Adjacent to the middle and lower flow of the Volga and economically supporting it. Within the Volga region, a relatively raised rightbye is allocated with the Volga Hills and Left Bank - so on. Volga. Naturally, the Volga region is sometimes attributed to the areas that are in the upper flow of the Volga.

Once the Volga region was part of the Volga Bulgaria, Polovtsy Steppe, Golden Horde and Russia.

The following areas of the Volga region are allocated:

• Upper Volga (from source to the mouth of Oka) - Tverskaya, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Nizhny Novgorod region;
• Medium Volga (from the right inflow of Sura to southern edge of the Samara Luke [ ]) - Chuvashia, Republic of Mari El, Tatarstan, Ulyanovsk and Samara region;
• Lower Volga (from kama flow [ ] to the Caspian Sea) - Republic of Tatarstan, Ulyanovskaya, Samara, Saratov, Volgograd Region, Republic of Kalmykia and Astrakhan region.

After the construction of the Kuibyshev reservoir, the boundary between the Middle and Lower Volga usually consider the Zhigulevskaya HPP above Samara.

The relief is plain, the lowlands predominate and the swamble plains. The climate is moderate and continental and continental. Summer warm, with the average air temperature of July + 22 ° - + 25 ° C; Winter is pretty cold, the average monthly air temperature of January and February -10 ° - -15 ° C. The average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south of 200-300 mm. Natural areas: Mixed forest (Tatarstan), forest-steppe (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovskaya, Saratov region), steppe (Saratov (partially) and Volgograd region), semi-desert (Kalmykia, Astrakhan region). For the southern part of the territory is characteristic of the warm half of the year (from April to October), dust storms and Sukhovi.

Volga Federal District

Includes the regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza Region) and the Survival (Perm region, Bashkortostan). Center - Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. The population of the Volga Federal District as of January 1, 2008, 30 million 241 thousand 583 people. (21.4% of the population of Russia). The basis of the population is the townspeople. For example, in the Samara region, this indicator is more than 80%, which is generally somewhat higher than the All-Russian indicator (approximately 73%).

Volga-Vyatsky Economic District

Association of cities of the Volga region

On October 27, 1998, the first general meeting of the leaders of seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, was held in the city of Samara, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary. This event gave a ticket to the life of a qualitatively new structure of the interaction of municipalities - associations of the cities of the Volga region (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002, the Astrakhan and Saransk were replenished, in 2005 - the Hero Girl Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov Currently, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of them:

In 2015, the Association includes: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Togliatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. In the cities of the Association, more than thirteen million people live.

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Trailer

"You will be caught to dance, as with Suvorov you danced (On Vous Fera Danser [you will be forced to dance])," said Doolokh.
- QU "EST CE QU" IL CHANTE? [What does he sing there?] - said one Frenchman.
- De L "Histoire Ancienne, [ancient story] - said another, guessing that it was about the previous wars. - L" Empereur Va Lui Faire Voir A Voir Souvara, Comme Aux Autres ... [The emperor will show your Suwara, like another ...]
"Bonaparte ..." she began to share, but the Frenchman interrupted him.
- No Bonaparte. There is an emperor! Sacre Nom ... [Chort Take ...] - he shouted angrily.
- Chort His Derie Your Emperor!
And share in Russian, rudely, overwhelmed by the soldiers and, having rolled around the gun, moved away.
"Let's go, Ivan Lukich," he said to the Rotty.
"That's how Hrantzuzski," soldiers spoke in the chain. - Well, you, Sidorov!
Sidorov winked and, referring to the French, began often, often misunderstood words:
- Kari, Mala, Tafa, Safi, Mother, helmet, - he was burdown, trying to give expressive intonation to his voice.
- Go Go go! Ha ha, ha, ha! Wow! Wow! - rang out between the soldiers of the roar of such a healthy and cheerful laughter, unwittingly through the chain of the reporting and French, that after that it was necessary, it seemed to discharge guns, blow up charges and disintegrate with everyone at home.
But the guns remained charged, the loopholes in the houses and fortifications were also terrible forward and the same as before, they remained against each other facing, filmed from the front of the cannons.

Having traveled the entire line of troops from the right to the left flank, Prince Andrei rose to that battery with which, according to the headquarters of the officer, the entire field was visible. Here he tears from the horse and stopped at the extreme of the four toes taken from the forefront. Ahead of the guns walked an hour artillery who stretched out to the officer, but according to him the sign resumed his uniform, bullish walking. The rear of the guns stood in front of the front, even behind the bone of artillery players. Left, not far from the far gun, there was a new braided shalashik, from which lively officer voices were heard.
Indeed, from the battery, a view of almost the location of the Russian troops and most of the enemy was opened. Right against the battery, on the horizon of the opposite Bug, the village of Shengraben was visible; To the left and the right could be distinguished in three places, among the smoke of their fires, the masses of the French troops, whom, obviously, was located in the country itself and for the mountain. The left of the village, in the smoke, it seemed that it was like a battery, but it was impossible to consider it a simple eye. Our right flank was located on a rather steep elevation, which was dominated by the position of the French. There was our infantry on it, and they were viscoted at the very edge. In the center, where he was the battery Tushina, with whom he considered the position of Prince Andrei, there was the most slightly and direct descent and lifting to the creek, separating us from Shenbang. Ours, our left troops were adjacent to the forest, where the fires of our switched firewood were smoldering, infantry. The French line was wider than our, and it was clear that the French could easily get around us on both sides. The back of our position was a steep and deep ravine, according to which it was difficult to retreat artillery and Connection. Prince Andrei, leaning on the gun and pulling out the wallet, drawn for himself a plan for the arrangement of troops. In two places, he put notes with a pencil, intending to report them to Bagration. He assumed, first, to focus all artillery in the center and, secondly, the cavalry to translate back, on the side of the ravine. Prince Andrei, constantly being at the commander-in-chief, watching the movements of masses and community regulations and constantly engaged in historical descriptions of battles, and in this upcoming business involuntarily discussed the future course of hostilities only in general terms. He was presented only to the next kind of major accidents: "If the enemy will lead the attack on the right flank," he said himself, "the Kiev Grenadier and Podolsky Hanroom will have to keep their position until the reserves of the Center are suitable for them. In this case, the dragoons can hit the flank and tip them over. In the case of attack on the center, we put the central battery on this elevation and under its cover we are tightened to the left flank and retreat to the ravine by echelons, "he argued himself ...
All the time that he was on the battery at the gun, he, as it often happens, without ceasing, heard the sounds of the votes of officers who spoke in Balagan, but did not understand a single word from what they said. Suddenly the sound of votes from Balagan struck him with such a sincere tone that he involuntarily began to listen.
"No, Blue," said a pleasant and as if a voice acquaintance, Andrei Voice, "I say that if one would probably have known what will happen after death, then no one was afraid of death. So, dovetone.
Another, younger voice interrupted it:
"Yes, be afraid, do not be afraid, anyway," do not pass.
- And everyone is afraid! Oh, you, scientists, "said the third courageous voice, interrupting both. - then you, artilleryrs, and scientists are very different that everything with you can, and vodka and snacks.
And the owner of a courageous voice, apparently, the infantry officer laughed.
- And everyone is afraid, "the first familiar voice continued. - You are afraid of the unknown, that's what. How do you say that the soul will go to the sky ... After all, we know that there is no sky, a sphere alone.
Again, the courageous voice interrupted an artilleryman.
"Well, treat your herbalist, Tushin," he said.
"Ah, this is the most captain who stood without a boot.", I thought Prince Andrew, gladly recognizing a pleasant philosophy voice.
- It is possible to travelers, "Tishin said," and still a future life to comprehend ... "
He did not negotiate. At this time, a whistle was heard in the air; Closer, closer, faster and more heard, heard and faster, and the kernel, as if not a negotiation of everything that was needed, with an inhuman force blasting splashes, slapped into the ground near Balagan. The earth seemed to be frowning from a terrible strike.

Fig. 1. Map of the Volga region ()

In the south-east of the European part of Russia, where the Volga proceeds, on both shores of the river the river there is one of the major economic regions of our country - Volga region(Fig. 1). River Volga(Fig. 2) serves as the main district-forming axis of the Volga region.

Fig. 2. River Volga ()

The territory includes two republics: Tatarstan, a center in the city of Kazan, and Kalmykia, with a center in Elista; Six areas: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Saratov, Penza, Ulyanovsk and Samara. The rod of the district is a Volga, which is the link in the subjects of the Federation, which form this economic district. District stretched out From north to south, about 1500 km and is located between the two industrial nuclei: Central Russia and the Urals. In addition to this area bordered With the Central Black Earth, North Caucasian, or European South, Ural, Volga-Vyatsky and Central.

Republic of Tatarstan

Tatarstan situated In the center of the Russian Federation on the Eastern European Plain, in the confluence of the two largest rivers: Volga and Kama. Capital Republic - Kazan (Fig. 3).

General areaTatarstan - over 67 thousand km 2. Length Territories from north to south - 290 km, and from west to east - 460 km. Borders Tatarstan has no foreign states. Among the peoples inhabiting Tatarstan, the predominant population - Tatars (more than 53%), in second place - Russians (40%), and in third place - Chuvashi (4%) (Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. Population of Tatarstan ()

Colors state flag republics mean: green - spring greens, revival; white - color of purity; Red - maturity, energy, power and life (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5. Flag of Tatarstan ()

Central the image of the emblem Tatarstan - Winged Bars (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6. Coat of arms of Tatarstan ()

In antiquity is the deity of fertility, the patron of children. In the emblem of the Republic of Bars is the patron saint of its people.

Volga region located On the Eastern European Plain and the Caspian Lowland, its natural conditions are quite diverse and more often favorable for agricultural activities (Fig. 7).

Fig. 7. Volga Landscape ()

Territory Volga region covers several physico-geographical zones: forest-steppe (northern area), extensive steppe spaces (Syzran and Samara latitude), desert chain (southern part of the area). The Volga River and the Akhtuba River divide the region into two parts: a high right bank and a reduced left bank, that is N. Volga. In the left bank, near the Volga, the area is lowered, so on. Low Volga. To the east, the terrain begins to rise, forming a high Volga region, or the Volga, the southern part of which is called a common crawl. Right bank, right up to Volgograd, is occupied by the Volga hill, the maximum height of which is 375 m above sea level. The elevation is located in the Zhigulevsky crack opposite the city of Samara. For most of the territory of the Volga region, it is characterized by the fact that an arms-beam and river network is formed here. In addition, the slope of the Volga hill, located along the Volga and the river, is subject to landslides. On the territory of the plain-Caspian lowland, the depressions and limans are formed in which the thaper spring water flows. This makes it possible to form more fertile soils and cereal plants. The floodplain of the same Volga-Akhtuba territory is flooded too during a flood.

Volgatake starts On Valdai Hills at an altitude of 229 m above sea level, flies in the Caspian Sea, mouth Lies 28 m below sea level. The Volga is the largest in the world of the inner flow river, that is, not flowing into the world ocean. It takes about 200 tributaries. Left inflows - Oka, Sura, and others - numerous and multi-way right, such as Kama, White, etc.

Fig. 8. Volga basin ()

Pool Volga takes about 1/3 of the European territory of Russia and extends From the Valdai and Middle Russian elevation in the west to the Urals in the East. Volga crossing Several natural zones: forest, forest-steppe, steppe and semi-deserted. Volga is customary to share on three parts: Upper Volga (from the source to the mouth of the Oka), the average Volga (from the airflow to the mouth to the mouth of the Kama) and the Lower Volga (from the kama to the mouth). The Great Russian River Volga inspired artists, writers, poets, film director (Fig. 9).

Fig. 9. I. Aivazovsky "Volga at the Zhigulav mountain" ()

The largest, greatly pronounced and well-known emitted of the Volga River, located in the lower flow of the Volga between Sleele Usolye and the city of Syzran. Territory of Samara Luke named Luke, because here the Volga makes an emitting, rich Zhigulevsky Mountains (Fig. 10).

Fig. 10. Samara Luka ()

According to one of the legends, the Samara Luka was formed due to the fact that Volga schitried, climbed: deceived Zhiguli and ran away to Caspian. The territory of Samara Luke was divided into two parts: the National Park and the Zhigulevsky Reserve. Talisman National Park chose a fox as the most common and typical animal of Samara Luke. In the folklore folklore, the fool's smart, beautiful, tricky, like the Volga, so it was chosen as a talisman (Fig. 11).

Also her name was Lucker Patrikeevna.

Endemic species of plants, i.e., plants that germinate only in this area are a hawthorn (Fig. 12) and the Katar coruster (Fig. 13).

Fig. 12. Hawthorn Volzhsky ()

Fig. 13. Corruption Tatar ()

Most numerous animals - Elk (Fig. 14), Kaban, Forest Cute, Badge, Plumus, Squirrel, Fox and in Mall Quantity Lynx.

average temperature January falls to the east, and the average July temperature rises in the eastern and southeast direction. For the Volga region characterized by pronounced continental climate type, moreover, its continentality increases with the promotion from the North-West to the southeast. In the south of the Volga region there is the most arid climatic belt of Europe. For the Volga region are characterized by early and late-seated frost. In winter, sometimes there are thaws. In the summer and autumn, drought can be formed, and during summer Sukhovyev, plant cover dries on the root. Natural cover Preserved on small areas of the region. It is a varnoperous-nice, ticker-naughty and meadow steppes, saltwateted meadows, and in the coastal strip of the Caspian Sea - even desert landscapes.

Natural resources Volga region diverse. TO mineral resources Oil (Fig. 15) (Tatarstan and Samara region), Gas (Astrakhan and Samara region, Kalmykia), Salt (Lake Baskunchak and Volgograd region), limestone, sand and other building materials (Volgograd and Saratov region), there is a native field sulfur (Samara region).

Fig. 15. Placement of oil and gas fields on the map of the Volga region ()

In this region is sufficiently developed agroclimatic resourcesBecause heat, there are a variety of fertile soils and sufficient moisture. Rich region I. water resources. Thus, it can be said that in connection with the diversity of resources in the area you can develop various industries.

Homework

1. Tell us about the geographical position and the relief of the Volga region.
2. Tell us about the climate and the nature of the Volga region.
3. Tell us about the natural resources of the Volga region.

Bibliography

1. Customs EA Geography of Russia: household and regions: grade 9, textbook for students of general educational institutions. - M.: Ventana Graf, 2011.
2. Froyberg A.E. Economic and social geography. - 2011, 416 p.
3. Atlas on economic geography, grade 9. - Drop, 2012.

1. Internet portal komanda-k.ru ().
2. Internet portal Tepka.Ru ().

Probably, many have repeatedly heard such a name as the Volga region. It is not surprising, since this geographical area has a large territory and occupies an important place in the life of the whole country. The major cities of the Volga region are also leaders in many indicators. Industry and economics in the area are well developed. The article will describe in detail about the largest settlements of the Volga region, about their placement, economics and other important points.

Volga region: General

First you need to get better to get acquainted with the area itself. If you give a definition of the Volga, it can be said that it includes territories adjacent to the Volga River. They have long been populated, since the river was considered an important transport and trading way. Most of the Volga region consists of flat relief. There are often shorts and small hilly terrain. The climate of these places is moderately continental, and in some places continental. Weather conditions here are not too severe, but winter is quite cold. Summer in the area is warm, the average temperature in July is usually at + 22-25. ˚ FROM.

The major cities of the Volga region are of particular interest. Now this area is densely populated. Industry, agriculture, transport system is actively developing here. The peculiarity of the placement of major cities of the Volga region is largely related to the favorable position in terms of economics and geography. The settlements have long been mainly appeared next to large trading paths (in this case, near the Volga).

The most significant cities of this area

So, we got acquainted with the Volga himself a little. Now it is worth talking about its settlements. The largest cities of the Volga region are Kazan, Samara and Volgograd. They have a population of more than 1 million people. These cities became real industrial centers, at the moment they continue to actively develop. You should not deprive your attention and other major cities of the Volga region. Among them, it is necessary to say about Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Penza, Astrakhan, Nizhny Novgorod.

Many are also interested in the question of what the largest city of the Volga region. At the moment, such a settlement is Kazan. Now it is worth considering the most important cities of this area.

Kazan.

So, you need to learn more about this wonderful city. It is located in the Republic of Tatarstan and is its center. Interestingly, there is a fairly large port here, where there is a permanent turnover. The city is known for the whole country and occupies an important place in the field of economics, science, politicians, culture.

Kazan is a very ancient city. Its foundation, according to some data, belongs to 1005. Thus, it becomes clear that the city has a truly ancient history. Initially, the fortress was formed here. However, in the XIII century, Kazan began to actively develop and grow. Gradually, it turned into an important center as part of the Golden Horde. And in the XV century, she became the central city who paid tribute to even Moscow. However, Ivan Grozny took this city, all resistances were suppressed. Thus, Kazan entered the Russian state.

Now Kazan is a millionth city, in 2016 its population amounted to 1216965 people. This is also a major industrial center. Mechanical engineering, light industry, as well as chemical and petrochemical production are widely developed.

Samara

Many are wondering what location is in second place in size. We have already found out that Kazan is the largest city of the Volga region. The following settlement is Samara. It also occupies an important place in the Volga Economic Space. According to 2016, the population of the city is about 11,70910 people.

At first there was a fortress. It was laid in 1586. The main goal of such a construction was to control the movement along the Volga and prevent the raids of nomads and other enemies along the waterways. Samara has a rich history. For example, in the XVII-XVIII centuries, the city became the center of the uprising of the peasants. At one time, he was even captured by the troops submitted to Stepan Razin. In the middle of the XIX century, Samara province was created. Thus, this settlement also became its center. At that time, the number of people in these places increased markedly.

For a long time, since 1935, the city wore another name - Kuibyshev. However, in 1991, it was decided to return his former name to him. Of particular interest is the fact that there is a longest embankment in our country. Another record - in the city there is the highest construction station throughout Europe.

As for the economic component of the city, it is mostly represented by various industries. The most developed mechanical engineering and metalworking. Also in the city there are many food industry enterprises.

Volgograd

Another major city of the Volga region is Volgograd. This settlement also plays an important role in the economic, cultural, scientific and other spheres of the entire area. The population of the city in 2016 amounted to 1016137 people. This indicator suggests that it is really a major settlement.

The history of these places is rich in various events. He appeared, like many other cities of the Volga region, near the trading pathway, held along the Volga. These lands were under the rule of the Golden Horde. However, since the beginning of the XV century, it broke up into several separate hans. Gradually, the Moscow Principality could defeat them. The first mention of the city (then he was called Tsaritsyn) refers to 1579. The city survived a large number of defeasions and restored each time. For example, in 1607, when the city was recognized in Tsaritsyn, the city was taken by storming by order of Vasily Shui. Also in the middle of the XVII century, peasant uprisings took place.

From the XVIII to the beginning of the 20th century, the city was actively developed in the industrial sphere and gradually became the center of the entire region. The defense production, mechanical engineering and metallurgy are now most developed.

Saratov

Be sure to note such a city like Saratov. It is also a major economic component of the Volga region. His population for 2016 is 843460 people. Interestingly, this settlement is one of the 20 largest cities of the country, but is not a millionth city.

Refers to 1590. Then the fortress was laid here. Earlier, the settlements of the Golden Horde were located. Already in the XVIII century, the city became a major center, where trade was organized. At the beginning of the 20th century, Saratov became the largest in the number of residents.

Thus, not only the largest city of the Volga region, but also other large-scale settlements was considered. We got acquainted with their history and various interesting facts about them.

And St. Petersburg). Kazan Kremlin is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

"Sarafan", "Brake", "Cherdak", "Chulan", "Pencil", "Mayak", "Katorga", "Money" - these words came to the Russian language from Tatar.

In modern Tatarstan, two equal languages \u200b\u200bare Russian and Tatar. Until 1927, Tatar writing was built on the basis of Arabic graphics, from 1927 to 1939 developed on the basis of Latin graphics, and from 1939 to the present - on the basis of Cyrillic. Three dialects are distinguished in Tatar language - Western (Mishar), medium (Kazan-Tatar) and East (Siberian-Tatar).

According to the results of the census of 1897, Tatars were one of the most competent peoples of the Russian Empire - this is due to the ability to read and write in their native language and, often, in Arabic or Turkish.

The modern cities of Tatarstan - Kazan and Elabuga were founded as border fortresses.

Catherine II presented his gold-plated carriage. After some time, the carriage was taken to the restoration, but they never returned back.

In 1926, in Tatarstan there was such a snowy and prolonged winter that the snow began to melt only in May, the Volga left the shores, and flood began. It continued for almost a month. Kazan turned into Venice, in the city People moved exclusively by boats.

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, each resident has the right to receive a passport of a Russian citizen with the liner in Tatar language and depicting the state coat of arms of Tatarstan.

In the 1930s, some churches and monasteries in Sviyazisk were destroyed. One of them was used as a branch of the Gulag, and after the death of I.V. Stalin of its corps became a psychiatric hospital.

Kazan is a record holder in the number of victories overwhelmed in competitions of the team sport.

Carbose (car - snow, bosis - ice) - the so-called well-known berry - watermelon (distorted name). The first watermelon to the territory of the current Russia was delivered by Tatars in the XIII - XIV centuries and began to grow this delicious berry.

In 1552, Kazan was taken by storm after the seminal siege by the troops of Ivan the Terrible. In the second half of the XVI century, Kazan turned into a Russian city.

The Volga Bulgaria first in Europe began to pay cast iron.

The brightest Tatar holiday - Sabantuy - the feast of the plow, which is celebrated in June. The most spectacular events at this celebration are a national struggle (Korsech) and horse racing.

QIP (ICQ) created Tatar Ilham Zulkorniyev from Kazan in 2004.

Kazan wears the title "Third Capital of Russia". This title is not named, but official. This title Kazan received for his cultural heritage and not only.

The aggregate damage caused by the Republic of Tatarstan as a result of the harmful effects of the water of the Nizhnekamsky reservoir (the reservoirs and destruction of the shores) is more than 400 million rubles per year.

In the Rafic section of the Volzhsko-Kama Reserve, the age of trees in pineails can reach 210 years, while their height is 38 meters, and the width is 76 cm.

Gabdulla Tukai - Tatar People's Poet, literary critic, publicist and translator. For Tatar
he has the same importance as Pushkin for the Russian people.

Kazan powder plant sent more than a million charges to the front for Katyusch.

In the repentant collections of the XIV century, a kiss with an open mouth and the use of the language was called Tatar. And only in the XVIII century, such kisses began to refer to French.

In the water area of \u200b\u200bKuibyshev and Nizhnekamsky reservoirs, in the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, there are 124 sunken and abandoned vessels.

Interesting facts about the Ulyanovsk region

Ulyanovsk region received its name in 1943, in honor of his most famous resident - Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov - Lenin.

On the runway of the airport named after N.M. Karamzin (Former "Ulyanovsk-Central") in the summer of 1973, an episode was shot from the comedy Eldar Ryazanov "The incredible adventures of Italians in Russia" - landing the aircraft on the highway.

Ulyanovsk is one of the three cities in the world where a huge musical instrument is installed on the streets - 7 meter wind bodies.

In Ulyanovsk, there is one of the largest airlighter plants in Europe. It produces lifting aircraft An-124 Ruslan and passenger aircraft Tu-204. The Ulyanovsk region ranks first in Russia for the production of civilian aircraft and the fifth - for the production of cars.

The "lower terrace" is the only place in Russia, which is below the water level of the nearby reservoir. At one time, this area was to get into the flood zone of the future Kuibyshev reservoir on the Volga. Therefore, the dam was built and now the whole area with 40,000 inhabitants lives by 6-10 meters below the Volga level.

In the northern hemisphere due to the tilt axis of the Earth, all rivers are climbed by their right bank. The Volga flows from the north to south, and the Sviyaga - from the south to the north, therefore their shores arehed to meet each other. Rivers come closer at a speed of 4 mm per year. The minimum distance between the rivers is now 2 km, so they will meet only in millions of years.

Ulyanovsk is the most multi-line city of the Volga region. Representatives of more than 80 nationalities live here.

In the basement of the Ulyanovsky Dramteater, under the small stage, from October 1 to October 25, 1774 was in the conclusion of Emelyan Pugachev.

Ulyanovsk - "City of Seven Winds". Despite the high development of the industry, the air in the city is always clean.

In the Sviyazh bay, 165 species and varieties of algae feel perfectly, which include representatives of all major groups of freshwater algae.

In Ulyanovsk, there is an unusual monument - "Sofa Oblomov".

Kuibyshev reservoir, according to many scientists, brought trouble and loss more than good. The quality of water in the Volga, with the advent of the reservoir, worsened and continues to deteriorate, the coast of the mighty Russian river was subjected to erosions and landslides, the balance of natural systems is disturbed, the fish will die, the rolling coast destroys the buildings and residential buildings. After creating a Volga reservoir, in this area, it became, almost a week to freeze and later free from ice. The conditions for growing coastal and aquatic vegetation, habitats of birds and fish have changed. At the bottom of the Kuibyshev reservoir today, a huge number of bottom sediments containing heavy metals, petroleum products, which is a serious threat to the ecology of the Volga.

Ulyanovsk - Port of the five seas: along the Volga and Channels you can get to the Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic and White Sea.

The most deaf place area is located on the border with Chuvashia 10 kilometers to the north-west from the large hectic. Bears are constantly entering this area, therefore, it can be boldly called a bearish corner of the region.

The Confectionery Factory "Volzhanka" ranks 6th in Russia for confectionery production, producing more than 140 products - caramel, candy, chocolate, cookies, waffles, marmalade.

275 million years ago, the territory of modern Ulyanovsk was flooded with a warm tropical sea.

Power of the Volga HPP named after V.I. Lenin, the dam forms the Kuibyshev reservoir, is 2315 MW; The average annual production is 10.5 billion kW / h.

The largest, caught in the city of Ulyanovsk, Beluga was 5 meters long and weighed 1,400 kg.

Interesting facts about the Samara region

The Samara region does not apply to the number of seismic zones, however, about spring earthquakes in Togliatti now they say often. In a spring flood, the Volga HPP begins to dump from the top of the besef to the lower large volumes of water. Flowing with almost 40-meter heights flow causes a large wave, which destroys the shore, and microinders arise on the territories adjacent to the HPP.

Who did not hear about the famous "Zhigulav beer"? The beer plant, built in 1881 in Samara Austrian Nobleman Alfred von Vakano, works, so far, and is one of the symbols of the city.
Those who wish can still admire the old buildings built in the style of the German Renaissance, buy in the building of the plant souvenirs of beer themes and, of course, try the freshest "Zhigulevskoye".

The name of the revolutionar Valerian Kuibyshev during the Soviet power was given at once to several cities: Samara, Kainska in the Novosibirsk region, Spassk in the Tataria. Kuybyshevka was called Belogorsk in the Amur region. Kuibyshev has become an extensive reservoir in the north-west of the Samara region, on the shore of which Togliatti is located.

The blue lake, located in the Sergievsky district of the Samara region, is known since antiquity. From the bottom beats a powerful hydrogen sulfide source. There is no life in the lake, this is explained by his transparency.The beauty of the lake fascinates, in his transparent depth (about 17 meters) I want to watch again and again. But most lucky those who can dive. According to divers, if you dive and look up, then, as in the picture, you can see the clouds floating around the sky, trees growing on the shore, and waiting for you comrades.Locals believe in the healing power of the lake and connect with him a lot of legends. It is said that in the old days in the lake, as if the horse failed with a cart, allegedly did not find them, and also that sometimes frosted boards with mysterious letters pop up ...

In 1859, traveling along the Volga, Samara visits the French writer A. Dumas, on returning to his homeland, he publishes the book "From Paris to Astrakhan", in which he dedicated the pages and Samara province.

In the middle of the XIX century, Samara became the first city in the world, where the Kattlecore was opened for the healing of consuming patients. Nestor postnings, engaged in medical practice, noticed that the acidic mare milk helps in the treatment of tuberculosis. After that, the doctor in 1858 for his money, in six versts from Samara, built a kiddy. Very soon, the Samara Kattlecore has gained great popularity. The institution was visited by members of the royal family, came from England for treatment, Germany, France , Italy Portugal. For serving medicine, Nestor Postnikov was awarded the orders of St. Anne two degrees and the Order of St. Vladimir. In addition, the postnings became nobler, and his name was listed in the noble pedigree. Now the Samara Regional Clinical Anti-Turning Roadnik Namesniest Names is located in the former Kidless.

Samara Embankment is a cascade of beautiful terraces descending to the Volga beaches. In the summer, the embankment becomes a favorite place of resting citizens, there are numerous city holidays and festivals. Fountains, flower beds, sports grounds and platforms for creativity, cafe, rides, rolling rollers and bicycles - Everyone will find a lesson in the soul!

In Samara, the highest building of the railway station in Europe. The overall height of the station along with the dome and the spire reaches 101 meters. Railway station has a viewing platform. This is a big balcony around the dome of the station complex. The site is located at an altitude of 95 meters. This is equivalent to the level of the 18th floor. On the 2nd floor in the building of the Samara station there is a historic Museum of the Kuibyshev highway.

On the night of July 21, July 22, 2005, circles appeared on the buckwheat field near Togliatti,
diameter about 200 meters. The most different theories of the appearance of these circles were expressed: from landing aliens to PR shares of the city administration.

The city-forming enterprise Togliatti is AvtoVAZ, due to which the city is often called the "automotive capital of Russia", as well as, "Russian Detroit". Tolyatti belongs to the ecologists to the regions of the third of the four possible pollution classes. The main source of pollution is automobile transport and plants.

Children's and youthful years of the writer Alexei Tolstoy was held in Samara, Maxim Gorky, working in the Samara Gazeta, was starting his literary career, working in the Samara Gazeta, I.E. Repin, V.I. Surikov, I.K. Aivazovsky.

The vintage gallery in the village of Shiryaevo is considered one of the most mysterious and complete secrets of tourist sites of the Samara region, where not only Russian, but also foreign tourists seek to get. This is a real underground city with gallery of tunnels, for which a two-storey bus will emit with ease. Until now, in the caves you can see the traces of the sleeper of the narrow scene, there are even a miracle of the surviving pieces of rails. Under the legs there are stones of various sizes, sometimes whole mountains of harvested limestone. Some piles of such blocks appeared as a result of the collaps, so, walking through the dungeons, though it is interesting, but unsafe.

Samara was the capital twice. In 1918, from June to October, the capital of the Russian Democratic Federal Republic. The Russian republic was one of the unrestrained "white" states that were created in the country shortly after the October Revolution. And also, in October 1941, Kuibyshev (so Samara was called from 1935 to 1991) for almost two years he became the spare capital of the USSR. Due to the heavy setting at the front, part of the apparatus of the Central Committee of the Party, a number of drug addicts, embassies, military and diplomatic missions of 22 states, many industrial enterprises, a troupe of the Bolshoi Theater were evacuated. This period of life of the city of the writer Vasily Grossman called "a mixture of state romance with evacuation boom."

Kuibyshev Square in Samara is the largest square in Europe. It occupies a territory of 17.4 hectares. There are only four central squares, in the territory exceeding Samara - in Cairo, Havana, Beijing and Pyongyang.

Big IRGI is considered one of the most winding rivers in the world. In some sections, the distance between points in three, and even five times more than in a straight line.

Stalin Bunker is one of the most interesting and mysterious Samara museums. It was built specifically for the supreme commander of the Armed Forces of the USSR of Joseph Stalin in case Moscow, during the Second World War, the fascists were taken and had to transfer the capital to Kuibyshev. The bunker is located at a depth of 37 meters. Built in 1942, declassified in 1990. Currently, the construction is one of the largest bunkers in the world. It supports permanent microclimate. The air temperature is constant and equals + 19 ° C. In the bunker there is a personal office of Stalin, having many fake doors and secret outlets. According to the Samamans, exploring the dungeon, this is not the only bunker in Samara.

Interesting facts about the Penza region

Penza residents are called Penza or Penza, residents Penza - Penza or Plenhacca.

The Penza Circus is the birthplace of the Russian circus, founded by the Nikitin brothers on December 25, 1873. Initially, the nikitin brothers built a circus in Penza on the banks of the Sura River, the views took place on the ice. One of the main features of this circus was that only Russian circus advocated in it.

Penza planetarium - the only wooden planetarium in the world, there are no other.

Penza met and got married Parents V.I. Lenin: Ulyanov and Blank.

Interesting facts about the Saratov region

In 1903 - 1906, the Saratov governor was P.A. Stolypin. At that time it was one of the largest and most revolutionized provinces of Russia. Here Stolypin could show his steep temper and the ability to pacify the troubles. For the suppression of the peasant uprising in the province in 1905, he even received the gratitude of Emperor Nicholas II.

Yuri Gagarin went to Saratov land after his legendary flight into space. The second person who visited the near-earth orbit, German Titov, also met Saratovschina, too.

In Saratov, he tragically ended his life path, in a prison hospital, an outstanding geneticist and botany Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov.

Saratov - an old theater city. The first fortress theater appeared here in 1803. Currently, nine theaters operate in the city.

In 1901, "platinum water" was discovered in the vicinity of Rtishchev. Since 1907, water has been supplied to the royal court. Water was considered therapeutic and possessed anti-cancer properties. The entire process of spill and ship delivery was classified. After the revolution of 1917, the source was lost.

For his history, the city was repeatedly transferred from one place to another. The settlement, based somewhat higher along the flow of the Volga, than modern Saratov, was completely burned in the winter of 1613 - 1614, and the garrison, which made his population, went to Samara. In 1617, Saratov again was rebuilt, but already on the left bank of the Volga - at the place of signing the river Saratovka in the Volga.

Until 1992, Saratov was closed for foreigners as a city, since several large enterprises of the defense industry worked here.

Saratov became the third city of Russia, which began using telephone communication.

In the second half of the 18th century, Empress Ekaterina II invited residents of European countries to move to Russia and settle on the banks of the Volga. Thousands of residents from European countries responded to the invitation, but most of all of the Germanic states: Guessine, Baden, Saxony, Mainz and others. In 1764 - 1768, after inviting the empress in the territories of modern Saratov and Volgograd regions, 106 German colonies were formed, in which 25,600 people settled. The German colonists turned the Slobod to the major item for storing, processing and trading bread.

Engels is the birthplace of the famous composer Alfred Schnitke. He is the author of music written by more than 60 movies.

On August 15, 1670, Stepan Razin joined the Saratov, the residents met His bread-salt. From this point on, until July 1671, Saratov became one of the centers of the peasant war on the Lower Volga.

The only Russian laureate of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and the third of Russian scientists was born and studied in Saratov, who was awarded the Nobel Prize - Nikolai Nikolaevich Semenov.

Next to the city of Balakovo is the Balakovo NPP, built in 1977 - 1985. Today is the largest manufacturer of electricity in Russia. Every year it produces about 30 billion kW / h of electricity, and this is more than any other country power station. The Balakovo NPP is a recognized leader of the nuclear energy of Russia, it has repeatedly honored the title of "Best NPP of Russia".

Interesting facts about the Volgograd region

In the north of the Volgograd region there is a Medolitskaya ridge, where the hills of 200 - 380 meters are stretching along the Medveditz River. The entire territory of the ridge is permeated by underground tunnels. It is not known anyone who and when they were prohibits. Eyewitnesses say that real wonders occur here: sources with radioactive and distilled water are beaten, and from under the ground there are ball lightning, which are flying daily by the same "routes". And in the sky above the Grocery, according to the stories of local residents, glowing triangular objects often appear. They hang over the entrance to the tunnels, and then removed from the north to south.

The Khoper River flowing through the territory of the Volgograd region is one of the cleanest in Europe, and, according to UNESCO, is the most pure among the small rivers of Europe. Her age exceeds 10,000 years.

The Tsimlyan reservoir is called the sea, since its area is enormous and is about 3,000 km². The Tsimlyan reservoir is strongly stretched in length, but its width is also significant and, on average, it is 38 km - the opposite bank in many places is not visible or calmly distinguishable, and the sky is as if dissolved in the Tsimlyan waves. The water of the Tsimlyan reservoir is quite clean, its quality, according to specialists estimates, fluctuates within the II - III classes. This fact is especially impressive if you recall that the Baikal water is assigned the second class, and Baikal is recognized as the most pure Lake of Russia. In addition, the Tsimlyan reservoir is the most productive reservoir for the catch of fish in Russia: they catch the bream, Sinnets, Pike, Sazan, Guster here. In order to preserve this honorable status, in recent decades, active measures are carried out to replenish the fish wealth of reservoir. The numerous bays of the man-made sea are the most important spawns of the valuable rocks of fish listed in the Red Book.

All the famous sculpture "Motherland-Mother calls!", What rises at Mamaev Kurgan, entered into the Guinness Book of Records as the largest statue in the world. Its height reaches 52 meters, and the length of the sword, which holds the mother-mother-mother of 29 meters, the total height of 85 meters. Its construction lasted 8 years. In its design, there are direct analogies with the battle. The number of steps from the foot to the upper platform is 200, the same number of days continued Stalingrad battle. The silhouette of the monumental motherland is taken as the basis for images on the coat of arms and the flag of the Volgograd region. For comparison - other world-famous giant statues: Statue of Liberty (New York, USA ) - in a height of 46 meters, and the statue of Christ-Redeemer (Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ) - 38 meters.

The Tsimlyanskaya HPP, together with the builders, built the prisoners of the Gulag (Tsimlyansky Correctional Labor Camp).

The Tsimlyan reservoir presents a serious danger to the inhabitants of coastal territories.
Strong winds, raising the water of the artificial sea, fell ashore and flood thousands of hectares of the Earth. Water of the artificial sea flooded many stages, including the village of Tzimlyanskaya, who gave the reservoir name. The rise of the water level leads to a gradual toasting shores, and strong northern winds are also promoted. For the year, the reservoir captures up to 12 meters of sushi. To protect the shores, measures are being taken to strengthen them.

The pride of a natural park, spreading on the shores of the Tsimlyan reservoir, are the herds of Mustangs, who found the refuge and fed food in these protected places.

Volgograd has the greatest length among the cities of Russia. It is located along the Volga in length per 100 km. Sometimes residents from one end of the city for all their lives never happen at the other end of Volgograd.

In the Krasnoarmeysky district of Volgograd, at the entrance to the Volga-Don shipping channel, a gigantic monument was established by the leader of the October Revolution - V. I. Lenin; His height is as much as 27 meters, plus the height of the pedestal is 30 meters. So this Ilyich was extinct for 57 meters! The monument is listed in the Guinness Book of Records, as the largest monument in the world established by a really living person.

E.Yoyuupinsk was born in Uryupinsk Jugashvili, grandson I.V. Stalin. Also, the city is the homeland of Geology-Oilman D.V. Glovenikova.

Uryupinsk is famous for the unique breed of the Lonsk silver goat. Its durable fluff long to 10 cm has a shade of gray with a blue steel tide. Externally, uryupin handkerchiefs and shawls are similar to fur sobular capes. Especially appreciated scarves from direct rune.

Volgograd Metropolitan has its own feature. In the 70s, the construction of the metro was needed, but according to the status of Volgograd was not a city-"Millionik", which means that the metro station was not assumed. The city authority gave the order to dug 3 underground stations and let the "high-speed tram" on them, under the busiest transport network, and the tram went on ordinary rails, both ground and underground. It is now called "Metrotram".

Mamaev Kurgan is the fraternal grave of the defenders of the city who fell in battle. 11,000 Soviet fighters and commanders were buried here. After graduating from the Great Patriotic War on each square meter of the Earth, Mamaeva Kurgan found more than 1,000 fragments of shells and mines. More than 10 years after the war, even her grass grew in the mound.

The Volgograd reservoir is the longest of all the Volga artificial seas, it stretches more than half a thousand kilometers from Saratov to Volgograd. This is a great place for fishing. There are bream, Sudak, Sazan and coming from the Caspian Sea.

In the dam of the Volga HPP, one of the largest fish in Russia is exploited, that is, a special gateway, as it were, a fish elevator, raising at certain intervals of the accumulated "passengers" - valuable rocks of fish from the Caspian Sea, which in the spring tend to up the Volga and her In the tributaries to their traditional spawning.

Streets with the name "Stalingrad" exist in many cities in the world. In Paris, there is a metro station "Stalingrad".

To this day, in Volgograd, military and volunteers discover several dozen unexploded bombs and hundreds of shells, preserved in the city and its surroundings from the times of cruel battles with German invaders. This is a heavy legacy of the legendary Stalingrad battle.

Water exchange in the Volgograd reservoir comes from 4 to 10 times a year.

In 2003, the city of Volzhsky was recognized as the winner in one of the nominations of the contest "The most comfortable city of Russia".

In Volzhsky there is a double numbering of houses and the repeated names of the streets in different neighborhoods. And on Pushkin Street there is a single house with a double numbering of apartments.

The second longitudinal highway (or just known to the townspeople the second longitudinal) - recognized as the longest street of Russia. Her total length is more than 50 km! However, for convenience, this gigantic highway was divided into 16 streets and prospectuses who received various names.

Many of our compatriots are in a hurry to go to Israel To see the famous dead sea, without even suspecting that its analogue is located on the territory of Russia. Lake Elton - the largest salt lake in Europe, with its attending properties superior to the waters of the Dead Sea and Essentukov. It can rightly be called one of the wonders of Russia.

Lake Elton is an elite balneological resort. The bottom deposits of the lake are represented by the layers of salt alternating with deposits of clay, yla and dirt. This dirt has enormous radioactivity. It has iodine impurities, iron, hydrogen sulfide, hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide and amine bases. The dirt of Lake Elton has therapeutic and cosmetic properties. It has an integrated effect on the function and system of the body. Water salts are a saturated salt solution, called a rape containing elements of bromine, sodium, magnesium and other macro- and microelements. Mineralization of RAPA fluctuates from 200 (in spring and autumn) to 400 (in summer) g / l.

Pelotherapy (mud / mud) In addition to thermal impact, chemical influence on the body, irritating the thermo- and chemoreceptors laid in the skin. As a result of the penetration of some chemicals through the skin, the dirt enhances blood supply to the skin, it helps to increase the metabolism, regenerative and reparative processes, has an anesthetic, absorbing and relaxing effect.

Many are convinced that the best on earth in quality and efficiency are the dirt of the dead sea.
However, examining the healing properties of Lake Elton, Russian scientists came to the conclusion that his dirt and rap significantly exceed all analogues in the content of iron sulfur, water-soluble salts, bishophyte, boric acid, humic acids and their salts, lipids, various vitamins, minerals, enzymes and hormones. Healing qualities have both air priest. Its ionization on concentration is significantly higher than in most of the plain forest resorts of Russia.

Not far from the lake is the Sanatorium "Elton", where the various types of medical services are offered. Here you can take mud baths and swim in the salted waters of the lake. 260 patients arrive in the sanatorium. And for half a year on the shores of the lake, up to 2,000 people are cured. There is a legend that once, at the sanatorium, there was a museum of "left crutches." Allegedly people who came there on crutches, in a month or another they no longer needed and left them in the sanatorium. Soon, crutches have accumulated so much that it was decided to eliminate the museum. One of the residents of the village made the fence from these crutches for his garden.

Back in antiquity, people noticed the medical properties of Lake Elton. The first therapeutic baths were digging in coastal soil films where the patient lay and covered with mud. After an hour he dipped into the lake. After several such procedures, the disease retreated.

Lake Elton is called by Tatars and Kalmykov Altan-Nor (which translates as "Golden bottom") - from the purple-red color of its water. Polovtsy Khans considered the Lake sacred and worshiped him, and the Cossacks believed that at sunset in the waters of Elton, heavenly Vladyka descends and extends to everyone with a bathing. And they were partly right, because the water of the lake really have an extraordinary healing force.

Volga - fifth along the length of the river of Russia and the largest river in Europe. This is the main and most Russian river. She connects Central Russia with Volga, the Urals and Caspian. The Volga's pool is extremely diverse in physico-geographical conditions: Taiga and mixed forests in the north, forest-steppe and steppe in the center, semi-desert and desert in the south. The Volga is connected to the Baltic Sea by the Volga-Baltic Water Path; With the White Sea - the Belomorsk Baltic Channel; Through the Volga-Don Canal - with Azov and Black Seas. Bread, forest, machine tools, oil, salt are the main types of transportation on the Volga.

Every second, Volgograd Volga delivers 8 130 m³ of water. Below Volgograd, the costs of water in the river are decreasing, as not getting in the semi-desert and desert of the tributaries, it loses a lot of water to evaporation.

During the spring flood, the amplitude of fluctuations in the water level in the Volga reached 17 meters (at the mouth of the kama). With the construction of Kuibyshev reservoir, the stock Volga began to be adjusted, and fluctuations in the water level decreased.

Panaman canal (81 km long) built 34 years, the Suez Canal (161 km long) - 11 years, and the Volga Channel - Don (101 km long) - 4.5 years.

During the construction of the Volga-Don channel, 150 million m³ of Earth was removed, 3 million m³ of concrete flooded, 14,000 tons of metal structures were mounted, 8,000 machines and mechanisms were used. In 1950, the group of engineers received a Stalin Prize for the development of a project for the construction of the Volga-Don Canal.

If you start moving along the Volga-Don channel from Volgograd, then the ships must first climb 88 meters along the Volga sluice staircase, then descend 44 meters along the Don Gateway Ladder. For all the way, there will be 13 gateways: 9 on the Volga slope and 4 on the Don.

Curious architecture of the conservation of the Volga-Don Canal. Thus, the input gateway of the shipping channel by the Volga (gateway No. 1) decorates the arch, 40 meters high (height of the 16-storey house). Near the gateway number 10, monuments of the Heroes of the Civil War of A. Parkhomenko, N. Rudnev and F. Sergeyev (Artem) were established. The control tower of one of the gateways in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Don is decorated with horse-old statues of red-Armenians with chambers of naked. At the gateway number 11, the monument "Connection of the fronts" of the sculptor E. Vuchetich is towers. He reminds that in November 1942, the fascist troops were surrounded by the troops of the Stalingrad and South-Western fronts.

Interesting facts about Kalmykia

Many generations of Kalmykov were deprived of the possibilities of traditional religion. Only in 1988, the first Buddhist community was formed in Elista, although interest in Buddhist religion and philosophy was, almost lost. It took time to reboot the cultural traditions of the ancestors. In Elista in 1995, the branch of the International Buddhist Institute of Karmapi (New Delhi, India ).

Kalmytsky language refers to the Mongolian group of the Altai language family. The Kalmyk alphabet was created in the middle of the XVII century on Staromongol graphic basis. In 1925, a new alphabet was adopted on the basis of Russian graphics. Kalmytsky language introduced by UNESCO to the list of languages \u200b\u200bunder threat of disappearance.

By Kalmyki, the name of the Republic of Kalmykia sounds like Halmg Tangch: Halmg - separated, and Tangch - people, nation, region.

The greatest monument of the ancient culture of Kalmykov - the heroic epic "Dzhangar", containing several tens of thousands of poems, is performed by Giangchi.

According to Kalmykia, the Great Flushing Way once ran.

Kalmykia is the most chamber of Russia.

Believers Kalmyki confess Lamaism, which is a branch of Buddhism, part of Kalmykov - Orthodox.

The Kalmyk family has always been more familiar, in the past children each couple was born at least 10, but they often hurt, and survived only 3 - 4 children. Adult children lived their family separately from parents. The marriage was consistent with the parents, and the daughter was issued beyond her hoton. Calma had no calm, but the gifts were often very generous.

The main drink of Kalmykov was a kind of tea "Jomb": it was prepared from milk and oil, shed, seasoned with nutmeg and laurel sheet. Such a drink quenched thirst in sultry days and warmed in the cold.

The patron of Saigas in Kalmykov is a white old man - the Buddhist deity of fertility and longevity.
And Kalmykov was forbidden during the hunt to shoot in saigas, who were shot down in a bunch: it was believed that at that time they had a white elder himself.

The Golden Horde built here the cities and mounds - so far, the remains of the second capital of the ancient Empire of Saraj-Berk are preserved.

In ancient times, Kalmyk baked animal carcasses in a huge earthy pit, in which air access was overlap, it fell asleep to the earth. This dish was prepared for a day.

The ancestors of Kalmykov are the Ohrats, which at the end of the XVI - the beginning of the XVII centuries came to the Caspian Steppes. Until this time, the Orata was closely contacted with the Turkic and Tungus-Manchuri tribes, which had an impact on the emerging culture. According to one of the hypothesis, the Ohrate was mediated from the Mongolian tribes, they did not accept Islam, for which they were identified by the Turkic peoples of Kalmakov, which meant "broken", "residue".

In Kalmykia, the largest Buddhist temple is functioning in Europe. The temple was opened in 2005.

Kalmyki have all the features of the Central Asian anthropological type of the Mongoloid race: low growth, outlined cheekbones, Mongolian eye cut, dark skin, black straight hair. There are other features characteristic of nomads, in the past, peoples: acute hearing and wonderful eyesight, endurance, ability to transfer and summer heat, and ice winds.

It is in Kalmykia that the Great Historical Crossroads is the Geographical Center for Eurasia.

December 28, 1943 - the tragic date in the history of the Kalmyk people. On this day, a decision was made on the violent deportation of Kalmykov to the regions of the Far North, Siberia and Kazakhstan . Kalmyks were announced by the people who helped the invaders. Kalmyk ASSR was eliminated and restored only in 1957. After evicting Kalmykov, Elista was renamed the city of Steppe and the so-called before the return of the Kalmyk people.

Elista is considered the "chess capital of Russia". Here they built a town for chess players from around the world. Even in all schools of the Republic of Chess introduced as a subject of learning.

In 1991, Elista visited His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIV.

Kalmyk steppes, through which the chain of Sarpinsky lakes stretch, in the dry summer turn into a real desert. Temperature in July reaches + 45 ° C in the shade (!), Blown dry dry winds. But when the sun is hidden behind the horizon line, it comes a rather cold night. The long autumn of the lakes are often covered with a veil fog, and rains turn dust into difficult clay. In winter, it can hit the real frost to -25 ° C, but the salt content in the water lakes does not allow them to freeze.

When lake drying, the fish breaks deep into the silt and flows into a state similar to anabyosis. Cases are known when when digging a well at the bottom of the dried lake under the crust of solid sludge was found at a depth of 2 - 3 meters of sleepy lines and karas. In the state of the anabea of \u200b\u200bfish can be for a long time - from 1 year to several years, but for this it is necessary that Il in depth is liquid.

In the reserve "Black lands" dodges a darf - one of the largest (by weight - up to 15 kg) of the flying birds of Russia. A symbol of the reserve is an antilopa Saigak, one of the few antelope of Russia.

Interesting facts about the Astrakhan region

From the capture of Astrakhan began the famous campaign of Stepan Razin Up by Volga. Arriving in 1670 with an army after a hike in Persia, Cossack Ataman was siege to the city and the cunning took him - while in one place, the drumboy and the noise was impaired, in the other - the main part of the troops quietly entered the city.

The main industry of the Astrakhan region is fuel. Here is the Astrakhan gas condensate field, the largest in the European part of Russia.

In the souvenir stores of Astrakhan, you can buy products from fish skin.

The Astrakhan region is rightfully considered to be "bird intelligence". More than 260 species of birds live here, many of which are listed in the Red Book. Including the Bully Orlen-Belochvost, Elegant Pink Flamingo and Caspian Hummingbird Rezun.

The pearl of the Astrakhan region is Lotus. He is known in the Volga Delta for more than 200 years, he is called the Caspian Rose. From mid-July to September, these dicks are blooming with their beauty and aroma flowers, attracting hundreds and thousands of tourists. For Kalmyks confessing Buddhism, the lotus is a sacred flower.

Astrakhan Kremlin One of the seven Russian cities preserved their fortress walls.

On the territory of the Astrakhan region, wild cannabis is growing and growing and fighting with her every year.

It is from the territory of the Astrakhan region to the upper layers of the atmosphere on July 22, 1951 for the first time in the history of the Earth flew into space. Two earthlings - Dogs Deesk and Roma. The rocket rose to the height of about 101 km, reaching the pocket line (conditional boundary of the atmosphere of the Earth and Space). The flight lasted for about 20 minutes, the container with dogs was safely landed a few kilometers from the starting site.

Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain is one of the greatest river valleys of the globe and the only site of the Volga, who retained his natural structure. Finding 40 meter alluvial deposits. On the scale of the alluvial process, it can be compared with the floodplain of the Nile and Amazon.

Covered by a frequent network of ducts and sleeves of various lengths and widths, the Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain during the spring spills is almost all poured with water. Water spill can reach 20 - 30 meters. At this time, large flocks of fish from the Caspian and the lower Volga come to the flooded meadows and in the ductures. In quickly heating fine water, fish develops young. Once, in the area, about 80% of the global mining of sturgeon and delicate fish were obtained. Today, the situation, unfortunately, has changed - such a catch of the river no longer give. After the water supply, there is a layer of very fertile or strength nans. Local residents have adapted to grow the famous Astrakhan watermelons, rice and tomatoes on these soils.

In the Astrakhan region bred dugorbic camels. They reach up to 1.5 tons weighing and are the largest camels on Earth. In October, the agricultural exhibition is held on which the camel runs are satisfied. Most of the camels of Russia are grown in the Astrakhan region.

At the beginning of the twentieth century in the lower Volga, Beluga, weighing over tons, caviar in females accounted for up to 15% of the total body weight. Similar specimens can now be seen only in local lore museums.

With Peter I, a wedding riot was happened in Astrakhan when 100 weddings were played in one day. The reason was the rumor about the violent issuance of girls for the ingenians.

Astrakhan is at minus 25 meters from the world's ocean level.

In Astrakhan, there were shooting of such famous films as "My friend Ivan Lapshin", "can not be", "We will live to Monday."

A few more than 100 pairs of Orlana Belochposta will nest throughout Russia, and only 24 residential nestings of these birds are known in the Volga-Akhtuba flood.

Lake Baskunchak - the largest deposit of self-sick salt. Bascunchak salt is 80% of the entire Russian salt and is considered one of the best in the world.

Many Astrakhan are associated with black caviar, but now it is possible to buy it officially, practically, for the same prices as in Moscow. True sell there, mainly Icra from Dagestan and Kalmykia, obtained from fish illegally caught in the Caspian Sea. The highest quality caviar - mature, on the sight it is bright and very large. Get it out of fish that has already come to spawning to the river, it is, therefore, the best caviar is exactly Astrakhan.The most valuable caviar - firing, then sturgeon, then the serylli, differ in color and size.

Almost all the leaders of the USSR and the Russian Federation were avid hunters and fishermen, so they often spent their holidays in Delta Volga. Dmitry Medvedev with Vladimir Putin was here.

Lake Baskunchak became the "author" of a curious cartographic incident - the lake was drawn on all maps of the region, and the railway track goes directly on the water. In fact, the paths lie on a small embankment, and if there were no mound, then the trains would probably be calmly and on salt - that is how hard most of the surface of the lake. In Baskunchak, it is not even water, but a rap (saturated aqueous salt solution), appearing, mainly in winter and spring. The RAPAP level varies depending on climatic conditions and is 0.1 - 0.8 meters. Surface thickness deposits of salt in the lake - 10 - 18 meters in the center and 1 - 4 meters off the coast.

Astrakhan is located on 11 islands. In the city more than 50 bridges.

In Lake, Baskunchak can and need (extremely useful for the skin) to swim without fear drown. Only after water procedures it is necessary to plunge into fresh water.

In the Astrakhan region in the wild, the American cactus is growing empmits.

The uniqueness of the Baskunchak salt deposit is that it, by virtue of natural features, is able to restore lost reserves over the years due to numerous sources of keys flowing into Baskunchak on its North-West Bank. This is his quality, at one time, gave rise to a myth about the inexhaustibility of the lake and infinity of its stocks. During the day, more than 2,500 tons of salts arrive in the lake, and more than 930,000 tons per year. In addition to this salt, continuously introduced to the Baskunchak Lake with sources, in the most basin for the proceeding geological times accumulated a huge amount of salt, the capacity of which is 20 - 50 meters, and in the depths of the land on the site of the lake, the rock salts depicted to a depth of up to 10 km were found ( !).

Big Bogdo is the most revered mountain of Buddhists. According to the legend, this mountain will be overwhelmed with three Buddhist monks through the air. Seeing a beautiful girl, they lost their composure and dropped the mountain, and they could not raise it again. Scientists, so far, cannot solve the secret of the emergence of the mountain, arguing that in all scientific calculations, Bogo should not be.

Astrakhan waist time is 1 hour ahead of Moscow, although in reality only 42 minutes.

In the Volga Delta, the water is very transparent, growing in abundance here the reeds act as a giant filter. It can be seen how the fish swims in the water, this is especially striking in comparison with the water above the flow, when you do not see your own palm into the water.

Throughout, almost 200 years, the only weapons of labor of Solynikov were a shovel and a powder sat (special iron scrap). Standing almost a waist in the corrosive skin rape, the workers handed a heavy pasta loosened the salt layer and drove salt into carts harvested by camels. Thus, the delivery to the Russian market over 10 million pounds of the purest Baskunchak salt was ensured by religious labor, almost 40,000 hired workers. With the arrival of Soviet power, the active implementation of mechanization began. By 1934, 3 Solesos worked on the lake. In 1972, a new saltflap was commissioned, with a capacity of 800,000 tons of salt per year, producing a salt ground, packaged and briquetted.

Astrakhan is known as one of the largest centers of the fishing industry. The Caspian Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography works here.

All-Unionskaya glory of the region brought Astrakhan watermelons, only necessary to take into account that there is a variety of varieties derived by local crops, unfortunately, now they are crowded out by foreign varieties, more crop, although inferior to taste. Previously, watermelons not only ate fresh, but also argued. Local scientists were able to cross the watermelon with melons, resulting in "lunar watermelons" - with a yellowish pulp and a pleasant taste.

Several centuries ago, the Mishhan Sea approached the Astrakhan district closer to several tens of kilometers, and the Volga took place much closer to the Astrakhan Kremlin.

Over the past century, the Sushi Square in the Volga delta increased 10 times.

5,000 hectares of the Astrakhan Reserve are occupied by the lotus of the lands of the nuts. His rhizomes and fruits are the favorite food of geese and swans. Perhaps it is these birds that brought the lotus seeds in the Volga Delta during flights.

In Astrakhan, grow rice and quite tasty.

From birds listed in the Red Book, in the Astrakhan Reserve you can see a curly pelican, an Egyptian heron, a small cormorant.

This term has other values, see the Volga region (values).

Volga region - in a broad sense - the whole area adjacent to the flow of the Volga, although it is more correct to determine this territory as Volga (cm.

Volga Federal District). Under the Volga, more often understand the more or less defined band along the own current of the Volga, without major tributaries (for example, the inhabitants of Prikamye Volzhani never considered themselves). More often, the term is used in a narrow sense - the territory adjacent to the middle and lower flow of the Volga and economically, which corresponds to the above view. Within the Volga region (Volga region), a relatively raised right bank has been allocated with the Volga Hills and Left Bank - Zavolzhier. In natural terms, the Volga (Volga) sometimes include areas that are in the upper flow of the Volga.

Once the Volga region was part of the Volga Bulgaria, Polovtsy Steppe, Golden Horde and Russia.

Regions

In BSE, the Volga Economic region is allocated to the Economic Region of the European part of the USSR, which includes the Ulyanovsk, Penza, Kuibyshev, Saratov, Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, Tatar, Bashkir and Kalmyk ASSR; At the same time, the first 3 named areas and the Tatarskaya ASSR are customary to relate to the average Volga region, the rest of the regions and the Kalmyk ASSR - to the lower voltage. Taking into account the modern administrative and territorial division:

Volga Ethnohoronim: Volzhan.

There is also dividing the Volga River basin to three parts (not equivalent to the fission of the Volga region): Upper Volga, Medium Volga, Lower Volga.

Nature

The relief is plain, the lowlands predominate and the swamble plains. The climate is moderate and continental. Summer warm, with the average air temperature of July + 22 ° - + 25 ° C; Winter is pretty cold, the average monthly air temperature of January and February -10 ° - -15 ° C. The average annual precipitation in the north is 500-600 mm, in the south of 200-300 mm. Natural areas: Mixed Forest (Tatarstan), Forest Spacepan (Tatarstan (partially), Samara, Penza, Ulyanovskaya, Saratov region), steppe (Saratovskaya (partially.)

Volga Federal District

Includes the regions of the Middle Volga region, a number of regions of Central Russia (Mordovia, Penza Region), Priuralia (Perm region, Bashkortostan), South Urals (Orenburg region). Center-Nizhny Novgorod. The territory of the district is 6.08% of the territory of the Russian Federation. Population as of January 1, 2008- 30 241 583 (21.4% of the Russian Federation); The basis is the townspeople. For example, in the Samara region\u003e 80%, the Russian Federation (about 73%).

Volga-Vyatsky Economic District

Located on the medium Volga. The territory of the area is stretched from the south-west to the northeast per 1000 km and is located in various natural zones: the northern part in the forest taiga and South - in the forest-steppe. The area is located in Central Russia, in the pools of shipping rivers Volga, Oki, Vyatka, borders and is in close economic relations with the Central, Volga, Ural and Northern regions. The population is 7.5 million people. (2010).

Volga Economic District

Located on the Lower Volga. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Volga region is 537.4 thousand km², the population is 17 million people, the population density is 25 people / km². The share of the population living in cities is 74%. The Volga Economic Area includes 94 cities, 3 million cities (Samara, Kazan, Volgograd), 12 subjects of the federation. It borders in the north with the Volga-Vyatiy district, in the south with the Caspian Sea, in the East with the Ural district and Kazakhstan, in the West - with the Central Black Earth District and the North Caucasus. Economic axis - Volga River. The center of the Volga Economic Area is in Samara.

Association of cities of the Volga region

On October 27, 1998, the first general meeting of the leaders of seven largest cities of the Volga region - Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary, was held in the city of Samara, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk, Cheboksary. This event gave a ticket to the life of a qualitatively new structure of the interaction of municipalities - associations of the cities of the Volga region (AGP). In February 2000, Yoshkar-Ola joined the Association, on November 1, 2002, the Astrakhan and Saransk were replenished, in 2005 - the Hero Girl Volgograd, in 2009 - Kirov Currently, the AGP includes 25 cities, the largest of them:

In 2015, the Association includes: Izhevsk, Perm, Ufa, Orenburg, Togliatti, Arzamas, Balakovo, Dimitrovgrad, Novokuibyshevsk, Novocheboksarsk, Sarapul, Sterlitamak and Syzran. In the cities of the Association, more than thirteen million people live.

Notes

Lower Volga

The Lower Volga region is the northern part of the Southern Federal District, covering the territory of the Republic of Kalmykia, the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions.

The region has access to the Caspian Sea. The main sectors of the specialization are the oil production and oil refining industry, the gas industry. In addition, the Volga region is the main area on the catch of valuable sturgeon fish, one of the most important areas for growing grain crops, sunflower, mustard, vegetable bug crops, a major supplier of wool, meat, fish.

Natural resource potential

Natural resource potential is distinguished by a variety. A significant area is occupied by the Volga Valley, turning in the south to the Caspian lowland. A special place is occupied by Volga-Akhtubinskaya floodplain, folded by river nanos, favorable for agriculture.

The creation of a large-scale waters in the Volga region, the intensive development of river transport, agriculture, applying mineral fertilizers in large volumes, a significant part of which is washed off in the Volga, the construction of hydroelectric power plants has a negative impact on the river and creates an environmental disaster area in the area. Water resources of the region are significant, but are not attennerable. In this regard, there is a shortage of water resources in the inner areas, especially in Kalmykia.

In the territory of the region there are oil and gas resources in the Volgograd region - Zhirnovskoye, Korobakovskoye, the largest gas condensate field is located in the Astrakhan region, on the basis of which a gas-industrial complex is formed.

In the Caspian lowland in Lakes Baskunchak and Elton there are resources of the table salt; These lakes are rich in addition, bromo, iodine, magnesium salts.

Population and labor resources

The population of the Volga region is distinguished by a variety of national composition. A significant proportion in the structure of the population in the Republic of Kalmykia is occupied by Kalmyki - 45.4%. In the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, the Kazakhs, Tatars, Ukrainians live in the predominance of the Russian population. For the population, the Volga region is characterized by its high concentration in regional centers and the capital of the republic. The number of residents of Volgograd is 987.2 thousand people. The lowest population density is characteristic of Kalmykia, the smallest share of living in the cities.

Accommodation and development of the main sectors of the economy

Oil and gas production is carried out in the region. The most largest Astrakhan gas condensate field, where the mining and processing of natural gas is carried out.

Oil refinery and petrochemical plants are placed in the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions. The largest enterprise is the Volgograd Oil Refinery. Significant prospects for the development of the petrochemical industry has the Astrakhan region on the basis of the use of hydrocarbon fractions of the Astrakhan field.

The electric power industry is represented by the Volgograd hydroelectric power plant and thermal power plants.

The region has a developed machine-building complex: shipbuilding centers - Astrakhan, Volgograd; Agricultural engineering is represented by a large tractor plant in Volgograd; Chemical and petroleum engineering is developed in the Astrakhan region.

In Volgograd, black and non-ferrous metallurgy are developed, the largest enterprises are OJSC Volzhsky Pipe Plant, OJSC Volgograd Aluminum Plant.

Huge resources of salt lakes led to the development of the salt industry, which provides 25% of the country's demand for food quality salts and other valuable chemical products.

In the Lower Volga region, the fishing industry is developed, the main enterprise of the industry is the fishery concern "Caspraba", which includes the INO-Balyst Association, a number of large fish farmers, the base of the marine fleet, the fishing fleet ("Casprybkholodflot"), leading expeditional fishing in the Caspian Sea. The concern also includes a fish-producing plant for the production of sturgeon fish and a networking factory.

In agricultural production, the sectors of specialization are the cultivation of vegetable bug crops, sunflower, sheep.

Transport and Economic Ties

Volga exports crude oil and petroleum products, gas, tractors, fish, grain, vegetable bug cultures, etc. Browsing forest, mineral fertilizers, machinery and equipment, light industry products. The Volga region has a developed transport network that provides high-power freight traffic.

River, railway and pipeline are developed in the area.

Intra view differences

Lower Volga Includes Astrakhan, Volgograd, Areas and Kalmyki. The Lower Volga region is a sub-factone developed industry - mechanical engineering, chemical, food. At the same time, this is an essential agricultural area with developed grain farms, meat animal husbandry and sheep, as well as the production of rice, vegetable baked crops and fisheries.

The main centers of the Lower Volga region - Volgograd (developed engineering, chemical industry), Astrakhan (shipbuilding, fishing industry, production of containers, a variety of food industry), Elista (industry of building materials, mechanical engineering and metalworking).

The most industrialized is the Volgograd region, where mechanical engineering, ferrous metallurgy, chemical and petrochemical, food and light industry have the greatest proportion in a diversified complex.

Major problems and development prospects

The degradation of natural feed land, especially in Kalmykia with its system of distant pasture animal husbandry, is one of the main environmental problems of the region. Environmental damage caused by industrial emissions and transport of water and fish resources of the region. The solution to the problem is carried out using the target federal program "Caspian", the main task of which cleaning the Volga-Caspian water basin and an increase in the number of livestock of valuable fish of fish.

One of the main tasks is to level the levels of socio-economic development of the most backward regions of the Volga region and primarily Kalmykia, which is given a number of benefits in taxation and financing. The prospects for the development of this republic are associated with the expansion of oil and gas production, in particular on the shelf of the Caspian Sea.

On the territory of the Astrakhan region, since 2002, the Federal Target Program "South of Russia, which includes 33 projects in areas covering the most important areas of economic activities of the region: Transport, agro-industrial, tourist recreational and sanatorium-resort complexes; Infrastructure, development of the social sphere.

The geological exploration and mining of hydrocarbon raw materials in the territory of the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, as well as the Republic of Kalmykia, LLC LUKOIL-Volgogradneftegaz is engaged in. The prospects for economic development include search and exploration and development of oil fields on a number of promising sections of the sea shelf.

5.4. Volga Federal District

Administrative and territorial composition:

Republic - Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Tatarstan, Udmurtia, Chuvash.

Perm region. Kirov, Nizhny Novgorod, Orenburg, Penza, Samara, Saratov, Ulyanovsk region.

Territory - 1037.0 thousand km 2. The population is 30.2 million people.

Administrative Center - Nizhny Novgorod

The Volga Federal District is located on the territory relating to the three economic regions. The district unites the Volga-Vyatsky Economic region, the average Volga region and part of the Ural Economic Area (Fig.

What cities enter the Volga region?

Fig. 5.5. Administrative and territorial composition

The main integration factor, uniting all the Volga Regions - the Volga River, the largest in Europe. The settlement of the area, his development, the development of the economy was directly related to the use of this waterway (which is already in Soviet times, along with the same access to the Caspian Sea, received exits to the Azov, Black, Baltic and White Seas).

The Volga Federal District is allocated in the country by producing products of the chemical and petrochemical industry, mechanical engineering (including automotive), electric power industry and other industries.

About 23% of the processing industries of the Russian economy are concentrated in the Volga Federal District (Table.

Table 5.7.

Share of economic indicators

Volga Federal District in the All-Russian

Economic indicators	Specific weight,%
Gross regional product	15,8
Main funds in the economy	17,1
Mining	16,6
Processing production	22,8
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water	19,7
Products of agriculture	25,5
Building	15,8
Purpose of the total area of \u200b\u200bresidential buildings	20,2
Retail trafficking	17,9
Receipt of tax payments and fees in the budget system of Russia	14,7
Investment in fixed capital	16,2
Export	11.9
Import	5,5

Specialization of industrial production is determined on the basis of the location coefficient in Table 5.8.

The Volga Federal District specializes in processing industries, including chemical production; production of rubber and plastic products; the production of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment; Production of vehicles and equipment.

Table 5.8.

Specialization of industrial production

Volga Federal District

Types of economic activity	The proportion of the type of economic activity in industrial production,%	Localization coefficient
countries	District
Section with mining minerals	21,8	17,1	0,784
Subsection SA Mining fuel and energy minerals	19,3	16,2	0,839
SV mining subsection, except fuel and energy	2,5	0,9	0,360
Section D Processing Production	67,8	73,2	1,080
Subsection DA Food production, including drinks, and tobacco	10,4	7,6	0,731
Subsection DB Textile and sewing production	0,7	0,6	0,857
Subsection DC leather production, leather goods and shoe production	0,1	0,1	1,000
Subsection DD Treatment of wood and manufacture of wood products	1,1	0,7	0,636
Subsection de pulp and paper production; Publishing and printing activities	2,4	1,5	0,625
Subsection DG Chemical production	4,6	8,9	1,935
Subsection DH Production of rubber and plastic products	1,7	2,7	1,588
Subsection DI Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products	4,1	3,3	0,805
Subsection DJ Metallurgical production and manufacture of finished metal products	14,3	8,2	0,573
Subsection DL Manufacture of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment	4,0	4,1	1,025
Subsection DM Vehicle and equipment production	6,2	14,3	2,306
DN subsection Other production	1,8	1,8	1,000
Section E Production and Distribution of Electricity, Gas and Water	10,4	9,7	0,933
Total	—

According to the peculiarities of the production of productive forces, the district is divided into three components: the Volga-Vyatsky Economic region, the average Volga region, the regions of the Urals.

In 2003, the process of unification of the Komi-Permytsky Autonomous Okrug and the Perm region began into a new subject of the Perm Territory.

The official status of the Perm region received in 2005 after the election of the legislative and executive bodies and the association of budgets. In a periodic press, this process was repeatedly called the beginning of the All-Russian process of association and consolidation of the subjects of the federation.

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See more:

Introduction 1.

Composition of the Volga region 2

EGP district 2.

Natural conditions 3.

Population 3.

Economy 5.

Environmental problems of the area and ways to solve them 16

Problem big Volga 17

Prospects for the development of the district 19

Appendix 21.

Literature 22.

Introduction

Russia is the most extensive region of all Eurasia and the only federation within the CIS, so the regional analysis of its economic areas has a special meaning. Especially since Russia is characterized by a number of features even compared to the republics of the neighboring countries.

The country has tremendous resources and capacious domestic market. The development of the territory occurred asymmetrically, there is a significant gap between the resource base in the east and the main production base in the European part, a variety of natural and cultural landscapes are presented, contrasts between the center and the periphery at all levels are presented.

Economic zoning is the allocation of territories that differ in its specialization in the territorial division of labor. The economic regions of the Russian Federation were formed under the influence of various combinations of natural, economic and social conditions.

All economic regions have their own characteristics and their place M inter-district division of labor. However, it is important that these features are closely linked to the tasks of the economically reasonable placement of industrial and agricultural production industries across the country.

Composition of the Volga region

It is very difficult to precisely outline the territories relating to the Volga region. Volga You can call only territories adjacent to the Volga directly. But most often, under the Volga, the areas and the Republic of Russia, which are the average and lower current: Astrakhan, Volgograd, Penza, Samara, Saratovskaya Ulyanovsk region, Republic of Tatarstan and Kalmykia.

Economics and geographical position

The Volga region stretched almost 1.5 thousand km along the Volga from the lifting of the left tributary kama to the Caspian Sea. The total area is about 536 thousand km².

EGP of this area is extremely profitable. In the West, the Volga region borders with the highly developed Volga-Vyatsky, Central Black East and North Caucasus Economic Area, in the East - with the Urals and Kazakhstan. The thick network of transport routes (rail and automotive) contributes to the establishment of wide interdistrict production links of the Volga region. Volga region is more open to the West and East, i.e. To meet the main direction of the country's economic relations, therefore the overwhelming part of the carriage of goods goes through this territory.

Volga-Kama River Path gives way out to Caspian, Azov, Black, Baltic, White Sea. The presence of rich oil and gas fields, the use of pipelines passing through this area (and starting in it, for example, the Friendship oil pipeline), also confirms the profitability of the EGP area.

Natural conditions and resources

The Volga region has favorable natural conditions for the residence of the population and the management of the economy. The area is rich in land (arable land is approximately 1/5 Russian) and water resources. However, in the Lower Volga region there are droughts, accompanied by the destructives for sowing dry.

The area is rich in minerals. Oil, gas, sulfur, table salt, raw materials for the production of building materials are extracted here. Up to the opening of petroleum fields in Siberia, the Volga region belonged to the first place in the reserves and production of oil in the country. Although at present the area takes the second place for the extraction of this type of raw materials after West Siberian, oil reserves in the Volga region are strongly exhausted. Therefore, its proportion in oil production of Russia is only 11% and is constantly decreasing. The main oil resources are located in Tatarstan and the Samara region, and gas - in Saratov and Volgograd regions. Prospects for the development of the gas industry are associated with a large Astrakhan gas condensate field (6% of world stocks).

POPULATION

Now the Volga region is one of the most populated and mastered areas of Russia. The population is 16.9 million people, i.e. The area has significant employment resources. The Volga population grows pretty quickly, but mainly not at the expense of a high natural increase (1,2 people), but due to significant migration of the population. The average population density is 30 people per km², but it is unevenly posted. More than half of the population falls on Samara, Saratov region and Tatarstan. In the Samara region, the population density is the highest - 61 people per km², and in Kalmykia - minimal (4 people per 1 km²).

Although the Volga region is a multinational region, Russians (70%) prevail in the population structure.

The proportion of Tatars (16%), Chuvash and Marijtsev is also significant.

Middle Volga

The population of the Republic of Tatarstan is 3.7 million people (among them the Russians about 40%), about 320 thousand people live in Kalmykia (the share of Russians - more than 30%).

Before the revolution, the Volga region was a purely agricultural area. The cities lived only 14% of the population. Now it is one of the most urban areas of Russia. 73% of all residents live in cities and towns of urban type. The overwhelming part of the urban population is concentrated in regional centers, the capitals of national republics and large industrial cities. In the Volga region 90 cities, among them three millionaire - Samara, Kazan, Volgograd. At the same time, almost all major cities (with the exception of Penza) are located on the Volga shores. The largest city of the Volga region - Samara - Located in Samara Luke. Together with nearby cities and towns, it forms a large industrial knot.

Farm

The most important condition for the sustainable and integrated development of the Volga region is the largest economic and scientific and technical potential generated lately.

According to the total gross production of industry and agriculture in 1995, the area ranked fourth in Russia (after the Central, Ural and West Siberian). It accounted for 13.1% of the total gross production of industry and agriculture of Russia. In the future, the Volga region will retain a leading role in the national economic complex of the Russian Federation and will restore the lost positions, taking the previous steady position after the Central and Ural districts.

At the present stage of economic development, the population of the Volga region has a complex structure. Despite the fact that industry prevails in it, agriculture is also one of the main sectors of the national economy of the district. In total gross products, the industry accounts for 70-73%, agriculture - 20-22% and the remaining sectors of the national economy - 5-10%.

The material basis of their development is primarily the mineral resources and fuel and energy resources, agricultural raw materials, fish wealth of the Caspian Sea and Volga. At the same time, in the raw material balance of the area belongs to the imported metals and materials of the forest and woodworking industry.

The characteristic feature of the industrial production of the area is the close relationship, cooperation and combination of its individual links, especially in the automotive industry and petrochemistry.

The basis of the territorial organization of the Volga region is a number of inter-sectoral complexes - fuel and energy, machine-building, chemical and petrochemical, agro-industrial, transport, construction, etc.

The main sectors of the specialization of the area industry are mechanical engineering, chemical and petrochemical, fuel industry, electric power industry, food industry, as well as industries for building materials (glass, cement, etc.). However, the sectoral structure of the Industry Industry and the regions of the Volga region has significant differences from the average Russian and mednoneal.

Machine-building complex - One of the largest and most complex industries of the Volga industry. His share accounts for at least 1/3 of all industrial areas of the area. The industry as a whole is characterized by a small metal. Mechanical engineering works predominantly on the metal rolling of the neighboring Urals; A very small part of the need is covered with its own metallurgy. Machine-building complex combines a variety of engineering production. Volga engineering produces a wide range of machinery and equipment: cars, machines, tractors, equipment for various industries and agricultural enterprises.

A special place in the complex is engaged in transport engineering, represented by the production of aircraft and helicopters, cargo and passenger cars, trolley buses, etc. Avrogenation is represented in Samara (production of turbojet aircraft) and Saratov (Yak-40 aircraft).

But the automotive industry is especially allocated in the Volga region. Volga region has long and rightly called the "car shop" of the country. For the development of this industry, there are all necessary prerequisites: the area is located in the concentration zone of the main consumers of products, is well provided with a transport network, the level of development of the industrial complex allows you to organize broad relations on cooperation.

In the Volga region, 71% of passenger cars and 17% of Russia trucks are manufactured. Among engineering centers are the largest:

Samara (machine tool, production of bearings, aircraft construction, production of automotive equipment, mill-elevator equipment, etc.);

Saratov (machine tooling, production of oil and gas chemical equipment, diesel engines, bearings, etc.);

Volgogradsky (tractor construction, shipbuilding, production of equipment for the petrochemical industry, etc.);

Togliatti (complex of enterprises VAZ - a leading in the country's automotive industry).

An important centers of mechanical engineering are Kazan and Penza (accurate engineering), Syzran (Equipment for the Energy and Petrochemical Industry), Engels (90% of the production of trolley buses in the Russian Federation).

Volga region is one of the main areas of Russia for the production of aerospace technology.

LITERATURE

"Geography. Population and farming of Russia, "V.Ya. Rum, V.P. Drones. Drop, 1998

"Preparing for the exam in geography", I.I. Barinova, V.Ya. Rum, V.P. Drones. Iris, 1998

"Economic Geography of Russia", I.A.

Rodionova. "Moscow Lyceum", 1998

"Economic Geography of Russia", uch. Ed. IN AND. Viyapina. Infra-M, 1999