Russians prefer to travel across the expanses of our country by train. Railways, like arteries, connect many cities and towns over a vast territory. It will take about ten days to get from one end of our country to the other. Of course, air travel offers to cover any distance within Russia in a few hours, but the cost of the flight will be significantly higher than traveling by train. In recent years, Russian Railways have undergone significant changes - the level of quality of services provided has increased, new routes and classes of cars have appeared. Now on the ticket you can see the mysterious words “reserved seat 3U, F”. What does it mean? And how not to make a mistake when buying a ticket when going on a trip with a pet?

Russian Railways - development and innovations

For more than thirteen years, Russian Railways has been the main railway operator in our country. If you often travel around Russia by train, then know that Russian Railways provides services to you. Despite the crisis that the company had to overcome in recent years, it managed to reach a new level and is ready to please its regular and potential customers with innovations in the field of passenger service.

Although it is worth noting that not all innovations are popular with travelers. For example, the classification of cars introduced about a year ago still raises a lot of questions. It is difficult to decide which carriage to choose - 3L or reserved seat 3U, Zh. What does this mean? How to navigate the variety of abbreviations? This article will reveal to you all the secrets of a pleasant train journey over any distance. After this, you will be able to give advice to friends, accurately identifying the classes of Russian Railways cars.

Car classes

Before buying a ticket online or at the railway ticket office, you need to decide how you will travel. The level of comfort, the range of services provided and, of course, the cost of travel depend on the class of the carriage. Of course, if the trip does not last more than a day, then you can choose a ticket that is not the most expensive. But for a long trip with children, it would be better to carefully plan and purchase tickets that provide an increased level of comfort. Let's list the existing classes of Russian Railways cars:

1. General carriage.

In such a carriage there are only seats located on benches. We can say that it is similar to an electric train and is only suitable for traveling short distances. By type, general carriages are divided into:

2. Seated carriage.

Unlike the previous class, all seats here are equipped with reclining seats. On some trains, each seat has individual tables and power outlets. In seated carriages there is a fairly diverse classification:

• 1C, 2C, 3C.
• 2B, 2J.

3. Second-class car.

Seats in the reserved seat are limited to fifty-four. Among them, you can choose a place on the lower or upper shelf. During the trip you can lie down and use bed linen. It is paid separately when purchasing a ticket at the box office. A reserved seat carriage may be marked as follows:

4. Coupe.

It is convenient for a family to travel in such a carriage - it has four shelves separated by a door from the rest of the space. The ticket price includes the use of bed linen. This car is also subject to a certain classification:

5. Luxury.

In some cases, such cars are also called SV; they consist of two-seater compartments. There is always a built-in air conditioning system, and some carriages are provided with an amenity kit. The marking of a luxury carriage implies first class:

6. Soft carriage.

These carriages have the highest class of comfort. They consist of two-seater compartments and are labeled as first class:

Most often, when purchasing a ticket, passengers are guided not by the comfort of the carriage, but by the cost of travel from one point in Russia to another. The best price-quality ratio is provided by reserved seat carriages. It’s worth talking about them in more detail.

Second-class car: briefly about the main thing

In pre-revolutionary Russia, the reserved seat carriage was the most common, and today this trend continues. This popularity is explained by its affordable price, which allows you to travel long distances for little money.

From 1917 to 1945, the design of reserved seat carriages changed. Engineers tried to make it longer and more spacious. A modern reserved seat carriage has nine compartments (or compartments, as they are also called), in which there are four seats. Along the entire length of the car there are side seats in two tiers.

Each carriage is equipped with a sanitary room and a boiler from which you can get hot water. In many trains, reserved seat cars make up more than half of the total number of cars.

When purchasing a ticket, passengers quite often get confused about the seat numbers. In fact, reserved seat seats follow a simple rule. The main thing is to decide how you plan to travel - on the side berths or in the main compartment. Numbering directly depends on this. The arrangement of seats in a reserved seat carriage by number can be characterized as follows:

• in the main compartment, the numbering is counted from the bottom bunk to the top, starting from the left edge of the car;
• on the side seats, the numbering starts from the opposite edge of the car in the same way - from the bottom to the top.

Please note that even-numbered places are located on the top shelves, and the bottom ones are odd-numbered. Quite often, the upper shelves are cheaper than the lower ones.

Characteristics of amenities in a reserved seat carriage

The reserved seat belongs to the third class, so its classification always has the first number three. Next comes the letter that determines the comfort level. Usually in a reserved seat it is limited to air conditioning and a dry closet. Moreover, such amenities are not found in every carriage. In addition, transporting animals on the train if you have a ticket for a regular reserved seat carriage is prohibited.

Some carriers are trying to make reserved seating more convenient. On long routes there are carriages where you can find not only air conditioning, but also

Russian Railways: transportation of animals

If you can’t imagine your life without your pets and don’t plan to leave them with your neighbors or friends during your vacation, then you have to overcome a number of difficulties. Transportation of animals on the train follows certain rules.

First of all, it is worth considering that some categories of carriages allow you to transport small animals with you. These include hamsters, turtles or fish. But such a popular reserved seat does not have such a function; animals will have to travel in a separate cargo compartment.

Most often, large animals are placed in the cargo compartment located under the bottom of the train. They will have to be there all the way, with the exception of parking lots, when the passenger can walk with the pet. But in fact, the guides are not too kind to travelers with animals, because they have to constantly open and close the compartment.

3U - what does such marking of a reserved seat carriage mean?

Typically, a passenger sees the marking 3U on a ticket; it is most common and indicates the level of comfort of a reserved seat carriage. Unfortunately, 3U cannot boast of special comfort. This class assumes the presence of already paid bed linen and a dry closet. Recently, such carriages have been equipped with air conditioning, but they do this on the most profitable and popular routes.

3U and 3L: are there any differences?

There is no need to look for differences between the two most popular classifications of reserved seat carriages - 3U and 3L. There are practically none. Initially, the 3U reserved seat carriages had more services, and they themselves were distinguished by their novelty. But now even those who often travel by train will not find two differences between the two classes. Therefore, you should not overpay for 3U when they tell you that it is improved.

New markings for reserved seat carriages

A year and a half ago, passengers were faced with a new formulation of the classification of carriages - reserved seat 3U, Zh. What this means, many still do not understand. And once you get into such a carriage, you may be very surprised. After all, it has one feature that Russian Railways did not have before - reserved seat 3U, Zh allows you to travel with your pets. Yes, yes, you read that right. Now you don’t have to worry about your favorite animal and feel free to take it with you on vacation.

When buying a ticket to reserved seat 3U, category F, you must specify that you are taking a pet with you. Moreover, at the ticket office you need to explain which animal will travel with you. The cashier will make a special note on the ticket so that other passengers who have purchased a ticket for the seats next to you are warned that the number of travelers will be slightly larger than expected.

What do you need to know when taking an animal with you on the road?

The general rules for transporting pets on Russian Railways trains also regulate new carriages. After telling the cashier the breed of your pet, you need to collect a number of certificates about it. You will need them when boarding the train. Don't be surprised if the conductor asks for them after the train has departed, he may well do so. Each animal requires its own package of documents; you should contact your veterinarian for this. Usually they are well versed in the nuances of collecting information.

How to transport an animal in a reserved seat carriage?

According to Russian Railways rules, transportation of animals is possible only in a special device called a carrier. Moreover, only small breeds of cats and dogs can travel with you. You also have the right to take turtles, hamsters, fish, rabbits or parrots with you. Keep in mind that the animal should not occupy more than one hundred and eighty centimeters of space. This applies to absolutely any pet. Therefore, owners of medium-sized dogs often cannot take them with them, because together with the carrier they significantly exceed the declared limit. Dogs in the carriage have the right to travel only with a muzzle and a leash. This even applies to small breeds that seem harmless.

Each owner must independently ensure that the animal does not disturb the peace of other passengers. He is responsible for compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards in the carriage.

Do I need to pay extra for a pet?

Do not think that a ticket marked F frees you from additional expenses. It only allows you to transport animals, so depending on the class of the train itself, you will have to pay for the pet. Fares are always visible at the box office or on the websites where you purchase your ticket.

If you missed this moment and boarded the train without paying for the animal, you will have to get off at the nearest station. The guide will not allow you to move along the route.

How many cars in the train are marked 3U, Zh?

Russian Railways does not pamper its passengers too much, so usually you will not find a large number of cars on the train where you can transport pets. At best, there will be only one for the entire squad. According to Russian Railways rules, such a carriage may not join the train at all on some routes.

If you are traveling on a long-distance train and take several animals with you (this is permitted by Russian Railways rules) or are traveling in the company of like-minded people who are also planning a vacation with their pets, you can write a special application to join the train in a special category Z carriage. According to the law , your right must be satisfied. But it is useless to do this in case of a single signature. Most likely, she will not be able to play her role, and the carriage will not be attached.

Absolutely all people love to travel, but now you can share this pleasure with your pets. For these purposes, the reserved seat car 3U, Zh was invented. You now know what this means, which means you are completely ready for new travels and discoveries.

The combination zzh at the junction of the prefix and the root is pronounced as a double hard zh-[zh:], for example: ra[zh:]6g, be[zh:]alostny, and [zh:] aril, and [zh:] 6ga, ra[zh:y]rol, [f:o]g (kindled, merciless, fried, heartburn, grew fat, burned).

The same is pronounced at the junction of the preposition and the following word: be[zh:]eny, [zh:]enoy, and [zh:] ara, be[zh:y]ra, and [zh:y]ra (without a wife, with wife, from heat, without fat, from fat).

The combination zzh is not at the junction of a prefix and a root (or a preposition and the next word), but inside the root, as well as the combination zhzh, which is always used inside the root, in accordance with old Moscow norms, it is pronounced as a double soft zh - [zh’:].

Examples on [zh':] in place of the spelling combination zzh inside the root: vi [zh':] at, bru [zh':]at, dreb [zh':] at, bre[zh':]- it, br[ f':]et, unwind [f':] go, unwind [f':]y, in [f':] eat, e[f':]y, eat [f':]ay, pb[zh' :]e, clutter [w':]u (from clutter up).

Examples on [zh':] in place of the spelling combination zhzh: in [zh':] and, drb [zh':] and, with [zh':"6] ny, [zh':'6] t, zhu [ zh':] at, zhu [zh':] - yt, mo[zh':] velnik. In the word juniper, pronunciation with a solid double [zh] - [zh:] is also acceptable.

Note. In accordance with the same old Moscow norms, double soft [zh] (at the end of the word soft [sh]) was also pronounced in place of the spelling combination zhd in the word rain and its derivatives: do [sh":], do [zh":] a, to [zh':] ik, to [zh':]eva, to [zh':]ichek. Before consonants, the double character of the soft [zh] may weaken, and in fluent speech, perhaps even be completely lost: cf. d[lz':l'y]vyy, more precisely, d[lzh/zh']lyvyy or d[lzh']lyy.

In individual speech there is a pronunciation of this sound with a weak

explosive element in the middle - [yaGd’zh’]: eat [zh’d’zh’]ai, dro [zh’d’zh’] and. Such pronunciation cannot be considered orthoepic.

Currently, instead of the soft double [zh], the hard double [zh] is beginning to be used more and more widely: v6[zh:]y, dro[zh:]y, zhu[zh:]at, e[zh:]u, po [f:]e. This pronunciation is gradually replacing the sound [zh’:], which corresponds to the old Moscow norms. However, even for the modern state of the literary language, soft double [zh] retains its normative character. In any case, the scene tends to adhere to the old norm with a soft double [g], which should be considered exemplary. Radio and television announcers should also adhere to this standard.

It should be noted that, in addition to the soft pronunciation of double [zh] and [zh:] in the word rain and derivatives from it, on

in place of the spelling combination zhd, in accordance with the book spelling that has become established in Russian orthography, many often pronounce [zh']: do[zh']ik, do[zh'"a], etc. Pronunciation do[zh:y]k with a hard double [zh] is dialectal.

More on the topic COMBINATIONS OF ZH AND LJ:

1. 1.32. Types of phraseological units: phraseological unions, phraseological unities, phraseological combinations

§ 88. The letter combinations сч, зч, zhch, shch are written at the junctions of significant parts of a word if the previous part of the word ends in s, z or zh, sh, and the subsequent one begins with h, for example:

at the junction of the prefix and the root: dishonor, exhausted, uncover, comb, read; the same in words where the prefix stands out weakly: happiness (and happy, unhappy), count, count, score, scores, too much;

at the junction of the root and the suffix: loader (from load, load), narrator (story), carver (cut), peddler (deliver), nasoschik (pump), defector (run across), obtyachchik (tightening); man (cf. husband, male), Voronezhchina (Voronezh region), Odeschina (Odessa region); arrogant (to be arrogant), intrusive (to impose); banded (strip, strip), cobbled (beam, bar), ocellated (eye, peephole), freckled (freckles); sharper (sharp, where -k is a suffix), nosche (socky), shaking (shaky).

It should be borne in mind that in nouns after the consonants s, z, zh the suffixes -schik, -shchin(a) are not written, but -chik, -chin(a): cf. welder, washer, but carver, peddler, defector; Oryol region, Smolensk region, but Odessa region, Voronezh region. The letter combination сш occurs only at the junction of a prefix and a root, for example: split, pluck.

Note. The letter u is written at the end of the root in words and forms with alternations sk - sch, st - sch, for example: I am looking for (cf. search), forgive, forgiven, forgive (cf. forgive), waxed (wax), plank (board) , flatter (flat), thicker (thick), simpler (simple), biting (from biting when cutting off the consonant to; cf. biting, § 86). However, in the word sandy (from sand, sand), the sound ь is conveyed by a combination of letters сч. The same is true in the word thousand (from thousand).

§ 89. The letter combinations сш, сж, зш, зж are written at the junctions of significant parts of a word if the previous part ends with a consonant s or z, and the subsequent part begins with sh or zh, for example:

at the junction of the prefix and the root: seamless (from seam), sew, compress, get rid of, ignite, break apart, unclench (the choice of the letter s or z in the prefixes without-, iz-, voz-, raz- is determined by the rule of § 82);

at the junction of the root and the suffix: higher (cf. high), lower (low, low), growing (growing, growing), gnawing (gnawing, gnawing), mired (poured, bog down).

The combination zs is written at the junction of the root with the suffix -sk- in words such as, for example, Abkhazian (from Abkhaz, Abkhazia), French (French).

§ 90. Letter combinations, shs, ne, shchs are written (in accordance with pronunciation) at the junction of the root with the suffix -sk- in adjectives formed from proper names (personal and geographical), as well as from ethnic names, for example: Parisian (from Paris), Riga (Riga), Kaluga (Kaluga), Volzhsky (Volga), Prague (Prague), Norwegian (Norway), Kirzhansky (Kirzhach), Uglichsky (Uglich), Greenwich (Greenwich), Bydgoschek (Bydgoshch), Galich (Galich), Mitskevich (Mitskevich), Czech (Czechs), Chuvash (Chuvash), Ulchek (Ulchi); the same in the words masculine (along with the obsolete variant masculine) and collegiate. However, in other suffixal adjectives in -Sky, formed from common nouns, after hissing consonants it is written (in accordance with pronunciation) -esk-, for example: spousal (from spouses), page (page), youthful (young man), merchant (merchant) ), reclusive (recluse), trickster (trickster), comradely (comrade).

Letters ch and sh before n and t

§ 91. In words formed from the stems ch, k, ts, before suffixes starting with the consonant n (suffixes -n-, -nik, -nits-), the letter ch is written, which in most cases corresponds to the sound in pronunciation h, for example: stove, stove-maker (from the stove), harvest (cleaning), colorful (paint), source (source), sandbox (sand), poultry house (bird), final (end). However, in some of these words, the letter h usually corresponds to the sound sh in pronunciation. These include: bakery,

bakery (noun), baker (from bun); viper (viper); mustard, mustard plaster (mustard); bachelorette party (maiden); piece(piece); tray, hawker (tray); milkman, thrush (milk); spectacle, eyeglass case (glasses); pepper shaker (pepper, only in combination - damn pepper shaker); night owl, midnight (midnight); trousersless (trousers); laundry, laundry (n.) (laundress); trifling (trifle); candlestick (candle); cordial (heart, only in combination cordial friend and as a noun cordial in the meaning of “poor thing”); birdhouse, birdhouse (starling); boring, boring (boredom, bored); hat (hat, only in combinations to come to a hat analysis, hat acquaintance); scrambled egg (egg); two-student, three-student, four-student, five-student (two, three, four, five). The same is true in the word of course, which is related in origin to the word end, and in the word deliberately.

It is written h, and is usually pronounced sh also: before n - in female patronymics such as Savvichna, Nikitichna, Ilyinichna, Kuzminichna; before t - in the word that, in the derivatives nothing and almost (but in something and insignificant it is pronounced h).

In several words derived from the stems on k, before the suffix n, not only is the letter sh pronounced, but also the letter sh is written: gorodoshny, gorodoshnik (from gorodki), durashny (fool), rayoshny, rayoshnik (rayok). The same is true in the words rushnik, dvurushnik, meticulous, where the suffix in modern language no longer stands out, and for fun (albeit on purpose). The combination pc is written in the particle nishto “unless” and in the adverb nishto “pretty well; rightly so,” which are related in origin to the word that.

Note 1. The combination shn is regularly written: 1) before suffixes starting with n, in words formed from words with a stem in x, for example: scrofulous (from scrofula), hectic (turmoil), oreshnik (nut); 2) in the suffixes -shn(y), -shnik, attached to indeclinable nouns with a vowel, for example: lotoshny, lotoshnik (from loto), kinoshny, kinoshnik, dominoshny, dominoshnik; 3) in adjectives na-shny, formed from adverbs: yesterday, tomorrow, today, always, present, there, present, ancient (see § 56).

Note 2. It is written shch, and is usually pronounced sh in the word assistant (from help). The word all-night vigil (from night - the Church Slavonic form of the word night) is also written with the letter ш, although it can be pronounced sh.

The letter g at the end of th(s)

§ 92. In gen. p.un. including adjectives, participles and pronominal words of the masculine and neuter gender, the letter g is written according to tradition at the end of the -th (-his), although it is pronounced in, for example: good, good, big, blue, fourth, read, him, what, that , this, all, one, mine. The same in the adverb nothing (“pretty good”), in the words nothing, doing nothing, today (and today), total; however, in the word Nichevok (the name of the literary group) the letter v is written.

Note. In the word segoletki (singulars segoletok and segoletka) g is not only written, but also pronounced.

Double consonants

Double consonants at the junction of significant parts of a word

§ 93. Double consonants are written at the junction of a prefix and a root, if the prefix ends and the root begins with the same consonant letter, for example: lawless, heartless, introduce, restore, freeze, wear out, wipe off (but cf. wipe off where the prefix is o-), support, threshold, pre-diploma, pour out, scatter, ring out, intersedelnik, counter-revolution, post-totalitarian.

Note. The spellings differ, on the one hand, of words with the root -chet- (calculation, calculated, prudent; calculate, pay off), and on the other hand, words with the root -chit- (calculate - count).

§ 94. Double consonants are written at the junction of the constituent parts of complex abbreviated words, if one part ends and the other begins with the same consonant, for example: chief physician, state property, Mossovet, pommastera.

In the section on the question Is the syllable zzh in the word “Later” soft or hard? given by the author Ivan Prokhopenko the best answer is ZZh does not form a syllable.
The answer to your question is in three links below.
:
In the modern Russian literary language there are 4 fricative hissing consonants - short hard [sh] and [zh], as well as soft long [sh'sh'] and [zh'zh'] (the last of them is gradually lost and is still found in modern pronunciation less often - for example, in the words I go, LATER, yeast).
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:
Pronunciation of a long hard consonant [zh] in place of the letters zhzh, zzh:
Only in a few words did a number of native speakers (most often older intellectuals) retain the Old Moscow version of pronunciation with a long soft consonant [zh "] in words such as yeast, splashes, squeal, rattle, grumble, reins, ride, LATER, rains , rain. It should be noted that such pronunciation options are increasingly falling out of use.
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L. L. Kasatkin “Phonetics of the modern Russian literary language”:
Pronunciation [zh"zh"] in accordance with /zh/, /zzh/, /(s|z) zh/, /(s"|z")zh/, /(s|s"|z|z"| g) f/ occurs in just a few words, always in the root. The approximate distribution of these words according to the decrease in the use of [zh "zh"] in them is as follows: yeast, splashes, squeal, rattle, crush, grumble, reins, ride, burns, LATER, squeal, burnt, pile up, buzz, rains, rain, juniper . Soft [zh "zh"] in these words is replaced by hard [zhzh], in the words rains, rain - a combination of sounds [zh"]. A significant number of speakers of a literary language in these words (except for the words rains, rain) pronounce only [zhzh ] : [yeast], etc.