritual values.This term usually denote the socio-cultural significance of various spiritual entities. In spiritual values \u200b\u200b(scientific, aesthetic, religious), the public essence of the person himself is expressed.
In the concepts of beautiful and ugly, good and evil, justice, the truth of humanity expresses its attitude to reality. Consumption by a person of high spiritual values \u200b\u200bcontributes to becoming it as a creature of a reasonable, cultural, moral. Anti-Sentence(reactionary ideas, vulgar tastes, low-lying ideals, etc.) take away the human genuinely human, deprive him of all the wealth of the spiritual culture of society.
Here references can be both national and universal values.They are embodied in such concepts as good, justice, peace, freedom, etc.
Spiritual consumption- This is the process of satisfying by people of its spiritual needs, i.e. Consumption of spiritual benefits, spiritual values. The objects of spiritual consumption form appropriate needs, so the wealth of the spiritual culture of society acts as an important prerequisite for the formation of a variety of human needs.
Spiritual consumption can be spontaneouswhen it is not sent by anyone and the person chooses certain values \u200b\u200bto his taste, but it can be imposed by human advertising, by means of mass culture. But nevertheless, it should be considered that it is necessary to conscious formation of demands in genuine spiritual values. A person must be attached to the real spiritual culture, make it worthy and interesting for everyone.
And here it should be noted that the necessary conditions for spiritual consumption is the presence of free time in humans, the democratic, human character of society itself.
Spiritual relations- These are the links that develop between people during their joint spiritual activity. Here, such types of spiritual relationships as cognitive (teacher-student), moral, aesthetic, religious, etc., are essentially spiritual interaction, the exchange of feelings and ideas, ideas and ideals, is the attitude of the intellect and senses of man to one way or another spiritual values \u200b\u200band to all true.
Spiritual relationsmanifest themselves in everyday interpersonal communication of people, including family, industrial, interethnic, etc.
Live spirituallymeans, among other things, and share your consciousness with other people. It enriches a person, expanding his spiritual world.
So, all these elements of the spiritual sphere of society in unity ensure the functioning and development of the spiritual life of society.
In the spiritual sphere allocate a number of subsystemswhere the process of manufacturing public consciousness and its application occurs. This includes an ideological life, scientific, artistic, religious, moral, system of education and human formation, the system of mass media, etc.
The result of the entire spiritual activity of man and society is spiritual cultureas a set of achievements of humanity in this area. Growth scale and types of spiritual activity and historical process becomes more and more spiritualizedand the spirituality of man is the source of his creativity and freedom.
The spiritual life of society is the sphere of public life associated with the production of spiritual values \u200b\u200band the satisfaction of spiritual needs. The spiritual life of society is a dynamically functioning system of ideological relations and processes, views, feelings, ideas, theories, opinions arising in society, as well as the features of their functioning, distribution, maintenance. Consider the content of the spiritual life of society, that is, find out what the basic elements are included in it.
Spiritual activity (activities in the field of spiritual production) includes spiritual and theoretical activities (development of knowledge, opinions, submissions) and spiritual and practical activities that represents the implementation of the creation of spiritual entities into consciousness of people (education, education, outlooking of the worldview). Includes such an element as spiritual production, which is carried out by special groups of people and is based on mental, intellectual labor.
Spiritual needs. The need is the condition of the subject in which he lacks something necessary for life. Examples of spiritual needs: education, knowledge, creativity, perception of works of art, etc.
Spiritual consumption. It is a process of satisfying spiritual needs. For this, special social institutions are being created - educational institutions of various levels, museums, libraries, theaters, philharmonic, exhibitions, etc.
Spiritual communication. Speakers the shape of the exchange of ideas, knowledge, feelings, emotions. Carried out with the help of language and non-language iconic systems, technical means, printing, radio, television, etc.
Spiritual relationship. They are the relationship between subjects in the sphere of spiritual life (moral, aesthetic, religious, political, legal relations).
The structure of the spiritual life of society can be considered from other positions.
Spiritual life performs various functions, and on this basis three of its spheres can be distinguished: public psychology, ideology and science.
People are complex and diverse in humans, which were formed and formed during practical life. For their satisfaction in society there are forms of spiritual life: morality, art, religion, philosophy, politics, right. Consider the specifics and functions of spheres and forms of the spiritual life of society.
Spheres of spiritual life
1. Public psychology- This is a combination of views, feelings, experiences, moods, habits, customs, traditions arising from a large team of people on the basis of the community of socio-economic conditions of their lives. Public psychology is formed by spontaneously, under the direct influence of social conditions, real life experience, upbringing, training.
As the sphere of spiritual life, social psychology performs some functions that manifest themselves, in particular, when solving practical tasks of everyday life. Typically allocate three main functions.
Regulatory function.It is expressed in regulating relations between people. It manifests itself in the fact that public psychology ensures the adaptation of people to existing social relations and through habits, public opinion, customs, traditions regulates relations.
Informative function.It manifests itself in the fact that public psychology absorbs the experience of previous generations and transfers it to new generations. Special importance belongs to customs here, traditions that store and transmit socially significant information. This feature played a big role in the early stages of the Company's development, when there was no writing and all the more other means of information.
Emotional-volitional function.Manifests itself in stimulating people to activities. This is a special function: if the first two functions can be performed using other means, this function is performed only by public psychology. A person should not only know what to do, but also want to do it, for which his will awaken. In this case, we can talk about the emotional and volitional states of the mass consciousness. The essence of all socio-psychological phenomena is that they are a collectively determined emotional attitude towards public and group tasks.
Among all the phenomena of public psychology, more stable and more movable can be distinguished. The most sustainable elements of social psychology include: habits, customs, traditions. The most movable should include various intensive forces of masses, such as: interests, moods. They can be extremely versatile, for example, the reaction of the visual hall to a film intestine or panic.
A special place in the structure of social psychology is occupied by the Fashion, which can be characterized as a dynamic form of standardized mass behavior, arising under the influence of dominant tastes, moods, hobbies in society. Fashion - at the same time one of the most sustainable phenomena of public psychology (it is always) and the most mobile (it is constantly changing).
2. Ideology - the next sphere of the spiritual life of society. This term was first introduced into the scientific turnover at the beginning of the XIX century. French philosopher D. de Traci (1734-1836) to designate science about ideas designed to learn their origin from sensual experience.
Today, ideology is understood primarily as a system of ideas, views expressing interests, ideals, the worldview of society, social group or class. As a real reason for social actions facing direct motives, ideas involved in certain actions of subjects, you can consider interest as a conscious need.
The ideology of society, in the opposite of public psychology, which is mainly spontaneously produced by the most prepared representatives of the social group, class - ideologists. Since ideology is a theoretical expression of the interests of social groups, classes, nations, states, so, it reflects reality from certain social positions.
As the sphere of spiritual life, ideology performs the following main functions:
Expresses the interests of society, social groups and serves as guidance to action for their implementation; Ideology can be a religious or secular, conservative or liberal, it may contain true and false ideas, to be humane or antigumane;
Protects the political system that meets the interests of this class, the social group;
Carries out the transfer of experience accumulated in the process of preceding the development of ideology;
It has the ability to influence people by treating their consciousness, to withstand or deal with ideas expressing the interests of the opposite class, social group.
The value criterion for ideology is its ability to ensure spiritual prerequisites for political, managerial influence of a class, social movement, party in achieving their interests.
3. Science - the sphere of the spiritual life of society, its content is viewed in the section of this manual "Philosophy of Science".
Art is an attempt to create next tothe real world is another, more humane world.
"No bread is alone," this ancient proverb is very relevant in modern life of humanity.
Spiritual life is a way of vital activity of people, the form of their real being; These are activities for the production, consumption, storage and transfer of spiritual "formations".
The spiritual life of society, as a specific historical subsystem, is a very complex and controversial complex of knowledge, volitional aspirations and feelings that, entering each other into diverse and sometimes unexpected communications, give rise to second-order spiritual education - norms, traditions, goals, Ideals, meaning, values, projects, concepts and theories. This complex system of primary and secondary spiritual elements can be considered in two aspects: as the content of public consciousness and as the inner world of culture. Their difference consists not only to the degree of generalization and systematization of the spiritual life of society, but also in relation to which it is considered, with which it is also associated, is implemented.
If spiritual life as a public consciousness is analyzed as a whole only as the gnoseological and killaya opposite of public existence, the same spiritual life as culture appears before us in more multidimensional relations: both with nature, and with a person and society. This multidimensionality allows culture to perform in the form of the only possible form of existence and the implementation of social and individual consciousness, public and individual being. However, without understanding the essence and structure of public consciousness, it is impossible to move to the comprehension of culture.
Consider the concepts "Public consciousness, its essence, structure and functions . The consciousness of each person represents a set of ideas and views common with other individuals and social communities, as well as ideas and views of single, distinguishing consciousness and image of the thinking of this person from all other subjects.
Therefore, consciousness can be as an individual, owned personality and public belonging to the whole society, ethnos, the social group, the team. At the same time, social consciousness is not a simple amount of individual consciousness, but there is something in common, which is contained in the consciousness of the members of society, and this is the result of the union, the synthesis of common ideas.
Public consciousness is qualitative and functionally different from individual consciousness. This difference is, firstly, in the fact that if the individual consciousness controls the behavior of a separate personality, social laws are implemented through public consciousness; secondly, in the fact that if the cognition of the first is limited in time and in space, then the cognition of the second is infinite in all "measurements"; Thirdly, that public consciousness does not concern all the vital conditions of each person.
By its content Public consciousness is a totality of ideas, theories, views, traditions, feelings, norms and opinions, which reflect the public being of a particular society at a certain stage of its development.Consequently, the essence of public consciousness is to reflect public existence through ideal images in the consciousness of social actors and in active opposite influence on public being.
This is manifested in the action of two laws:
1. The law of relative compliance of the social consciousness of the structure, the logic of functioning and changing public existence.
In the gnoseological terms of public being and public consciousness - these are two absolute opposites: the first one determines the second;
In the functionality, public consciousness cannot develop without public existence, but public being may in some cases develop without the influence of public consciousness. For example, just a formed team will function before the emergence of public opinion, moods and ideas.
2. The law of active impact of public consciousness on public being. This law is manifested through the interaction of social consciousness of various social groups, with the decisive spiritual impact of the dominant social group.
What is the structure of public consciousness? It can be considered based on various bases. Thus, depending on the depth of reflection of public existence, empirical and theoretical levels of public consciousness are distinguished.
Theoretical levelpublic consciousness differs from empirical greater completion, stability, logical harness, depth and systemic reflection of the world. Knowledge at this level is predominantly based on theoretical studies. They exist in the form of ideology and scientific theories.
On the subject of reflection, the structure of public consciousness is the forms of consciousness. Their essential differences from each other are also the ways of understanding reality by entities, role in society, the specific historical framework of existence.
All forms of consciousness arise and exist on the basis of both sensory and rational knowledge, and therefore they have funny and theoretical levels.
So,basic forms of public consciousnessare:
1) political;
2) legal;
3) moral;
4) aesthetic;
5) religious;
6) philosophical;
7) Scientific.
Historically, the first form of public consciousness is moral consciousness. It also has an ancient history of development, like the Society itself, for no social team can exist if its members do not comply with certain norms of behavior.
In this way , moral consciousness is a totality, ideas and views on the nature and forms of people's behavior in society, their respect to each other, therefore, it acts as a regulator of human behavior. In the moral consciousness of the need and interests of social constituents are expressed in the form of generally accepted ideas and concepts, prescriptions and assessments, supported by force of a mass example, habits, public opinion, traditions.
What are the features of moral consciousness?
First, moral norms of behavior are supported only by public opinion, and therefore moral sanction (approval or condemnation) is ideal: a person must realize how his behavior is assessed by public opinion , take it and adjust your behavior for the future.
Secondly, moral consciousness has specific categories: good, evil, justice, debt, conscience.
Thirdly, moral norms apply to such relations between people who are not regulated by government agencies (friendship, partnership, love).
Speaking about the structure of moral consciousness, first of all, it should be indicated that morality and morality are not fully identical concepts. Morality is a combination of norms of behavior adopted in society and supported by public opinion. Moralexpresses the individual slice of morality, that is, its refraction in the consciousness of a single subject.
There are two levels of moral consciousness.: Famous and theoretical. The first reflects the real morals of the Company, the ideal predicted by society is formed on the second, the abstract obligation. The moral consciousness includes: values \u200b\u200band value orientations, ethical feelings, moral judgments, morality categories and, of course, moral norms.
In antiquity, as an answer to real needs in understanding such new phenomena, as a state and state power, a political consciousness emerged.
Political consciousness- this is a set of feelings, sustainable sentiment, traditions, ideas and theoretical systems reflecting the indigenous interests of large social groups, their attitude to each other and to political institutions of society.
Political consciousness differs from other forms of public consciousness not only by a specific reflection object, but also by other features, namely:
1. More specifically pronounced subjects of knowledge. The fact is that their political interests are multidirectional and therefore the political consciousness of society cannot be uniform. Political assessment of reality depends on the provision that occupies a carrier of this assessment.
2. The predominance of those ideas, theories and feelings that circulate a short time and in a more compressed social space.
In political consciousness, it is customary to allocate two levels: the usual-practical and ideola-theoretical.
Legal consciousness is closely connected with political consciousness..
The legal consciousness is the form of a public consciousness, which expresses knowledge and assessment of legal laws adopted in this society, the law or the illegality of actions, the rights and responsibilities of members of society. The legal consciousness occupies an intermediate position between political and moral consciousness, for it provides for an element of criticism of the existing legal system. At the socio-psychological level, the legal consciousness is a combination of feelings, skills, habits and ideas, allowing a person to navigate the legal norms and regulate legal relations.
The needs of people in the perception and creating a beautiful, sublime causes aesthetic consciousness. The word "aesthetics" comes from the Greek "Aesthetikos" - sensual, feeling. Hence, aesthetic consciousness - there is a realization of public being in the form of specific - sensual, artistic images.
The reflection of reality in aesthetic consciousness is carried out through the concept of excellent and ugly, elevated and lowland, tragic and comic in the form of an artistic image. At the same time, aesthetic consciousness cannot be identified with art, as it permeates all spheres of human activity, and not just the world of artistic values. Aesthetic consciousness performs a number of functions: cognitive, educational, hedonistic.
Thus, consideration of the public consciousness and its dialectical relationship with public being makes it possible to understand the origins of many public phenomena and, above all, the phenomenon of culture.
The concept of "culture" was born in ancient Rome as opposed to the concept of "Nature" - that is, nature. It marked "processed", "cultivated", "artificial", in contrast to the "natural", "pristine", "wilderness" and was used primarily to distinguish plants grown by people from wildlying. Over time, the word "culture" began to adhere to an increasing range of objects, phenomena and actions, the general property of which was their superfront, personlike character.
Accordingly, the person himself is to the extent that he was considered as a creator himself, and she got into the sphere of culture, and she acquired the meaning of "education", "education." It should, however, be borne in mind that the phenomenon that a person began to signify the concept of "culture", it was noticed and allocated by the public consciousness long before the Roman had this word. For example, an ancient Greek "tech" (craft, art, skill) meant, in principle, the same thing is human activity that transforms the material world.
At the philosophical level, reflections on the essence of culture appear relatively late - in the XVII-XVIII centuries. In the teachings of S. Pufendorf, J. Vico, K. Gelving, B. Franklin, I. Gerder, I. Kant. A person is defined as a creature, endowed with mind, will, the ability of creation, as "animals that make tools", and the history of mankind - as its self-development due to objective activities in the broadest sense - from crafts and speech to poetry and games. Genesis, peace, reality was realized as a double, that is, including culture and nature.
In the XIX century Under the influence of positivism, the culture was not considered in its integrity, as a complex system, but only in certain specific manifestations. After G. Hegel attempts to cover cultures with a single eye, comprehend its structure, the functioning and laws of its development are increasingly rare.
At the end of the XIX century. P. Milyukov In the introduction to the "essays on the history of Russian culture", there was a significant difference in understanding the very essence of the culture: some scientists bring it to the "mental, moral, religious life of humanity" and oppose its "material" activities, others use the concept "culture "In his original, wide concept in which it covers all sides of the story: both economic, and social, and state, well-mental, and moral, and religious.
In 1952, A. Krereter and K. Clackon in the fundamental labor "Culture" led 180 different cultural definitions, not counting the definitions of Russian thinkers. In 1983, the XVII World Philosophy Congress on "Philosophy and Culture" took place in Toronto. The work of Congress showed that in our time in the world philosophical thought there is no single understanding of culture, as well as a general view on the path of studying it.
If you apply to system analysis, then we must first find out when considering culture, and in which more general system it enters. Such a system (metasystem) is being, - that is, a really existing objective world.
Being as such manifests itself through its main forms: nature, society, man.
Nature is Cash Genesis.
Society can be considered as an outcoming method of communication of people in their livelihood and activities.
The person is a synthesizer of nature and society, this is an "animal", the method of existence of which is productive activities, and not life spontaneous activity.
One of the differences of human activity on the life activity of animals is that the latter is only addressed only to the satisfaction of their vital primary, biological needs, while the first, along with this task, is intended to solve and the other - replace an atrophied genetic genetic mechanism from generation to Generation and from the form to the individual of all behavioral programs with a new mechanism - the mechanism of "social inheritance".
As a result, the human activity spawned a new form of being - a culture that became a real way to communicate natural and social in man.
But human activity itself relies on such a "bundle" of motives and behaviors, which were not given to a person biologically, and developed in a multiplinary process of human ancestor to the animal and which are located hierarchically on three levels: human needs, that is, the launch mechanism of any activity; Abilities to satisfy and develop the needs and ability to transform these abilities into real deeds. The person is all the more developed as a person, the richer the circle of his needs, abilities and skills. It follows from this that the culture is generated by a certain (out-of-education) set of needs, abilities and abilities of a person.
As a diaphirpier of this mechanism, the extregnute needs had to cover the needs of people in the fact that the human lifestyle is impossible. This is, first of all, the need for a new artificial environment, in the "second nature" containing the missing thing in the "first nature". Its satisfaction and development became possible due to the formation of the ability and ability of practical creation, carrying out material and practical function. But precisely because the "second nature" people must create themselves to create themselves, this creation assumes another cultural need - in knowledge, and, consequently, the corresponding ability, skill and function (cognitive).
However, it is not enough for practical actions to have only knowledge: the same knowledge can serve in various purposes. Therefore, along with knowledge, venerable landmarks are needed in their lives, which means the ability and skills of their production to carry out an axiological function.
But this is not enough - the implementation of knowledge in the creation, directed by values, needs in one of the mediated link - in the project, model of the future, what should be created. So the ability and ability of the advanced reflection appears and the prognostic function of culture is formed. By carrying out any collective activity, a person, one way or another he needs the need for themselves. This leads to the development of the ability of communication and communicative function.
The history of world culture shows that humanity is necessary besides his real practical life, the life is imaginary, illusory, because in this way he gains the ability to infinitely develop the boundaries of his life experience with the experience of imaginable life in the mythological, and then in the artistic reality. This is the basis for incorporate in a number of cultural, outstanding needs. the need for illusory additional experience.
We illustrate these positions using the table.
Thus, culture, as the form of being, is formed by human activity and embodies in it, covering the qualities of the person himself as a subject of activity, that is, the quality of superfronts, the methods of activity that are not congenital, objects in which activities are embodied, forms of defining, distribution and communication.
Schematically, it looks like this:
However, to clarify the essence of culture, it is not enough to see the place and role of culture among other forms of being or to represent its genesis and active nature. Requires an understanding of the whole content.
Since the culture is derived from human activity, its structure should be determined by the structure generating its activities. This structure is multidimensional in contrast to other spheres. At the same time, nature has one dimension - material. As one-dimensional society; Its dimension is valid or certain public relations. The multidimensionality of the existence occurs only in genesisman because it is both natural, and social, and cultural.
The culture itself is even more difficult in its structure, for it not only binds the natural, public and human, but also creates the specific cultural "mechanisms necessary for this connection.
So, the human activity constructing culture has three interrelated goals:
1. Satisfying the needs of its real being by new, unknown human ancestors in ways, and "creating" new, out-of-education needs.
2. Transfer of accumulated experience outstanding equipment.
3. Rapid a person with a person in the expanding limits of the teams uniting them.
These goals organically "form" three cultural subsystems:material, spiritual and artistic. In all three, we observe a similar functioning mechanism: IMPLEMENTATION, SOFTEMENT Being, distribution and communication. The differences are the spheres themselves and their structural components.
Forms material subjectcultures are:
1) the human body, as an expression of the life of a human spirit;
2) technical thing as a carrier of spiritual meaning;
3) a social organization as a certain being of public relations. All of them embody a utilitarian, social, aesthetic and game value.
The distribution of subject forms of material culture occurs during their use, consumption, which simultaneously leads to the formation of non-governmental biologically skills to use these things.
Spiritual culturein the "frozen" condition, represents a combination of four forms of spiritual subject matter: knowledge, norms, values \u200b\u200band projects. Their peculiarity is that the material form of their embodiment acquires a sign-symbolic nature, and thereby the system of cultural languages \u200b\u200barises.
Another feature of spiritual culture consists in a high degree of fusion of the definition, distribution and communication, which makes it possible to talk about the multifaceted process of spiritual "assignment", which proceeds in the following directions:
Firstly,the spiritual "assignment" is a study of reality, that is, the extraction of three types of knowledge: practical, mythological and gaming. Knowledge is perceived or rejected by testing their truth thinking.
Secondly,the spiritual "assignment" includes the absorption of specific products of spiritual culture, which are called projects (technical, social, pedagogical, religious, etc.).
Thirdly,spiritual "assignment" includes perception of norms and values.
The phenomenon of value should be said especially due to the fact that the importance of the correct understanding of the essence and the role of the value perception of the world increases precisely now, for only it explains the dependence on the humanity of the environmental and resource catastrophe from the hierarchy of values, which has developed in the industrial capitalist society, for Only it gives an optimal output from the situation that has created - all-life unity of values.
Judgments about various types of values \u200b\u200b- about good, good, beauty, holiness, etc. - We meet both the classics of ancient philosophy and the theologians of the Middle Ages, and the Thinkers of the Renaissance era, and the philosophers of the new time. However, until the middle of the XIX century. There was no generalizing idea of \u200b\u200bvalue on the laws and forms of its manifestation in philosophy.
For the first time, the identification of the peculiarity of the phenomenon of value was carried out in the 50-60s. XIX century by the German philosopher of the Leibnis School R. G. Lotz (1817-1881) in the book "Microcosm" and the treatise "The foundations of practical philosophy". It was R. Lotza introduced as an independent category the concept of "significance" ("GELTUNG"), which subsequently became the basis of value comprehension.
By the beginning of the XX century. Not a single serious philosophical school left, which would not have any way or another its attitude to the values. The most significant contribution,the development of the theory of value was made at the time the philosophy of life, Marxism, neocantianism, phenomenology, Russian religious philosophy.
As a result, the French philosopher P. Lapi introduced in 1902 the concept of "axiology" (from Ahio - value, Logos - word, teaching), denoting them a new, independent section of philosophy.
During the philosophical discussions of axiological nature, the main lines of the dispute were marked:
What kind of origin is the value: objective or subjective, natural or supernatural, biological or social?
How do values \u200b\u200band objects relate?
What is the essence of value and evaluation?
What are the concepts of value?
1. Objective and idealistic concept(N. Gartman, M. Sveleble, F. Ryntlen). Based on it, the value of the objective and ideal essence according to the type of Platonic ideas is that the real-material world is a carrier of value.
Supporters of theological point of view are adjacent to this look.
2. Theological concept(N. Lossky, J. Marita, Marseille). She argues that value has a divine origin, and in its extreme point of view - God is and is value.
3. Phenomenological concept (E.Gusserl). She is dual. On the one hand, the consciousness generates a substantive world in its value value (a property called "intentionality") and thereby exaggerate the role of the subject, but, on the other hand, this subject, having no purely individual consciousness, and the consciousness of intersubjective transcendental, as if Balanced in a kind of objectivity.
4. Existential concept(M. Heidegger, J.-P. Sartre). It comes to approval of the subjectivity of value through the act of conscious individual selection.
5. Biolean-naturalistic concept(D. Dewey, J. Lard). It reduces all values \u200b\u200bto the manifestation of biological utility, to psychophysiological estimates, based on pleasure.
6. Sociological concept(M. Weber, Ch. Durkheim, T. Parsons). Based on it, this value is generated and caused by the social environment of the system of ideological ideas about the present or desired, which are included in a complex complex of social reality, affecting human behavior and helping to rethink and transform a social environment.
Two concepts should be highlighted, which played an outstanding role in the development of value ideas: marxistand neokantian.Both stated that value suggests not the subject (which argued by many philosophers and before, and after that), and its significance. But the importance itself is interpreted in different ways, neocantianism and Marxism. If for the first significance - there is to the world, over the world and outside its standing general accuracy, not related to the subject of the subject, that is, ansticity, "net" spiritual essence, then for the second - significance is the expression of human relations. In addition, both Neokantians and Marxists clearly distinguished the objective and subjective side of the value relationship, value and evaluation.
Given the contribution of all philosophical schools to the formation of value theory, we will try to consider its basic provisions closer.
The essence of value can be understood only through the consideration of human activity and culture. Any practice, in addition to converting reality, requires its information support, which is carried out in the following forms: goal-making and design, knowledge of the world and itself, spiritual communication of subjects, value orientation of subjects. It is very important to emphasize that without recent knowledge remain unrealized, and projects do not arise. Why is this happening? Because the fourth component is perhaps all the others. Consider this in more detail.
In order to understand what value is, it is necessary to take a look no so much on what a person does, how much about why he makes anyway, that is, it is necessary to understand in motivationshuman behavior.
So, what can we call regulators of human behavior? These are: norm, ideal, goal, interest, tradition, order.
And there is another regulator, which is called "Values". For example, a person can file the alms of thief, to make a noble act, combined with a legitimate marriage, etc., etc., because "so it is", "so accepted", "so ordered", "so profitable", and The same act is done because such behavior corresponds to its values.
So, value is not an object or its property, it is a public importance of an object for an evaluating subject.
To identify value, an estimated subject (they may have a personality, a group of people, a class, nation, etc.) enters the value attitude, which has a two layer. On the one hand, we have only a subject-object relationship or an assessment, that is, the emotional-intellectual identification of the importance of the object for the subject (see Fig. 8), and on the other - there is another formation - this is the connection of one subject through the significance of the estimated object with Another entity, that is, there is a subject-subject attitude.
In the study of value, it is always necessary to take into account important methodological requirements related to the axio-sphere:
1. It is unacceptable to mix value and truth, as it is heterogeneous phenomena, belonging to different areas, the first to the value-comprehensive, second - to cognitive. The truth is axiologically neutral, because the Pythagora theorem or the law of earthly attraction themselves do not have any attitude towards a person's subjectivity, that is, in certain circumstances, they may be important meaningful for him or vice versa.
2. It is wrong to consider value value, because this concept expresses the positive value of one object for another, and therefore it is as objective as truth. For example, food for a person is useful, but it becomes carrier only when it symbolizes human attitude and activity, let's say when a ritual, ceremonial or agreed by the tradition of its use occurs. That is, the benefit characterizes the biological level of being, the value is a phenomenon specifically cultural, unknown in animal life, although it is important and the other will not have a good value.
3. It is impossible to identify the values \u200b\u200band carriers of value - objects (real or imaginary), actions, events. Therefore, the material or spiritual can be a value carrier, but she herself.
4. It is required to distinguish between value estimates from estimates of a different kind - cognitive (evaluation of the solution of the mathematical problem) and utilitarian (assessment of the quality of goods). The value assessment is disinterested and irrational (non-symptoms). Equally unremitted, irrefutable and inexplicable, selfless belief in God, aesthetic assessment, following the voice of conscience and love. For example, if we say: "This item is useful to me," then there is a utilitarian estimate, and if: "This item is expensive to me," then there is an assignment to the value and its identification.
5. It would be wrong to identify value with the goal and ideal, as they relate to different types of spiritual activities. If the target and ideal are modifications of project, simulating, spiritual and converter activities, then value is the determination of importance for a subject of anything, including goals, and ideals, and models that are also good and bad.
6. Value is the basis for the occurrence of value orientation, that is, such a targeted human attitude to the world, as a result of which the identification of values, their conscious use and following them.
Thus, the value understanding of reality is as universal and as the necessary aspect of the human spirit, as well as its cognitive and projective aspect. It is possible to disclose this in more detail through the consideration of the structure of the value field. So, it includes the following (highlighted forms of consciousness) of value: aesthetic, religious, political, legal, moral, existential, artistic.
Classification of values \u200b\u200bcan be carried out on other grounds. For example, in spheres of public life. And then we will get material and spiritual values. However, this division is applied only to solve specific cognitive tasks, and to clarify the essence of value is unproductive. The classification of values \u200b\u200bfor the degree of community includes the values \u200b\u200bof personal, public and universal.
The historical process of the occurrence and development of all types of value reflection, that is, the process of axiogenesis, is one aspect of anthropogenesis, which derived (phylogenesis) and derives (ontogenesis) of a person from an animal state, making it a natural-superfront being. The first steps of axiogenesis are associated with the formation of syncretic preconditions of the primitive community and the child, the differed from the developed values \u200b\u200bthat they have one in their foundation one initial assessment of being - "good-bad". As a result of the decomposition of the generic community in a person's consciousness, serious changes occurred, including in the axiosphere: developed values \u200b\u200bwere formed from the greatness.
Briefly describe them.
First of all, we consider the two forms of the value consciousness of the person: aesthetic and moral. Both, and the other express attitude towards the world of an individual entity, that is, they are taken out by an individual on his own behalf, on the basis of a feeling experienced - aesthetic pleasure or disgust, is the help of the debt or torment of conscience. The difference between these forms is that different items are emotionally estimated: in one case, the value carrier is the spiritual essence of behavior, and in the other - the material structure of the subject.
Ethical valuesthey are good, nobility, justice, dedication, selflessness, altruism, etc. They are manifested in the actions of a person committed in relation to another person, but are not characterized by an external appearance of a deed, but its internal impulse, his spiritual motivation. Therefore, moral values \u200b\u200bhave a completely different nature than moral standards. If the latter are imposed by a person from outside with the help of public opinion, then values \u200b\u200bare regulated by another instrument - conscience.
Speaking by aesthetic values, it should be borne in mind that nature itself contains only certain material structures - symmetry, rhythm, the proportions of the "golden section", color relationships, sound oscillations, which in certain circumstances can be carriers of aesthetic values, but are not these values \u200b\u200bthemselves For value they acquire only in relation to man.
Aesthetic values \u200b\u200bare: Beautiful / ugly; sublime / lowlands; tragic / comic; Poetic / prosaic.
The historical process of the formation of states demanded this method of regulating relations between parts of society and they themselves did not know the generic community. In this way, the legislative execution of legal relations, which appeared on a new value system - legal values, the main things were: public order, the rights of representatives of certain social groups and laws.
However, over time, the need arose in the regulation of relations not only along the line "Personality - Social Group - Society", but also between the social groups themselves - estates, classes, nations presented by parties and movements. So there was a political way of regulating public relations and its specific values \u200b\u200b- political values: patriotism, citizenship, national dignity, class pride, class solidarity, party discipline, etc., that is, spiritual forces uniting many people regardless of whether they are familiar with whether they are in direct contact with each other.
Political values supercinesince the appropriate estimates are made by an individual not from its own behalf, but on behalf of the commonality, to which he belongs, however, they are based on experiences - the emotional perception of individual and intercens and ideals of the community to which he belongs. And if legal values \u200b\u200bare by their nature are the power of stabilizing and conservative, then political values \u200b\u200bmay also have a conservative and progressive nature, and reform, and reactionary, and revolutionary practices can be substantiated.
Legal and political values \u200b\u200bhave a limited scope of action, because they do not affect the deep levels of living of the human spirit on which they arise values \u200b\u200bare religious.If the right and policy will rationally form their values, the religion seizes the irrational level of human consciousness, uniting people with knowledge and reasoning, but faith and the experience of inaccessible knowledge. Religious values, moreover, are characterized by messianism, intolerance and moral duality.
Most often, religious values \u200b\u200bare an attempt to express more depth values \u200b\u200bin a different way, which were called existential.
Existential values- These are values \u200b\u200brelated to the understanding of their being, with the meaning of life. The value interpretation of the subject of the meaning of its existence has two forms: either the approval of the existence already acquired by the subject, or the representation of the desired, but still inaccessible being.
The originality of existential value consists not only in its content, but also in the mechanism of its generation. It is the psychological law of self-esteem, an internal dialogue with themselves, when each participant of this dialogue has its meaning of being.
Complete Ecosphere artistic values, the originality of which is due to the peculiarities of its carrier - the production of art created by unique activities, which combines the development of a person of reality with illusory artistic and-shaped quasiem.
Artistic value integrated - It was mounted aesthetic, moral, political, religious and existential value in it.
so Value- this is internal, emotional landmark of the subject.
Therefore, the history of culture can be represented as a historical transition from the dominance of foreign matter to the unconditional predominance of the intracerence.
In this regard, the process of education acquires particular relevance, that is, a focused formation of a system of human values, turning the values \u200b\u200bof society in the value of personality. This can only occur through the acquisition to the value consciousness of other people, which is carried out (conscious or unconscious) during the communication of a person with a person.
Communication generates the commonality of values. It is achieved not by external pressure, but internal acceptance, the experience of the values \u200b\u200bof the other, becoming my value settings. The method of communication becomes a confession dialogue when the meaning of meaningful positions, aspirations, ideals of participants in communication occurs. That way there is an external functioning of values, that is, their impact on human activity, behavior, attitude to peace, social life, culture development.
However, values \u200b\u200bare not functioning in one, but in two planes: both in the subjective, spiritual world of man, and in the objective and public intersubjectable world of society.
And therefore, those who are engaged in the process of education, before it starts should have a clear idea of \u200b\u200ba number of positions:
1) on the value world of raised;
2) that it should be attached to what values \u200b\u200band which specific method (contact or distant, direct or mediated, etc.);
3) what configuration of its axiosphere may result in the result.
To a certain extent, a somewhat ambiguous, contradictory position in the axiosphere of a modern man occupies the value of humanism. . Its instability is explained in many ways the anti-industrial realities of the current economic and spiritual life of society, by the fact that both in Russia and in other countries of the world of universal humanistic property is opposed to absolutization, exaggeration of the role of consumer value of utilitarianism.
The positive principles of utilitarianism, leading at a certain stage to the creative liberation of the individual, are now developing in alienated, twisted forms, leading to such phenomena, such as plotting, exploitation, violence, mass culture. Output from the created value crisis for Russia, and for all mankind is, firstly, search for ways and methods of organic connection of identity values \u200b\u200bwith the values \u200b\u200bof all mankind and its individual parts and, secondly, the improvement of the personal and public axiosphere.
Speaking O. artistic cultureit should be emphasized that the main unit of its subject being is the embodied artistic image. In philosophy, the gnoseological concept of "image" is used to designate not only sensual, but also the intellectual reflection of the objective world of a person's psyche. Artistic image represents a special type of image. It is born in the imagination of the artist and matures there, grown and, thanks to the embodiment in the work of art, is transferred to the imagination of the viewer, reader, listener.
In addition, generated by creative activities, in which knowledge is merged, the value understanding and design of the fictional and real reality, he carries all these three beginnings in its content in a compatible and non-historical unity. Whether we take the image of Andrei Bolkonsky or the image of the Poltava battle in the poem A. Pushkin, or the image of a cherry garden in Drama A. Chekhov, we have a cognitive reflection of some objective reality every time, an emotional expression of an assessment of the artist's reflected and creating a new ideal object, transforming initial Reality In order for him to embody the mbning unity of knowledge and evaluation. There are no such three-dimensional structures in other types of imagery. In addition, an interesting metamorphosis occurs in an artistic image: it becomes a specific subject, a quasis, that is, although it lives, although imaginary, but his life.
Genuine subjects of Genesis takes place not in the images themselves, but in the images embodied in artwork. Only through them the artist enters into communicating with the audience, readers, listeners who carry out the distribution of objects of artistic culture. This happens as perception of works of art, that is, at the same time contemplation, experience, understanding, creative recreation in imagination, pleasure and joy. Art has a generalized ability, which is expressed in the image of people's activities in the field of labor, public life, knowledge, value understanding of the world and its changes in ideal projects. This is how art implements its function of self-conscious culture.
Based on the analysis of the role and place and functioning of culture, we formulate the definition of this complex and multidimensional phenomenon.
Culture- this is a generated human activity the integrative form of being bonding in a single nature, society, a person; This is spiritually practical development of reality, based on the acquisition of knowledge about the world, its assessment and design, on the formation of abilities and skills creatively and reproduce material, spiritual and artistic activities.
Culture is a specific, namely: the outcoming method of human vital activity.
Thus, the spiritual sphere of society is the most important and indispensable component of the social system. Without it, the vital activity of other public elements is impossible: economics, social life, politics. She, permeating society with all its cultural array, gives its development a certain meaning and value, value and moral foundation.
Conclusions:
1. The spiritual sphere is the most important sphere of life and human activity. It is in it carrying out activities for the production, consumption and storage of spiritual entities.
2. In the spiritual sphere "function" forms of various consciousness that unite the ideas of the theory. Views, traditions, nomes, senses of society at a particular stage of its development.
3. Culture is the sphere of specific human activity, what distinguishes "thought-minded", the humane world from all other, inhuman.
4. With any positions, we approached the definition of ways to develop society - political. Economic, social or spiritual spheres - a person will always be a defining factor and, above all, his cultural development.
