Crimean war 1853-1856Also, the Eastern War is the war between the Russian Empire and Coalition as part of the British, French, Ottoman Empires and the Sardinian kingdom. The fighting unfolded at the Caucasus, in Danube Principles, Baltic, Black, White and Barents Seas, as well as in Kamchatka. They reached the greatest voltage in the Crimea.

By the middle of the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire was in a state of decline, and only direct military assistance between Russia, England, France and Austria allowed Sultan twice to prevent the capture of Constantinople with rebellious Vassal Mohammed Ali Egyptian. In addition, the struggle of the Orthodox peoples for liberation from the Ottoman IGA continued (see Eastern Question) These factors led to the emergence of the Russian Emperor Nikolai I at the beginning of the 1850s in the early 1850s, inhabited by the Balkan possessions of the Ottoman Empire, inhabited by Orthodox peoples, which was opposed to the United Kingdom and Austria. The United Kingdom, in addition, sought to oust Russia from the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and from the Transcaucasus. Emperor France Napoleon III, although did not share the British plans for the weakening of Russia, considering them excessive, supported the war with Russia as a revenge for 1812 and as a means of strengthening personal power.

During the diplomatic conflict with France on the issue of monitoring the church of the Nativity of Christ in Bethlehem, Russia, with the aim of putting pressure on Turkey, introduced troops to Moldova and Valahius, which were under Russia's protectorate under the terms of the Adrianopol peace treaty. The refusal of the Russian emperor Nikolai I to withdraw the troops to declare 4 (16) of October 1853 by Turkey, and behind it Great Britain and France, Russia's war.

In the course of the combat operations, allies managed, using the technical lag of the Russian troops and the indecision of the Russian command, to concentrate quantitatively and qualitatively superior to the forces of the army and the fleet on the Black Sea, which allowed them to make a successful landing in the Crimea of \u200b\u200bthe landing corps, to apply a Russian army a number of defeats and after annual Siege to seize the southern part of Sevastopol - the main base of the Russian Black Sea Fleet. Sevastopol bay, the place of deployment of the Russian fleet, remained under the control of Russia. In the Caucasian front, Russian troops managed to apply a number of defeats by the Turkish army and capture Kars. However, the threat of joining the war of Austria and Prussia forced the Russians to take the conditions of the world imposed by allies. The Paris Mirny Treaty signed in 1856 demanded the concessions of the Ottoman Empire of Southern Bessarabia and the mouth of the Danube River. The neutrality of the Black Sea was proclaimed.

History

The reason for the Crimean War was the dispute about the keys from the holy places in Palestine between the Catholics and Orthodox. Sultan conveyed the keys from the Bethlehem Temple from the Orthodox Greeks of Catholics, whose interests were defended by the emperor of France Napoleon III. Russian Emperor Nicholas I demanded from Turkey to recognize him by the patron of all Orthodox subjects of the Ottoman Empire. On June 26, 1853, he announced the entry of Russian troops to the Danube Principality, stating that they would bring them from there only after the Russian requirements were satisfied with the Turks.

On July 14, Turkey appealed to the protest against Russia's actions to other great powers and received assurances from them in support. On October 16, Turkey declared war to Russia, and on November 9, the Imperial Manifesto was followed about the announcement of Russia of the War of Turkey.

In the fall on the Danube, small clashes with varying success were walking. In the Caucasus, the Turkish Army Abdi Pasha tried to take Akhali, but December 1 was defeated by Prince Bebutov's squad at Bashki-Liar.

At sea, the initial success also accompanied Russia. In mid-November 1853, a Turkish squadron under the command of Admiral Osman-Pasha consisting of 7 frigates, 3 Corvettes, 2 shiphodofregates, 2 Brigins and 2 transport vessels with 472 tools, following Sukhumi (Sukhum-Kale) and Poti to landing the landing, forced It was hiding in the Sinop Bay off the shores of Malaya Asia because of a strong storm. This became known to the commander of the Russian Black Sea Fleet Admiral Nakhimov P.S., and he led ships to Sinop. Because of the storm, several Russian courts received damage and were forced to return to Sevastopol.

By November 28, the entire fleet Nakhimov focused on the Sinop Bay. He had 6 linear ships and 2 frigates, surpassing the enemy by the number of guns almost one and a half times. Russian artillery surpassed Turkish and in quality, as it has placed the latest bombing guns. Russian commanders knew how to shoot much better than Turkish, and sailors were faster and swelling were managed with sailing snapshot.

Nakhimov decided to attack the enemy fleet in the bay and shoot it with a maximum short distance in 1.5-2 cable. The Russian Admiral left two frigates at the entrance to the Sinop Raid. They had to intercept Turkish ships who would try to escape.

At half past 10 am on November 30, the Black Sea Fleet two columns moved to Sinop. The right headed Nakhimov on the ship "Empress Mary", left - Junior flagship Council Admiral F.M. Novosilskiy on the ship "Paris". In half the first afternoon, Turkish ships and coastal batteries opened fire on a suitable Russian squadron. She opened fire, only close to the maximum distance.

After half an hour of battle, the Turkish flagship "Avni-Allah" was seriously damaged by the bombing guns "Empress Mary" and jumped stranded. Then Nakhimov's ship rose the enemy frigate "Fazlah Allah". Meanwhile, Paris sank two enemy vessels. For three hours, the Russian squadron destroyed 15 Turkish ships and suppressed all the coastal batteries. Only a ship "Taif", which was commanded by the English captain A. Slade, using the advantage at speed, was able to break through from the Sinop Bay and escape from the persecution of Russian sailing frigates.

The losses of the Turks were killed and wounded about 3 thousand people, and 200 sailors led by Osman Pasha were captured. The escords of Nakhimov losses in the ships did not have, although several of them were seriously damaged. 37 killed in combat and 233 Russian sailors and officers were injured. Thanks to the victory, the Turkish landing of the Caucasian coast was running.

The Sinop Battle was the last major battle between sailing ships and the last significant battle won by the Russian fleet. In the next one and a half years, the victories of such a scale he no longer won.

In December 1853, English and French governments, fearing the defeat of Turkey and establish Russian control over the straits, introduced their military vessels to the Black Sea. In March 1854, England, France and the Sardinian kingdom declared the war of Russia. At this time, the Russian troops were besieged to Silistria, however, obeying the Ultimatum of Austria, which demanded from Russia to cleanse the Danube Principles, on July 26, they took the siege, and at the beginning of September they moved away for the rod. In the Caucasus, the Russian troops in July - August defeated two Turkish armies, but it did not affect the overall course of the war.

Allies planned the main landing land in the Crimea to deprive the Russian Black Sea Fleet its bases. The attacks on the ports of the Baltic and White Seas and the Pacific Ocean were envisaged. The Anglo-French fleet focused in the area of \u200b\u200bVarna. He had 34 linear ships and 55 frigates, including 54 - steam, and 300 transport vessels on which the expeditionary building was 61 thousand soldiers and officers. The Russian Black Sea Fleet could oppose the allies of 14 sailing linear ships, 11 sailing and 11 steam frigates. In Crimea, the Russian army was stationed in 40 thousand people.

In September 1854, the Allies landed the landing in Evpatoria. Russian army under the command of Admiral Prince Menshikova A.S. On the Alma River, he tried to block the path of the Anglo-Franco Turkish troops deep into the Crimea. Menshikova had 35 thousand soldiers and 84 guns, the allies - 59 thousand soldiers (30 thousand French, 22 thousand English and 7 thousand Turkish) and 206 guns.

Russian troops occupied a strong position. Her center at the village of Burluk crossed the beam, on which the main Evpatorial road was going. From the high left bank of the alma, the plain was well visible on the right bank, only at the river and the gardens covered with gardens and vineyards. The right flank and the center of Russian troops commanded General Prince M.D. Gorchakov, and left flank - General Kiryakov.

The Allied troops were going to attack the Russians from the front, and bypassing their left flank they threw the French infantry division of General Bosque. At 9 am on September 20, 2 columns of the French and Turkish troops took the village of Ulukul and the dominant height, however, they were stopped by Russian reserves and could not hit the Almaian position in the rear. In the center of the British, the French and Turks, despite the big losses, could force the Alma. Their counterattacked Borodinsky, Kazan and Vladimir shelves, led by Generals Gorchakov and Kvicinsky. But the crossfire from sushi and from the sea forced the Russian infantry to retreat. Because of the large losses and the numerical superiority of the enemy of Menshikov under the cover of darkness retreated to Sevastopol. The loss of Russian troops amounted to 5,700 people killed and wounded, the losses of the allies - 4,300 people.

The battle at Alma was one of the first to be massive by the scattering of infantry. It also affected the superiority of allies in service. Almost all the English army and to a third of the French were armed with new rifle guns, surpassed smooth-bore runs of Russian rapidity and range.

Pursuing Menshikov's army, the English-French troops were taken by Balaklava on September 26, and on September 29 - the Kamyshoy Bay district of Sevastopol. However, the allies were afraid to attack this sea fortress, at that moment - almost defenseless from sushi. The Commander of the Black Sea Fleet Admiral Nakhimov became the Military Governor of Sevastopol and, together with the head of the fleet, Admiral V.A. Kornilov began to hastily prepare the defense of the city from Sushi. 5 sailing ships and 2 frigate flooded at the entrance to the Sevastopol bay, so as not to put the enemy fleet there. The remaining ships should have provided artillery support for the troops fighting on land.

The land garrison of the city, which also included sailors from flooded ships, has numbered 22.5 thousand people. The main forces of the Russian army under the command of Menshikov moved to Bakhchisaray.

The first bombing of the Allied troops of Sevastopol from Sushi and the sea took place on October 17, 1854. Russian ships and batteries responded to fire and damaged several enemy ships. The English-French artillery could not be in charge of Russian coastal batteries. It turned out that the ship artillery is not too effective for firing for land targets. However, the defenders of the city during the bombardment suffered considerable losses. One of the leaders of the defense of the city of Admiral Kornilov was killed.

On October 25, the Russian army from Bakhchisaraya advanced to Balaclava and attacked the English troops, but could not break through to Sevastopol. However, this offensive forced allies to postpone the assault on Sevastopol. On November 6, Menshikov again tried to release the city, but again he could not overcome the Anglo-French defense after the Russians lost 10 thousand in the battle with Inkerman, and the allies were 12 thousand people killed and wounded *.

By the end of 1854, the allies focused more than 100 thousand soldiers and about 500 guns from Sevastopol. They conducted an intensive shelling of urban fortifications. The British and the French made local attacks with the aim of capturing certain positions, the defenders of the city were responding to the raids in the rear of the precipitating. In February 1855, the Allied forces near Sevastopol increased to 120 thousand people, and preparation for the general storm began. The main blow was supposed to apply in Malakhov Kurgan, which prevailed over Sevastopol. The defenders of the city, in turn, especially strongly strengthened the approaches to this height, perfectly understanding its strategic importance. In the southern bay, 3 linear ship and 2 frigates were additionally flooded, which closed the Allied Fleut to the raid. To distract the strength from Sevastopol, the detachment of General Chruleva S.A. On February 17, Evpatoria attacked, but was removed with big losses. This failure led to the resignation of Menshikov replaced by the Commander-in-Chief by General Gorchakov. But the new commander could not reverse the course of events in the Crimea unfavorable for the Russian side.

8 The period from April 9 to June 18, Sevastopol was subjected to four intensive bombardments. After that, 44 thousand soldiers of the Union forces went to the storming side of the ship. They were opposed by 20 thousand Russian soldiers and sailors. Heavy battles lasted for several days, but the Anglofranzian troops and this time failed to break through. However, continuous shelling continued to exhaust the forces deposited.

On July 10, 1855, Nakhimov was deadly. His burial described in the diary Lieutenant Ya.P. Kobylyansky: "Funeral Nakhimov ... were solemn; the enemy, in the mind of which they took place, rewarding the honor of the hero of the hero, kept deep silence: no shot was heard at the main positions during the bodies of the body."

On September 9, the master of the assault of Sevastopol began. 60 thousand allied troops, mainly French, attacked the fortress. They managed to take Malakhov Kurgan. Conscious of the uselessness of further resistance, Commander-in-Chief of the Russian Army in Crimea, General Gorchakov gave an order to leave the southern side of Sevastopol, blowing up port structures, strengthening, warehouses with ammunition and flooding surviving vessels. On the evening of September 9, the defenders of the city switched to the north side by blowing up the bridge.

In the Caucasus, a success was accompanied by Russian weapons, a somewhat built bitterness of Sevastopol defeat. On September 29, the army of General Muravyeva stormed Kare, but, having lost 7 thousand people, was forced to retreat. However, on November 28, 1855, the garrison of the fortress has exhausted by hunger capitulated.

After the fall of Sevastopol, the loss of war for Russia became obvious. The new Emperor Alexander II agreed to peaceful negotiations. On March 30, 1856, the world was signed in Paris. Russia returned Turkey occupied during the war of Kare and passed to her southern Bessarabia. Allies, in turn, left Sevastopol and other cities of Crimea. Russia was forced to refuse the patronage of the Orthodox population of the Ottoman Empire. It was forbidden to have a military fleet and bases on the Black Sea. Above Moldova, Valahius and Serbia, a protectorate of all great powers was installed. The Black Sea was declared closed for military vessels of all states, but open to international trade shipping. Freedom of shipping on the Danube was also recognized.

During the Crimean War, France lost 10,240 people killed and 11,750 dead from RAS, England - 2755 and 1847, Turkey - 10,000 and 10,800, and Sardinia - 12 and 16 people. The entire coalition troops suffered irretrievable losses of 47.5 thousand soldiers and officers. The losses of the Russian army were killed about 30 thousand people, and the dead from the Russian Academy of Sciences - about 16 thousand, which gives the total combat irrevocable losses for Russia in 46 thousand people. Mortality from diseases was significantly more. During the Crimean War of Diseases, 75,535 people were killed by the French, 17,225 English, 24.5 thousand Turks, 2166 Sardinians (Piemontsev). Thus, the non-refundable losses of the coalition countries amounted to 119,426 people. In the Russian army, 88,755 Russians died of disease. In total, in the Crimean War, non-refundable losses 2.2 times exceeded the combat.

The result of the Crimean War was the loss of Russia of the last footprints of the European Hegemony, found after the victory over Napoleon I. This hegemony gradually gone to no by the end of the 20s due to the economic weakness of the Russian Empire, caused by the preservation of serfdom, and the emerging military-technical lag of the country from other great powers. Only the defeat of France in the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-1871 allowed Russia to eliminate the most severe articles of the Paris world and restore their fleet on the Black Sea.

The historian Artemy Ermakov believes that the Crimean War was nothing more than otherwise, as the first fundamental defeat of Russia in the fight against global globalism. In his opinion, as a result of the so-called "Great Reforms" caused by Alexander II, our country actually "lost those internal corporate mobilization mechanisms, which for two and a half centuries provided it with relative internal stability and allowed to reflect serious external threats to decisive moments " "After the loss of these mechanisms, the collapse and disintegration of the Russian Empire and its state system was only a matter of time," the historian believes.

The defeat of Russia in the Crimean War opened the Epoch of the Anglo-French redistribution of the world. I knocked out the Russian Empire from world politics and ensuring our rear in Europe, the Western powers actively used the conquered advantage to achieve world domination. The path to the success of England and France in Hong Kong or Senegal was lying through the destroyed bastions of Sevastopol. Soon after the Crimean War, England and France attacked and China. Having achieved over him more impressive victory, they turned this country into a half-colony. By 1914, the countries seized or controlled by them accounted for 2/3 of the territory of the globe. War clearly demonstrated to the Russian government that economic retardation leads to political and military vulnerability. Further lag from Europe threatened even more serious consequences. Under Alexandra II, the country's reform begins. An important place in the transformation system was taken by military reform of the 60-70s. It is associated with the name of the Military Minister Dmitry Alekseevich Milyutina. This was the largest military reform since Peter, which led to fundamental changes in the armed forces. She touched upon various spheres: the organization and recruitment of the army, its management and weapons, the training of officer composition, training for troops, etc. in 1862-1864. Local military management was reorganized. Its essence was reduced to the weakening of excessive centralism in the management of the armed forces, in which the military compounds were subordinate to the center directly. For decentralization, a military district control system was introduced.

The territory of the country was divided into 15 military districts with their commander. Their power extended to all troops and military institutions of the district. Another important reform direction was the change in the system of training officer. Instead of Cadet buildings, military gymnasiums were created (with a 7-year-old learning time) and military schools (with a 2-year learning date). Military gymnasiums were secondary educational institutions close to the program to real gymnasiums. At the military schools, young men were accepted with secondary education (as a rule, these were graduates of military gymnasiums). The Juncher schools were created. For admission they were required to have a general education in the amount of four classes. After the reform, all the persons produced in officers are not from schools were obliged to take exams on the program of UNCERSK schools.

All this raised the educational level of Russian officers. The mass re-equipment of the army begins. The transition from smooth-bore rifles to rifle rifles is carried out.

There is also a re-equipment of field artillery with rifled guns, charged from the executed part. The creation of guns from steel begins. In the artillery business, Russian scientists A.V. Gadolin, N.V. Maiyevsky, V.S. Baranovsky were achieved. Sailing fleet is replaced by steam. The creation of armored ships begins. Railways are actively built in the country, including strategic destination. Improving the technique demanded major changes in the preparation of troops. Rowing tactics, rifle chains gaining an increasing advantage over closed columns. This required the growth of independence and maneuverability of the infantryman on the battlefield. The value of the preparation of the fighter to individual actions in the battle is enhanced. The role of sperm, equal work increases, involving the ability to pour out, to build shelters to protect against the enemy fire. For training troops, the methods of maintaining modern war issues a number of new charters, instructions, textbooks. The crown of military reform was the transition in 1874 to a universal military duty. Prior to that, the recruit system was operating. When Peter I was introduced, the military duty covered all the segments of the population (excluding officials and clergy). But from the second half of the XVIII century. It limited himself only to the applied estates. Gradually, and among them was officially practiced by the deposit from the army of rich people. In addition to social injustice, this system suffered and material costs. The content of a huge professional army (its number since the time of Peter has grown 5 times) was expensive and not always effectively. In peacetime, she surpassed the number of European powers. But during the war, the Russian army did not have trained reserves. This problem was brightly manifested in the Crimean campaign, when it was additionally possible to gain mostly small militia. Now young people who have reached 21 years have been obliged to appear on the draft point. The government calculated the desired number of recruits and, in accordance with it, determined the number of places that recruits were pulled out through lots. The rest were credited to the militia. There were benefits for call. So, the only sons or family breadwinners were released from the army. Representatives of the peoples of the North, Central Asia, some of the peoples of the Caucasus and Siberia were not encouraged. The service life was reduced to 6 years, another 9 years served in reserve and was subject to call in the event of war. As a result, the country received a significant number of trained reserves. Military service lost the estate limitations and became a nationwide.

The Crimean War or Eastern War (1853-1856) is the war of the Russian Empire with the Coalition of Great Britain, France, the Ottoman Empire and Sardinia for domination in the Black Sea basin, in the Caucasus and in the Balkans.

Briton Roger Fenton became one of the first military photographers in the world, documenting the events of 1855. There are no hostilities in the pictures, they consist mainly from portraits of coalition servicemen.

26 photos

Leaders of NATO countries and their assistants-adjutants, 1855. (Photo Roger Fenton Crimean War Photo Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division):

Ships in Cossack Bay, 1855. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

Balaclava, Ukraine. Harbor, crowded with sailing ships. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

British and French soldiers drink near Sevastopol. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

This is a movable photo lab Roger Fenton, whose pictures we look. In it, he showed negatives. In the frame, his assistant is visible. (Photo Photo by Hulton Archive | Getty Images):

Captain Royal Artillery. (Photo Roger Fenton Crimean War Photo Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division):

Colonel Braungrig and two captive Russian boys. (Photo Roger Fenton Crimean War Photo Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division):

Construction next to Balaklava harbor. (Photo Roger Fenton Crimean War Photo Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division):

Colonel of the coalition of Hollyllus for drinking beverages. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

British officer in Balaclava during the Crimean War, 1855. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

Soldiers and officers of the 8th Hussar Regiment of the Russian Imperial Army. (Photo Roger Fenton Crimean War Photo Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division):

Meeting of military coalitions, 1855. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

Group of Tatars in Balaclava. (Photo Roger Fenton Crimean War Photo Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division):

Ships in the Balaclava Harbor, a tent town and the Genoese fortress. (Photo Roger Fenton Crimean War Photo Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division):

This is an English military photographer Roger Fenton. Portrait in uniform of a soldier. (Photo by marcus sparling | getty images):

Another representative of the press is Sir William Howard Russell (1820 - 1907), the Military Correspondent "The Times". (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

Lieutenant-General Sir John Campbell (sits) and Captain Hume. (Photo Roger Fenton Crimean War Photo Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division):

Artillery of the British troops. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Hulton Archive | Getty Images):

Dragows in the Crimea, 1855 year. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Hulton Archive | Getty Images):

Fleet coalition in Balaclava. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

British infantry camp in Balaclava during the Crimean War, 1855. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Hulton Archive | Getty Images):

Gusara prepare food. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

Mortetters during the siege of Sevastopol. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

Portrait of coalition captains with gun. (Photo Roger Fenton Crimean War Photo Collection, Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division):

Exhaust cannon kernels on the battlefield in Balaclava. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

British soldiers during the Crimean War. (Photo Photo by Roger Fenton | Getty Images):

Interesting video "From Scyths to this day. As the map of Crimea changed for 3 thousand years. "

Also, see the "Cave of Crimea" and "Ancient Heraklion - Lost City underwater."

Throughout the XVIII-XIX centuries between the Russian Empire and Turkey, permanent military clashes took place in large-scale wars. One of these clashes was the struggle of Russia with the Ottoman Empire, Great Britain and France.

Conflict history

A number of contradictions between the world's largest powers, concerning the distribution of spheres of influence on the territory of the Middle East, appeared in 1850. The dispute arose in relation to the land of Bethlehem and Jerusalem between the Russian Empire and France. Catholics and Orthodox could not divide these land among themselves. Russians could not help help their brothers in faith, the French performed on the side of the Catholic population.


Later, the Ottoman Empire, who previously belonged to Palestine, decided to join the dominion of France. Russia could not hide his discontent on this issue, which subsequently resulted in a common European scale, since England also joined the Alliance and Turkey.

• Loss of the Russian Empire Rights to enter the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Black Sea Straits.
• Turkey's desire to seize the land lost during the previous military conflicts.
• The desire of leading European powers to deprive Russia of influence on the territory of the Middle East.

Stages

1. Russian-Turkish campaign: November 1853 - April 1954.
2. Russian-English-French Campaign: April 1854 - February 1856.

1. The first propaganda in the form of newspaper ducks appeared on European expanses after the Sinop battle. November 30, 1853. The squadron of the Russian Empire, under the leadership of Vice-Admiral P. S. Nakhimov, won the Turkish flotilla, which is several times superior to it, and thereby provided dominance in the waters of the Black Sea at the beginning of hostilities. The next day, articles about bloodthirstiness and atrocities attributed to Russian sailors appeared in the European media. Those mercilessly shot in dying Turks floating in the sea. But such a sensation was never confirmed by any facts, however, Propaganda caused Furore in European society.
2. During the Crimean War, 1853-56 began to use photograph, with its help coverage of hostilities. The very first military photoconduct is considered to consider Roger Fenton. For the entire military period, he made 363 lists, which were subsequently redeemed the library of the US Congress.
3. In 1854, the Solovtsky monastery was attacked by the Attack by the English flotilla, as a result of which nobody suffered, even the seagulls living there. The English ships approaching the Solovetsky Islands posted the signal flags that the monks perceived a threat and hurried the first to enter the battle. One core fell precisely to the goal - in the English ship. The next day, the British staged a babble and released 1800 nuclei towards the monastery. This battle cost without human victims, even no seagull suffered: these birds inhabited in a large number of monastic walls.
4. The expression "the third does not bite" appeared in the Crimean War. It is associated with the accuracy and accuracy of English snipers. When the Russian Sailor reckled the phone, the Englishman had already noticed a light when he passed her comrade, the British became a position, but the third sailor who wanted to smoke from the first tube, became the target for the arrow. With that time, this expression appeared.
5. Crimean war on scale is considered to be globally, so at the same time, Russia fought on several fronts: Crimea, Caucasus, Kronstadt and so on.
6. During the war, the English troops under Balaklava faced with a strong cold. To solve this problem, knitted hats were applied, in which there were slots for the eyes and the mouth, called - Balaclava.
7. The only ally of the Russian Empire was the United States. American surgeons saved lives with Russian soldiers.
8. In the Crimean War of 1853-56, barrier mines used in marine battles were first applied.
9. Florence Plantneyale's sister Florence Florange was first laid the basics of sanitation, which influenced the decrease in mortality in Lazareta.
10. The Russian surgeon Nikolai Pirogov in the military period was invented by a gypsum bandage, it significantly accelerated the process of healing fractures.
11. In October 1854, Princess Elena Pavlovna created the Foundation of Sisters of Mercy.
12. During the war, cigarettes were invented. The British and the French watched their Turkish allies, as they wrap up tobacco in the old newspaper.
13. Wide distribution is obtained by the formation of weather forecast. This is directly connected with the storm, which caused a heavy damage to the troops of the enemy coalition on November 14, 1854. Emperor France Napoleon III ordered a personal astrologer to create a whole service of astrologers. In February 1855, one of the first forecast cards was created, and meteorological stations began to appear.
14. In a military period, he received the glory of the great Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, who published his "Sevastopol stories."
15. After Russia's defeat in the war of France, an unusual prisoner was transferred - the bell "Misty", which found a new refuge in the Cathedral of the Paris Company. In 1913, Henri Poincare was returned to Russia in 1913, the French president.

Military conflicts are not uncommon for imperialist states, especially when their interests affect. The Crimean War of 1853, or Eastern, became a decisive event of the middle of the XIX century. Consider briefly the causes, participants, the course and consequences of bloody confrontation.

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Prerequisites and participants in the war

Among the many factors that led to the exacerbation of the conflict, competent historians allocate the main list.

Ottoman Empire – the power and greatness of Ottomans laid in a new time. 1820-1830 Steel for a multinational country decisive. Defeats from the Russian Empire, France and the suppression of internal manifestations of patriotism led to an unstable situation. Greece, like the Egyptian kingdom, raising the uprising, achieved independence. From the actual decay, the Ottoman port saved foreign assistance. Instead the huge state lost opportunities to independently keep foreign policy.

Great Britain B.it was a trading empire, her interests stretched for every corner of the world, no exception was Turkey. The events of the Crimean War were ahead of the signed analogue of the "Free Trade Zone", which made it possible to import and implement English goods without duties, customs gathering.

This situation destroyed the Turkish industry, the government became a puppet. The situation was so favorable that the parliament of England did not want the decomposition of the empire, in every way prevented russian strengthening in the Black Sea And in the Balkans. Anti-Russian information propaganda was carried out.

The French society of that time was burning revenge for the defeat of Napoleonic times. In addition to economic decline, under the control of King Napoleon III, the state lost part of the colonial influence. To distract the people from problems, the press actively voiced calls for the military conflict in alliance with England.

The Sardinian kingdom of political and territorial claims did not have to Russia. However, the complex situation on the foreign policy arena required the search for the allies. Victor Emmanuel II responded to the offer of France to join the Crimean War, upon completion, the French side was obliged to help unite Italian lands.

Austria: Dictated some obligations for the Russian Empire. but austrian government did not satisfy the growth of the Orthodox On the Balkan Peninsula. The national liberation movement would result in the decay of the Austrian Empire. The reasons for the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War will be discussed below.

Why began the Crimean War

Historians allocate several objective and subjective reasons:

1. Rivalry of European countries and Russia for control over Turkey.
2. The desire of the Russian side get access to Dardanell and Bosphorus Straits.
3. The policy of uniting Balkan Slavs.
4. The decline of the Oman Empire in domestic and foreign policy.
5. Self-confidence in solving complex issues.
6. The Crimean War of 1853 as a refutation that Europe is not able to perform a united front.
7. The autocratic form of the board, which led to the act of incorrect solutions.
8. Confrontation of the Catholic and Orthodox dioceses In the question of "Palestinian shrines".
9. France's desire to destroy the established union of the times of Napoleonic conquests.

Reason to the Crimean War

Nicholas I did not recognize the legitimacy of the French monarch, the official correspondence had an unacceptable liberty. She became insulting for Napoleon III. He took steps to return Christian shrines in the Lono of the Catholic Church, which did not like Russia.

In response to ignoring protest notes the Russian army introduced troops to the territory of Moldova And Valahia. The subsequent Vienna note was designed to calm down the swirling monarchs, but the causes of the Crimean War were too serious.

With the support of the English side, Turkish Sultan requires the withdrawal of troops, which receives failure. In response, the Ottoman Empire declares the war of Russia, she takes similar steps.

Attention!Many consider a religious reason to the beginning of the Crimean War only formal pretext to escalation conflict situation in the center of Europe.

Campaigns of the Crimean War

October 1853 - April 1854

Outdated weapons of the Russian Empire compensated for the number of personnel. Tactical maneuvers were based on confrontation numerically equal to Turkish troops.

The course of hostilities took place with varying success, but Fortuna smiled at the Russian squadron Admiral Nakhimov. In the Sinop Bay, he discovered a significant accumulation of enemy ships and decided to attack. Fire power advantage allowed to dispel the strength of the enemy, capture the enemy commander.

April 1854 - February 1856

The conflict has ceased to be local, he covered the Caucasus, Balkans, Baltic and even Kamchatka. Russia was deprived of access to the sea, which led the Crimean War of 1853-1856. The defense of Sevastopol became the culmination of confrontation.

In the autumn of 1854, coalition forces landed around Evpatoria. The battle on the Alma River was wonAnd the Russian army retreated to Bakhchisaray. At this stage, no soldiers voiced the causes of the Crimean War, everyone hoped for a slight victory.

The garrison of the Sevastopol Fortress under the command of General Nakhimov, Cornilov and Istriform turned into a formidable force. The city was protected by 8 bastions on land and bay blocked by across the ships. For a whole year (1856), proud defenders of the Black Sea port were defensed, Malakhov Kurgan was left under the Nachi enemy. However, the northern part remained Russian.

Many local confrontations are combined into one name Crimean war. The collision card will be presented below.

Danube campaign

The first move in the Crimean War did the Russian Corps under the command of Prince Gorchakov. He switched to Danube for the speedy classes of Bucharest. The population welcomed the liberators, the received note on the withdrawal of troops was ignored.

Turkish troops began shelling of Russian positions Having broken the defense of the enemy, in March 1854, the siege of a symstone began. However, due to the danger of joining Austria, a troop of troops began from liberated principalities.

The participants of the Crimean War took the landing of the landing in the area of \u200b\u200bVarna to capture Dobrudji. However, the launched in the hike hike prevented the implementation of the plan.

Caucasian theater.

A series of defeats of the Turkish troops forced them to temper the militant dust, but the Crimean defensive war is 1853-1856. Quickly flowed into the sea plane.

On November 5, 1854, there was an important battle of steam ships, "Vladimir" captured "Pervaz Bakhri". This event anticipated the bloodless seizure of the Ottoman steamer "Medzhari-Tedjat".

In 1855, success became capture Karsa Fortress, General Muravyov continued the siege to surrender the enemy, the causes of the defeat were obvious. As a result, the Army of Russia received control over the extensive area, including Ardagan, Kaziman, Olta.

Important!The defense of Sevastopol consisted of continuous defensive fighting of Russian troops. As a result of six Allied bombardments, the infrastructure of the city was destroyed. Daily losses from the enemy fire amounted to 900-1000 people per day.

The French lost 53 transport ships, several linear vessels.

Signing a peace treaty

The results of the Crimean War were documented within the Paris Agreement, which prescribed:

1. Remove the navy, strengthening and arsenals from the Black Sea water area. This applied to Turkey and Russia.
2. The Russian side refused part of possessions in Bessarabia and the mouth of the Danube, i.e., losing the unklady control over the Balkans.
3. The protectorate over Moldova and Valahius was revoked.

The consequences of Russia's defeat in the Crimean War are the suspension of its expansive policies and the development of the Black Sea Fleet.

The reasons for the defeat of the Russian Empire in the Crimean War are as follows:

• moral and technical russian lag from Western powers;
• underdeveloped infrastructure that led to the violation of logistics and replenishment of troops;
• rear corruption, treasury as a cooking phenomenon in the state apparatus;
• the defense of Sevastopol became tragic due to the shortcomings of the commander-in-chief;

The results of the Crimean War

Top 7 interesting facts about the Crimean War

Among the incredible kaleidoscope of events are allocated as follows:

1. The first application of propaganda as a tool of influence on public opinion. The reason was turned up after the Sinop battlement, when the English newspapers in the colors described Russian atrocities.
2. Appeared profession of a military photographer, Roger Fenton made 363 shots about the soldiers' weekdays allies.
3. The defense of the Solovetsky Monastery did not lead to human victims, "homemade" seagulls also did not suffer from the term "Crimea War". An interesting fact is from 1,800 nuclei and bombs of the Anglo-French squadron have completely damaged buildings.
4. The "foggy" bell of Chersonese was taken to France as a military trophy. For over 60 years, he was in captivity until the causes of the Crimean War were forgotten in 1913.
5. Russian sailors invented new admissionAccordinglaising for the third will receive a serious injury. This is due to the peculiarities of the shooting of the first rifles in the army of the Allies.
6. Interesting facts indicate the global scale of hostilities. The abundance of collision theaters is striking by geography and massiness.
7. The Orthodox population of the Ottoman Empire deprived of protection by the Russian Empire.

Causes and results of the Crimean War 1853-1856

Crimean War (1853 - 1856)

Output

The results of the Crimean War showed the strength of the spirit of the Russian people, his desire to defend the interests of the country. On the other hand, every citizen was convinced of the insolvency of the government, the weakness and expressness of the autocrat.

Unfortunately, the domestic history is very Russocentric. And this applies not only to the descriptions of the oldest centuries, the events of the time of Ivan Kalita or Ivan the Terrible. The easiest example is the Crimean War, which was carried out from 1853 to 1856, that is, a little over a century ago. It would seem that in this war there is a solid documentary base of all the main member countries, the giant archives of Britain, France, Russia, Turkey, the Sardinian kingdom ... However, even now our books and research on the topic are filled with quotes from the works of not quite divided into politics and military work. of the time of people. For example, V.I. Lenin: "The Crimean War showed rotting and powerlessness of fortress Russia", or Friedrich Engels:

« In the face of Nicholas, a mediocre person with a horizon of the inclusive commander of the XVII century entered the throne. He was too in a hurry with Promotion to Constantinople; Crimean war broke out ... South Russian steppes who had to become a grave invading the enemy, became the grave of Russian armies, which Nicholas with his characteristic cruel and stupid mercy of challenged one after another in the Crimea up to mid-winter. And when the latter, the latter-gathered, which is equipped with food the army lost in the way about two thirds of its composition - in the snowstorms of the trap whole battalions, - and her remains were incapable of any serious offensive on the enemy, then Pain in the spirit and, having accepted poison, fled from the consequences of his Caesarian madness ... Tsarism suffered a pitiful crash, and moreover, represented by his externally impressive representative; He compromised Russia in front of the world, and at the same time itself - before Russia» .

In a small cycle, starting this article, it will be presented quite familiar to our reader at the Crimean War. The view based primarily on British, American and French documents. Reading the documents "from the" part of the parties, open up for yourself the previously unknown motives of certain actions of the opponents of Russia, see the situation of "their" eyes.

Pacific node

To begin with, as a bright example of different views on the same event, take the attack of Petropavlovsk in 1854. How do we explain it domestic historians? Allegedly, the British, taking advantage of the war, decided to seize the weakly collapsed Russian settlements in the Pacific Ocean. However, in reality, the situation was much more complicated. If you look at the situation with the eyes of the British, a completely different picture is poured.

Fregat "Pallada" on Okhtinskaya shipyard

As of 1854, the Russian fleet was located in the region of three 50-cannon frigates - Diana, Pallada and Aurora. At the same time, with the beginning of war, the Russian consulate in San Francisco opened the issuance of caper patents, and enterprising American captains became massively acquiring them in order to rob into English ships on legal grounds. In addition, the US government announced the possibility of using its nautical bases by Russian caperas.

The British insanely frightened even the 8-Canodore Lobanova-Rostovsky's 8-walled Russian schooner, which came on February 2, 1854 in Rio de Janeiro. Here is a quote from review by A.S. Sbignev "Review of foreign swimming of the courts of the Russian military fleet from 1850 to 1868 ":

« March 10, when Prince Lobanov-Rostov intended to get out of Rio Jeaniro, then the English Admiral who stood here with a squad showed the intention to take hold of schooner.

Prince Lobanov's personal explanations with Admiral discovered that although the war was not yet declared, but, in the event of the "Rogged" from the port, it will be taken by the British and sent to the English colonies.

Bold and prudent measures of Prince Lobanova-Rostovsky, who was in schoon, a military team was saved against captivity; She was sent from Rio Janeiro to Santos, and from there to Europe and through Warsaw safely arrived in St. Petersburg. Prince Lobanov himself went to Russia with a passenger.Yacht "Rogneda" was left to them in Rio Janeiro, at the suggestion of the Count Camp, our Messenger in Brazil, and was subsequently sold ".