Mesozoic folding. Mesozoic folding appeared 150-50 million years ago, mainly in these belts in Northeast Asia, in the Sikhote-Alin ridge, on the Indochina Peninsula and in the Cordillera of North America (with the exception of coastal ranges). At the beginning of the Mesozoic (Triassic), the collapse of Pangea II began due to the formation of a new geosynclinal belt - the Tethys Ocean, which stretched in a latitudinal direction from Central America through the Mediterranean Sea and the Himalayas to Indochina and Indonesia (south of the Paleozoic Paleo-Tethys). In the Mesozoic, Gondwana finally collapsed, due to the opening of new oceans - the Indian and Atlantic (first its southern half, then the northern). As a result, North America separated from Eurasia. Thus, from the beginning of the Mesozoic, an important stage in the development of the structure of the earth’s crust began - the stage of the formation of modern oceans and the separation of modern continents. At the suggestion of Academician I.P. Gerasimov, the Mesozoic-Cenozoic stage is distinguished as a special geomorphological stage in the development of the Earth (230-235 million years). At this time, in the Mesozoic, in place of the destroyed Paleozoic folded structures, young platforms continued to form on the continents on a heterogeneous (Greek heteros - different, corresponds to the Russian “different”) folded base with a sedimentary cover of Mesozoic and subsequently Cenozoic age, i.e. Epipaleozoic platforms. The largest among them is the West Siberian platform-platform. From the end of the Mesozoic and later, Mesozoic folded structures underwent denudation. As a result, by the beginning of the Oligocene (37 million years ago), the land was characterized by a more or less leveled topography, with the exception of low mountains, mainly in areas of Mesozoic folding. Modern mountain systems did not yet exist. Three geosynclinal belts were preserved - on the site of the Tethys Ocean and two around the Pacific Ocean. 48.

• Video to lift your spirits

• 1. In which country did geography first emerge?
• A) in Italy
• B) in Greece
• B) Persia
• 2.When did the science of geography appear?
• A) in the 1st century BC B) in the 2nd century BC C) in the 3rd century BC
• 3.Who made the first trip around the world.
• A) Columbus B) Vasco da Gamma C) Magellan

• 4 One of the unique continents, discovered later than others.
• A) Australia B) Antarctica C) America
• 5. At what distance is the Earth from the Sun?
• A) 150 million km B) 155 million km C) 167 million
• 6 What is the length of the equator?
• A) 26 thousand km B) 35 thousand km C) 40 thousand km

• 7.The difference in height between two points on the earth’s surface is called?
• A) relative height
• B) absolute height
• B) ideal height
• 8 Total surface area of ​​the Earth?
• A) 325.4 million km2
• B) 675.4 million km. kv
• B) 510.2 million km. kv
• 9 The age of the planet is approximately?
• A) 4.5-5 billion years
• B) 3.5-4 billion years
• B) 4.6-5.5 billion years

• "5" - 9 points
• “4” -7-8 points
• "3" -5 points

10.24.14.Lesson topic."Lithosphere. Structure of the Earth"

• Internal structure of the Earth.
• The doctrine of lithospheric plates

• - consider the external and internal structure of the Earth, the doctrine of lyospheric plates.

• 1 Atmosphere
• 2 Hydrosphere
• 3 Biosphere
• 4 Lithosphere

Internal structure of the Earth

Mantle

Core

• Group 1: work on the flipchart “External structure of the Earth”
• Group 2: working with terms using a dictionary
• Group 3: working with Internet resources, presentation - “The doctrine of lithospheric plates”
• Group 4: methods of studying the internal structure of the Earth, Kola superdeep well

• The internal structure of the Earth consists of:
• 1) The earth's crust is the outer layer of solid rock covering the Earth.
• 2) The mantle is the inner shell located between the earth’s crust and the earth’s core.
• 3) The core - its radius is 3500 km, consists of nickel and iron. The core is divided into outer and inner.
• External - is in a molten state
• The interior is made of solid matter.

• Atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, earth's crust, mantle, lithosphere, lithospheric plates, faults, mid-ocean ridges, trenches.

3 group

According to scientists, the entire planet is divided into many

large and small lithospheric plates. The boundaries of lithospheric plates most often pass through the oceans. Lithospheric plates move at different speeds, collide and diverge.

Horizontal structure of the lithosphere

The lithosphere is divided into 6-7 large and dozens of small blocks - lithospheric

plates moving relative to each other. The plates move along the plastic layer of the upper mantle.

Group 4 - methods of studying the structure of the earth's crust: mines, drilling wells.

Kola superdeep

well in Russia –

the deepest in the world! Here we only managed to reach a layer of granite! No one has yet reached the border with the mantle!

• A drilling rig and a powerful diamond drill helped navigate this enormous distance in the hard rocks of the Kola Peninsula in northern Russia.

Exploration of the earth's depths

Seismograph

• W-earth w-water
• E is the only o-ocean
• M-young d-delta (one of
• L-lithosphere of special river mouths
• I am the core

• Atmosphere
• gas, air
• Moves, becomes part of the composition, becomes contaminated
• The atmosphere is the outermost layer of the Earth.
• Air layer.
• Wind
• Strong, warm
• Blows, destroys, moves
• Wind is an inexhaustible source of energy
• Hurricane

• Formation of a gas cloud in the Universe
• heating of the interior as a result of the convergence of particles and an increase in friction forces
• appearance of basalt rocks
• formation of the planet's core
• rotation and thickening of the gas cloud
• formation of clumps of future planets and the Sun in the center of the cloud
• appearance of granites
• formation of the mantle and primary thin crust
• appearance of sedimentary rocks.

• Formation of a gas cloud in the Universe
• rotation and thickening of the gas cloud
• formation of clumps of future planets and the Sun in the center of the cloud
• heating of the interior as a result of the convergence of particles and an increase in friction forces
• formation of the planet's core
• formation of the mantle and primary thin crust
• appearance of basalt rocks
• appearance of granites
• appearance of sedimentary rocks).

Class: 6

Presentation for the lesson

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Goals: create conditions for students to form an idea about the Hypotheses of the formation of the Earth; create conditions for students to acquire knowledge: the internal structure of the Earth; lithosphere; two types of structure of the earth's crust.

Equipment for the lesson: plan on the board, projector for viewing slides (presentation), table: “Internal structure of the Earth.”

Terminology: lithosphere, core, mantle, crust: continental, oceanic.

Lesson type: mastering new knowledge.

Forms of organization: frontal, steam room.

Working methods: explanatory - illustrative, reproductive, partially - search, interactive (slide show), method of control and self-assessment.

Working methods: reception of surprise, fantastic addition, reflection.

Plan:

1. Internal structure of the Earth: earth's crust; mantle; core.
2. Lithosphere.
3. Methods for studying the Earth.

During the classes

Stage I. Organizational moment (readiness for the lesson).

Emotional mood. Hello guys. I hope that our mutual work in the lesson will be fruitful, and that you are active. Sit down. Today we are starting to study a new topic. For successful work in the lesson, we have prepared everything you need: a textbook, a notebook, a pencil, a pen.

Stage II. Updating knowledge.

Guys, you will now listen to the text carefully and then answer a series of questions. I read the text. “Initially the planet was cold, then it began to warm up, and then it began to cool again. At the same time, the “light” elements rose, and the “heavy” ones fell. This is how the original earth's crust was formed. Heavy elements formed the planet’s interior—the core and mantle.”

Teacher. What do these lines say?

Student. On the hypothesis of the origin of the Earth. The Schmidt-Fesenkov hypothesis has fewer contradictions and answers more questions.

Teacher. What cloud did our planet form from?

Student. From a cold gas and dust cloud.

Teacher. What is the shape of the Earth?

Student. The shape of the Earth is spherical.

Teacher. Remember from the material of natural history, which outer shells of the Earth are known to you?

Student. The earth has the following external shells: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, lithosphere.

Intellectual warm-up

After studying geography, grade 6, you will learn about each of these shells in more detail. And we will begin to study planet Earth from the shell, the name of which is hidden in the rebus. You all have a technological map on your desk that contains a rebus.

Exercise. Solve the puzzle, name the hidden earthly shell.

We begin our study of the “Lithosphere” section with an introduction to what is inside the Earth.

The topic of today's lesson.“The structure of the Earth and methods of studying it. Lithosphere".

The purpose of the lesson: study the internal structure of the Earth; get acquainted with methods of studying the Earth; formulate the concept of lithosphere.

We write down the date and topic of our lesson in the technological map.

Motivation. Guys, I had the opportunity to witness such an incident. I will now read it to you, and you listen carefully, because then I will ask you questions. I'm reading a story. "Candy Earth"

Kolya, Kolya! - Vasya ran into the room, - this idea came to my mind!

Which one, Vasya?

The earth is like a ball, right? - Vasya clarified.

So, if we dig right through the Earth, we will end up in a different place, right?

Exactly! - Kolya was delighted, - Let’s go to grandma quickly and ask where our shovel is.

Let's run!

Baaaaabushka!

What, Kolenka?

Grandma, where is our shovel?

In the barn, Kolenka. Why do you need a shovel? - answered the grandmother.

We want to dig through the Earth, maybe we’ll end up somewhere,” Kolya said joyfully.

Grandmother smiled and asked:

Do you even know how it works?

“What is there to know,” Vasya answered, “earth is earth - what could be simpler!”

But no. “It’s not that simple,” answered the grandmother.

But as? Grandma, please tell me. Well, please! - Kolya began to beg grandmother.

“Okay, okay,” the grandmother agreed and began her story.

The earth is like candy: in the center there is a nut - the core, then there is a creamy filling - this is the mantle, and on top there is chocolate icing - this is the earth's crust. The distance from here to the center of the core alone is more than 6,000 km, but you want right through,” the grandmother grinned.

So, everything is cancelled,” Kolya was upset...

Yeah, it would be nice to have some candy like that,” Vasya said dreamily.

Stage III. Explanation of new material.

Teacher. After listening to the story and using (visual aid) TABLE “Internal structure of the Earth”, answer the questions.

Teacher. What is the internal structure of the Earth?

Student. The earth has a layered structure: core, mantle, crust.

Teacher. If we compare our planet with an egg, we will get some similarities. Which? What do scientists want to show with this comparison?

Student. Shell - the earth's crust; protein - mantle; the core is the yolk. The earth has a layered structure.

Independent work - orally. The internal structure of the Earth is shown in numbers in the figure. What does each number mean?

Working with a textbook, with illustrations. Filling out the table. Pair work (written).

Using the textbook material (p. 38 § 16 paragraph 3, determine the temperature), (Figure 22, p. 39 § 16, determine the thickness of the mantle), fill in the gaps (cells) in the table “Internal structure of the Earth”. Pair work (mutual check).

Internal structure of the Earth.

Italics indicate the cells that students must complete.

Rule: starting from a depth of 20 - 30m, the temperature of the earth's crust increases by an average of 3° for every 100m.

Teacher. Why is the mantle called the main part of the Earth?

Student. The mantle occupies the main interior of the Earth.

Teacher. How does the temperature change in the interior of the Earth?

Student. As we move into the Earth, the temperature increases.

The division into shells occurred due to the heating of the planet's interior and the division of matter by specific gravity: heavier elements sank to the center of the Earth and formed the core, lighter elements floated up, forming the mantle and the earth's crust. Heating is supported by an internal source of energy - the decay of radioactive elements.

Teacher. Guys, what is the lithosphere?

Lithosphere: " litos" - stone, " sphere" - ball. This is the hard, rocky shell of the Earth, consisting of the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle, and has a thickness of 70 to 250 km.

Lithosphere - unites the internal and external shells of the Earth.

The earth's crust (upper part of the lithosphere) is in turn divided into continental and oceanic.

Exercise. Using the drawing, fill in the diagram.

1. What are the types of the earth's crust?
2. How many and what layers make up the continental crust and the oceanic crust?

The thickness of the continental crust is up to 70 km in the mountains, 30-40 km under the plains. It has 3 layers (sedimentary, granite, basalt). She's older.

The thickness of the oceanic crust is 5-10 km under the oceans. It has 2 layers (sedimentary, basalt). Younger, it forms in the area of ​​​​the tops of oceanic ridges.

This arrangement of layers is not accidental and is explained by the density of the substances composing them. Granite mainly consists of less dense substances, such as feldspar and mica. Basalt is denser, heavier substances: labradorite, magnetite, olivine, etc. Therefore, the basalt layer lies under the granite layer.

The earth's crust was melted out of the mantle material gradually, as a result of a long and complex physicochemical transformation. At the same time, granite and basalt layers emerged first. Sedimentary arose later, mainly from the products of their destruction and transformation by living organisms. It covers almost the entire surface of the Earth. The sedimentary layer is composed of sedimentary rocks. The granite layer is represented by igneous (granites, etc.) and metamorphic rocks, similar in composition to granites (gneisses, etc.). Basalt layer of igneous and dense metamorphic rocks rich in magnesium and iron.

How did the earth's crust form? The formation of the earth's crust occurred billions of years ago from the viscous-liquid substance of the mantle - magma. The most common and light chemical substances that were part of it - silicon and aluminum - solidified in the upper layers. Having hardened, they no longer sank and remained afloat in the form of peculiar islands. But these islands were not stable; they were at the mercy of internal mantle currents, which carried them down, and often simply sank in the hot magma. Magma(from Greek thatgma-thick mud) is a molten mass formed in the Earth's mantle. But time passed, and the first small solid massifs gradually connected with each other, forming territories of a significant area. Like ice floes in the open ocean, they moved around the planet at the will of internal mantle currents.

How did people manage to get an idea of ​​the internal structure of the Earth? Humanity receives valuable information about the structure of the Earth as a result of drilling ultra-deep wells, as well as using special seismic research methods (from the Greek “seismos” - vibration). This is how geophysicists study our Earth . This method is based on studying the speed of propagation of vibrations in the Earth that occur during earthquakes, volcanic eruptions or explosions. For this purpose, a special device is used - a seismograph. . Seismologists obtain unique information about the interior of the Earth from observations of volcanic eruptions. The science of seismology is the science of earthquakes. Based on seismic data, 3 main shells are distinguished in the structure of the Earth, differing in chemical composition, state of aggregation and physical properties.

A little history. One of the first seismographs was invented at the beginning of the 20th century. Russian physicist and geographer Boris Borisovich Golitsyn. Based on Golitsyn’s developments, the first seismic station was created in our country. Using the seismic method of studying the internal structure of the Earth, in 1916 he discovered at a depth of about 500 km the boundary of a sharp change in the properties of the planet (the so-called Golitsyn layer), along which the lower boundary of the upper mantle is drawn.

The name of the device indicates its purpose - recording vibrations of earthly matter. How does this happen? Under the influence of powerful shocks occurring inside the Earth, the earth's matter begins to vibrate, and it turned out that the speed of propagation of the vibrations is different. While studying this phenomenon in the laboratory, scientists took substances of different densities. The results showed that the speed of vibrations from shocks of the same force in substances of different densities is different. Based on this, scientists came to the conclusion that the earth’s crust consists of substances of different densities. Thus, based on the speed of vibrations of the earth's substance in the earth's crust, three layers were identified: the upper - sedimentary (composed of limestone, sand, clay and other rocks), the middle - granite and the lower - basalt. In granite rocks, for example, the speed of wave propagation is about 5 km/s, in sandstones it is less - about 3 km/s.

Working with the textbook. Using page 40, paragraph No. 3 §16, name the deepest well.

The deepest mine goes no more than 8 km deep, and the deepest well reaches 15 km on the Kola Peninsula.

And this is a negligible amount compared to the size of the Earth. After all, the distance from the surface to the center of the Earth is 6370 km. And yet, deep drilling is one of the reliable methods for studying the earth’s interior; it allows us to learn a lot about the structural features of our planet.

Why is it necessary to study the structure of the Earth? Revealing the secrets of the internal structure of the Earth will make it possible to correctly explain the formation and development of the planet, the origin of continents and oceans, will make it possible to anticipate volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, will speed up the search for mineral deposits, and much more.

Stage IV. Consolidation.

Exercise. Find a match (drag and drop method).

Answer. 1B, 2B, 3G, 4A

Stage V. Generalization.

Exercise.

A game "Erudite". Tell us as much as possible about the lithosphere, but you are allowed to speak only one sentence at a time, starting with the words: “I know that ....” You cannot repeat yourself and pause between opponents’ answers for more than 5 seconds.

• I know that the lithosphere is the shell of the Earth.
• I know that the lithosphere consists of the earth's crust and the upper part of the mantle.
• I know that the lithosphere unites the internal and external shells of the Earth.
• I know that the lithosphere is the rocky shell of the Earth (“ litos" - stone, " sphere" - ball).
• I know that the lithosphere has a thickness of 70 to 250 km.
• I know that the earth's crust is divided into continental and oceanic...

Stage VI. Homework

§ 16, creative task. Write a poem, fairy tale or story about the lithosphere.

VII stage. Summarizing. Student assessment. Reflection.

Guys, today in class we set tasks: to study the internal structure of the Earth, methods of study and the lithosphere.

Do you think we have met these challenges? Yes.

So the goal of the lesson has been achieved? Yes.

The technological map contains emoticons that show the mood. Note what mood you had in class today.

Praise. Say a kind word to each other. Give positive feedback to the class and applaud yourself for doing a good job in class.

The lesson is over. Thanks to all. Well done!

Formation of the primary Earth's crust The plates are located on a soft plastic layer of the mantle, along which sliding occurs. Internal forces cause the movement of plates, when moving substances in the upper mantle. Powerful upward flows of substance tear the earth's crust, forming deep faults. The molten substance rises and fills the plates, building up the earth's crust. The edges of the faults are moving away from each other.

Tectonics of lithospheric plates and the formation of large landforms. Movements of lithospheric plates and movements of the earth's crust as a result of these movements are called TECTONICS. These movements occur as a result of the movement of mantle material through mantle channels in the bowels of the Earth. Rising currents move lithospheric plates towards each other or in different directions at a speed of up to 6 cm per year. The direction of plate movement can be maintained for several tens or even hundreds of thousands of years.

Physicist Trubitsyn Having passed through all the fragmentary and very contradictory data known to geologists about the predecessors of Pangea, the model showed: single continents arose every seven hundred to eight hundred million years. The first in time - Monogea - was formed 2.6 - 2.4 billion years ago, Megagaea - 1.8 billion, Mesogea - 1 billion, and Pangea is just around the corner - only 200 million years. The model also clarified the outlines of the supercontinents - they were not repetitions, copies of each other. Special correspondent Vladimir ZASELSKY and from the magazine “NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC”