Editorial bureau of Esmira Travina. Research of the market and the internal environment of the organization The period is placed behind the bracket or before

07.04.2024 Complications

About combinations of punctuation marks

§ 198. When a comma and a dash meet, the comma is placed first, and then the dash, for example:

Sholokhov

Note. If after the dash there are words that are separated by commas according to existing rules (for example, introductory words), then the first comma is omitted, for example:

Pine, spruce, fir, cedar - in a word, all species of coniferous trees are found in the Siberian taiga.

§ 199. Closing quotation marks are not preceded by a period, comma, semicolon, colon, or dash. All these signs are placed only after quotation marks, for example:

M. Gorky

§ 200. Question and exclamation marks and ellipsis are placed before the closing quotation marks if they refer only to the words enclosed in quotation marks, but after the closing quotation marks if they refer to the entire sentence together with the words highlighted by quotation marks, for example:

M. Gorky

Lermontov

Are “reviews” necessary now?

Belinsky

Note 1. If there is a question mark, exclamation mark, or ellipsis before the closing quotation marks, then the same marks are not repeated after the quotation marks; unequal characters, if they are required due to the nature of the corresponding parts of the text, can be placed before and after the closing quotation marks, for example:

Have you read Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”

The drama club is preparing to stage the play “Into Battle!” Why do you say: “No matter how it is!”?

Note 2. If at the beginning or at the end of a quotation (the same applies to direct speech) there are internal and external quotation marks, then they should differ from each other in design (the so-called “herringbones” and “petals”), and the external quotation marks should not be omitted, For example:

On board the ship they radioed: “Leningrad has entered the tropics and is continuing on its course.”

About Zhukovsky, Belinsky writes: “Contemporaries of Zhukovsky’s youth looked at him primarily as an author of ballads, and in one of his letters Batyushkov called him a “balladeer.”

§ 201. Do not precede an opening or closing parenthesis with a comma, semicolon, colon or dash; all these signs are placed only after the closing bracket, for example:

Turgenev

Belinsky

Turgenev

§ 202. A period, question marks, exclamation marks and ellipses are placed before the closing bracket if they refer only to the words enclosed in brackets, but after the closing bracket if they refer to the entire sentence along with the words enclosed in parentheses, for example:

Turgenev

L. Tolstoy

Note. After a quotation, followed in parentheses by a reference to the author and source, the period is omitted and placed after the reference outside the brackets, for example:

I remembered the words of Bazarov: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it” (Turgenev).

§ 203. The closing parenthesis that ends a sentence is followed by the punctuation mark required by the sentence as a whole, regardless of what character may appear before the closing parenthesis, for example:

Pushkin

Note. When there are internal and external brackets at the end of a sentence, it is allowed, if necessary, to use brackets of different designs (round and square).

About combinations of punctuation marks

§ 198. When a comma and a dash meet, the comma is placed first, and then the dash, for example:

Sholokhov

Note. If after the dash there are words that are separated by commas according to existing rules (for example, introductory words), then the first comma is omitted, for example:

Pine, spruce, fir, cedar - in a word, all species of coniferous trees are found in the Siberian taiga.

§ 199. Closing quotation marks are not preceded by a period, comma, semicolon, colon, or dash. All these signs are placed only after quotation marks, for example:

M. Gorky

Lermontov

Are “reviews” necessary now?

Belinsky

Have you read Chernyshevsky’s novel “What is to be done?”

The drama club is preparing to stage the play “Into Battle!” Why do you say: “No matter how it is!”?

On board the ship they radioed: “Leningrad has entered the tropics and is continuing on its course.”

About Zhukovsky, Belinsky writes: “Contemporaries of Zhukovsky’s youth looked at him primarily as an author of ballads, and in one of his letters Batyushkov called him a “balladeer.”

§ 201. Do not precede an opening or closing parenthesis with a comma, semicolon, colon or dash; all these signs are placed only after the closing bracket, for example:

Turgenev

Belinsky

Turgenev

L. Tolstoy

Note. After a quotation, followed in parentheses by a reference to the author and source, the period is omitted and placed after the reference outside the brackets, for example:

I remembered the words of Bazarov: “Nature is not a temple, but a workshop, and man is a worker in it” (Turgenev).

Pushkin

Note. When there are internal and external brackets at the end of a sentence, it is allowed, if necessary, to use brackets of different designs (round and square).

1.3.2 Punctuation when placing references in the text of the work
When creating links, the placement of spaces and punctuation marks is subject to general punctuation rules. When including a reference in the text of the work, a space is placed between the text and the opening square bracket “[”, then the reference number without a space, then the closing square bracket “]” without a space, followed by a space if the sentence construction does not require a punctuation mark.

Basic rules of punctuation when creating links.
1. A reference to the source number, enclosed in square brackets, is placed after the quoted fragment without punctuation.

Scheme:Text or quote text. (Text or quotation - space - link in square brackets - space - text of the work).
For example:
(true) So, teenagers with low levels of self-esteem strive to find recognition in a group of hackers and increase their social status.
(incorrect) Thus, teenagers with low levels of self-esteem strive to find recognition in a group of hackers and increase their social status: .
(incorrect) Thus, teenagers with low levels of self-esteem strive to find recognition in a group of hackers and increase their social status - .

2. If the construction of a sentence requires a punctuation mark, it is placed after the link without a space. This punctuation applies to all punctuation marks except dashes.

Scheme:Text or quote, text. (Text or quotation - space - link in square brackets - punctuation mark - space - text).
For example:
(true) One of the leading concepts in modern studies of intergroup relations is the concept of social identity, and in ethnic psychology - sociocultural or national identity.
(incorrect) One of the leading ones... is the concept of social identity, and in ethnic psychology - sociocultural or national identity.
(incorrect) One of the leading ones... is the concept of social identity, and in ethnic psychology - sociocultural or national identity.

3. In all cases, the dash sign is separated by spaces on both sides, including if it appears after the link.

Scheme:Text or quote - text. (Text or quote - space - link in square brackets - space - dash - space - text).
For example:
(correct) In this regard, H.F. Harlow postulated, for example, the existence of a “manipulative drive”, K.S. Montgomery is an “exploratory drive,” and R.A. Butler - attraction to "visual examination".
(incorrect) In this regard, H.F. Harlow postulated, for example, the existence of a “manipulative drive”, K.S. Montgomery is an “exploratory drive,” and R.A. Butler - attraction to "visual examination".

Scheme:Text or quote. (Text or quotation - space - link in square brackets - period).
For example:
(true) Watson believed that people act like machines, and that their behavior as consumers can be controlled and predicted like the behavior of other machines.
(false) Watson believed that people act like machines and that their behavior as consumers can be controlled and predicted like the behavior of other machines.

Note! Punctuation marks such as ellipses, question marks or exclamation marks are used extremely rarely after references in scientific texts. Punctuation when using them is the same as when using other punctuation marks.

For example:
(correct) How is this not a description of “Stockholm syndrome”? And why not a variant of “identification with the aggressor”, described almost a century later by Anna Freud?
(incorrect) How is this not a description of “Stockholm syndrome”? And why not a variant of “identification with the aggressor”, described almost a century later by Anna Freud? .

The text is a fragment of the manual

When using materials from the manual, please refer to the source.

What could be simpler marks at the end of a sentence!

Even in 1st grade, children learn to use a period, a question mark, or an exclamation mark. All!
However…
Difficulties arise when signs have to combine. Let's get a look.

Dot, ? And!

Let's remember the main rule:

There are NOT more than three characters in a row: … !.. ?.. ?!.

However, the rule only applies when combined different signs.

If we are talking about one thing, only the point has the privilege, and even then there should be exactly THREE(not two and no more than three), and this sign is called an ellipsis...

Ellipsis not separated by a space:

at the beginning of a sentence - from the first word
at the end of a sentence - from the last word
inside a sentence - from a word, after which is worth

? And! There are only single ones.

That is, according to the rules, even two!! or three??? in a row - ERROR!

When combined ? And! are placed only in the following sequence: ?! And never vice versa.

Important! You can often see something like this inside a sentence: …, or ..,

Remember: ellipsis and comma DO NOT MATCH.

In such cases we simply set … and continue the sentence with a lowercase (as after a comma).

When a point collides abbreviations (and etc.) with a period at the end of the sentence there is an absorption: put only one dot: etc.

At the same time: if such an abbreviation at the end of the sentence is in brackets, a period is also placed after the bracket (like this: etc.).

Dot, dot, ? And! with "quotes" and (brackets)

What to do when the above-mentioned signs with quotation marks “collide” » or parenthesis ) ?

The rules are perfect different.

QUOTES

If a single word or several words are enclosed in quotation marks, everything is simple. Let us consider only the case when an offer is made entirely.

In this case … ! ? are placed INSIDE, but . always AFTER quotes. ALWAYS! ».

Note: the quote configuration does NOT matter.

BRACKETS

At first glance, everything is simpler with brackets. But there is a very important nuance here too.

Let's look only at the end of the sentence.

If enclosed in parentheses full offer- all signs (and a period too!) are placed inside:

The girl concentratedly placed punctuation marks. (The boy watched her expression.)

However, if only the parentheses include part of a sentence- everything changes radically:

signs are placed after the bracket.

The boy watched the expression on his friend’s face (she was putting punctuation marks).

Of course, we must not forget about cases when, for example, ? or ! refers to what is enclosed in parentheses - it is clear that in this case they will be inside the parentheses. However, there must still be a final sign that applies to the entire sentence. BEHIND the bracket.

You are following my train of thought (I’m talking about signs!)?

About headlines

Almost everyone knows that headlines don’t have a full stop. But when the title consists of two (or more) sentences - for some reason questions arise :)
So: in headings consisting of several sentences, a full stop is NOT placed after the last one! Don't believe me? Ask Milchin and Cheltsova...

_________________

Literature:

School textbook.
A. E. Milchin, L. K. Cheltsova.

_______________________________

EXERCISE

Make 9 sentences:

Three - with a different combination of characters at the end of the sentence.
Four - with different combinations of characters . … ? ! with quotes.
One with parentheses inside a sentence (the one in parentheses must be at the end of the sentence).
One sentence enclosed in parentheses.

11 simple rules that will help you learn how to create correct and readable lists anywhere: in presentations, reports, documents or on websites.

When drawing up documents, we often come across all kinds of lists. There are simple and multi-level lists. How to arrange them? When to use numbering, letters and dashes? When is it appropriate to end each list item with a period, and when is a comma or semicolon appropriate?

When drawing up documents, we often come across all kinds of lists. At the same time, there are a great many rules for their design. Let's try to understand them.

Notation of list elements

The pre-list sentence and the elements of the subsequent list (listed after the colon) can be written as a single line. But in long and complex lists, it is much more convenient to place each element on a new line. And here you have a choice: you can limit yourself to using paragraph indentation (Example 1) or replace it with a number, letter or dash (Example 2).

Example 1

Example 2

There are lists:

simple, those. consisting of one level of text division (see Examples 1 and 2) and

composite, including 2 or more levels (see Example 3).

The choice of symbols that will precede each element of the list depends on the depth of division. When creating simple lists, you can use lowercase (“small”) letters, Arabic numerals or dashes.

The situation is much more complicated with composite lists. For greater clarity combinations of different symbols In the lists we give an example of the design of a 4-level list:

Example 3

From this example it can be seen that the heading numbering system is as follows: the first level heading is designed using Roman numerals, the second level headings are using Arabic numerals without brackets, the third level headings are using Arabic numerals with brackets and, finally, the fourth level headings formatted using lowercase letters with brackets. If this list included another, fifth level, then we would design it with a dash.

Numbering system for parts of a composite list can only consist of Arabic numerals with dots. Then the structure of constructing the number of each element of the list reflects its subordination in relation to the elements located above (there is an increase in digital indicators):

Example 4

If at the end of the list there is “etc.”, “etc.” or “etc.”, then such text is not placed on a separate line, but is left at the end of the previous list element (see Examples 3 and 4).

Punctuation of lists

In Example 3 you can clearly see that the headings of the first and second levels begin with capital letters, and the headings of subsequent levels are from lowercase. This happens because after Roman and Arabic (without brackets) numerals, according to the rules of the Russian language, a dot is placed, and after the dot, as we all remember from elementary school, a new sentence begins, which is written with a capital letter. Arabic numerals with brackets and lowercase letters with brackets are not followed by a period, so the following text begins with a small letter. The last point, by the way, also applies to the dash, since it is difficult to imagine combining a dash with a dot after it.

pay attention to punctuation at the end headings of the list, as well as at the end of words and phrases in its composition.
If the title suggests subsequent division of the text, then a colon is placed at the end of it, but if there is no subsequent division, a period is placed.

Example 5

If parts of the list consist of simple phrases or one word, they are separated from each other by commas (see Example 5). If parts of the list are complicated (there are commas inside them), it is better to separate them with a semicolon (see Example 6).

Example 6

Finally, if parts of the list are separate sentences, they are separated from each other by a period:

Example 7

Sometimes the list is formatted in such a way that it is preceded by a whole sentence (or several sentences). In this case, the list uses only the so-called “lowest” levels of division (lowercase letters with a bracket or a dash), and dots are not placed at the end of each part of the list, because in this case, the list is a single sentence:

Example 8

It happens that some parts of the list that are phrases include an independent sentence starting with a capital letter. Regardless of the fact that according to the rules of the Russian language a period must be placed at the end of a sentence, each element of the list will be separated from the next by a semicolon:

Example 9

List Item Consistency

When compiling lists, you should always pay attention to the fact that the initial words of each element of the list are consistent with each other in gender, number and case. In Example 10 we presented a variant of incorrect formatting: the last element of the list is used in a different case compared to the rest. Errors like this usually occur in long lists with a large number of items.

Example 10

Also, all elements of the list must necessarily agree in gender, number and case with the words (or word) in the sentence preceding the list, followed by a colon. Let's look at the example of incorrect listing again to analyze the errors.

Example 11

This list may seem impeccable, if not for one “but”. The word “observance” requires words after it in the genitive case that would answer the questions “whom?” what?". Therefore, each section should begin like this:

So, we have given the basic rules for constructing and formatting lists that will help make your documents even more literate.