Types of offers

Declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences (by type of statement)

Depending on the purpose of the statement There are narrative, interrogative and incentive sentences.

Narrative sentences are those that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied). Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the relative completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and calm lowering the tone at the end of a sentence: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew a beard (P.).

Interrogative sentences are those whose purpose is to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker, i.e. their purpose is educational.

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation- raising the tone on the word with which the meaning of the question is connected;

2) word arrangement(usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence);

3) question words- interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example.

Interrogative sentences are divided into

actually interrogative,

interrogative

and interrogative-rhetorical.

Actually interrogative sentences contain a question that requires an answer.

A peculiar variety of interrogative sentences, close to interrogative ones themselves, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such proposals are called interrogative-affirmative.

Interrogative sentences can contain the negation of what is being asked, this is interrogative negative sentences.

Interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-narrative, since they are transitional in nature - from a question to a message.

Interrogative and incentive sentences contain a call to action expressed through a question.

In interrogative and rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or a negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally charged speech.

Essentially, counter questions (an answer in the form of a question) also belong to interrogative-rhetorical questions.

Plug-in constructions can also take the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example.

A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc.

Additional shades can be emotional, for example,

shade of negative expression: Are you deaf or what?;

a shade of politeness (softening the question is usually achieved with the help of the particle not): Won't you come to me tomorrow? Wed: Will you come to me tomorrow?

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker; their purpose is to encourage action.

They can express:

1) order, request, plea, for example;

2.) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat,

3) consent, permission, for example;

4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example;

5) desire.

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, plea and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.

Using grammatical means incentive offers are:

1) incentive intonation;

2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood;

3) special particles that introduce an incentive tone into the sentence (come on, come on, come on, yes, let it).

Incentives vary according to the way of expressing the predicate:

The most common predicate expression verb in the imperative mood.

An incentive connotation can be introduced into the meaning of the verb special particles.

As a predicate incentive sentence it can be used verb in the indicative mood (past and future tense).

As a predicate - subjunctive verb. Among these proposals, the following stand out: with the word to, and the verb may be omitted. Such sentences characterize colloquial speech.

The predicate in an incentive sentence can be infinitive.

Infinitive with particle would expresses a gentle request, advice.

In colloquial speech incentive offers are often used without verbal expression of the predicate- a verb in the imperative mood, clear from the context or situation. These are peculiar forms of sentences in living speech with a leading word - a noun, adverb or infinitive. For example: Carriage for me, carriage! (Gr).

The structural center of incentive sentences (also in colloquial speech) can be the corresponding interjections: come on, march, tsyts, etc.

Exclamatory sentences

Exclamatory sentences are sentences that are emotionally charged, which is conveyed by a special exclamatory intonation.

Different types of sentences can have emotional connotations: narrative, interrogative, and incentive.

For example,

declarative exclamatory: He faced death face to face, as a fighter should in battle! (L.);

interrogative-exclamation: Who would dare ask Ishmael about that?! (L.);

exclamatory exclamations: - Oh, spare him!.. wait! - he exclaimed (L.).

Grammatical means of design exclamation sentences are as follows:

1) intonation, conveying a variety of feelings: joy, annoyance, grief, anger, surprise, etc. (exclamatory sentences are pronounced in a higher tone, highlighting the word that directly expresses the emotion), for example.

2) interjections, for example: Ah, alas, Uh, Ahti, Ugh;

3) exclamation particles interjection, pronominal and adverbial origin, giving the expressed emotional coloring: well, oh, well, where, how, what, what, etc.

Common and non-common offers

Uncommon is a sentence that has only the positions of the main members - subject and predicate.

Sentences that, along with the main ones, have positions of secondary members are called common.

A sentence can be extended by compatible, controllable and adjacent word forms (according to the rules of word associations), included in the sentence through phrases, or by word forms relating to the entire sentence as a whole. Distributors of supply are generally called determinants. As a rule, various circumstances and additions that express a semantic subject or object are determining.

Thus, sentence propagators can be included in the predicative stem of a sentence, distributing either the composition of the subject or the composition of the predicate, or be proliferators of the stem as a whole. The term “determinant” was introduced by N.Yu. Shvedova.

Simple and complex sentences

A simple sentence has one predicative center that organizes it and thus contains one predicative unit.

A complex sentence consists of two or more predicative units combined in meaning and grammatically. Each part of a complex sentence has its own grammatical composition.

A complex sentence is a structural, semantic and intonation unity. This idea about the integrity of a complex sentence was substantiated in the works of N.S. Pospelov.

Although parts of a complex sentence structurally resemble simple sentences (they are sometimes called that by convention), they cannot exist outside of a complex sentence, i.e. outside a given grammatical association, as independent communicative units. This is especially clearly revealed in a complex sentence with dependent parts. For example, in the sentence I don’t know how it happened that we still don’t know you (L.) none of the existing three parts can exist as a separate independent sentence; each of them requires explanation. As analogues of simple sentences, parts of a complex sentence, when combined, can undergo structural changes, i.e. they can take on a form that is not characteristic of a simple sentence, although at the same time these parts have their own predicative nature.

Parts of a complex sentence can be combined

as equals, grammatically independent, For example: Branches of blossoming cherry trees look out of my window, and the wind sometimes strews my desk with their white petals (L.);

and as addicts, For example: On three sides the crests of cliffs and branches of Mashuk blackened, on top of which lay an ominous cloud (L.).

The main difference between a simple and complex sentence is that a simple sentence is a monopredicative unit, a complex sentence is a polypredicative unit.

Narrative are called sentences that contain a message about some fact of reality, phenomenon, event, etc. (affirmed or denied). Narrative sentences are the most common type of sentences; they are very diverse in their content and structure and are distinguished by the completeness of thought, conveyed by specific narrative intonation: a rise in tone on a logically highlighted word (or two or more, but one of the rises will be the largest) and a calm fall tones at the end of a sentence. For example: The carriage drove up to the porch of the commandant's house. The people recognized Pugachev's bell and ran after him in a crowd. Shvabrin met the impostor on the porch. He was dressed as a Cossack and grew a beard(P.).

Interrogative are sentences that are intended to encourage the interlocutor to express an idea that interests the speaker. For example: Why do you need to go to St. Petersburg?(P.); What will you tell yourself now to justify yourself?(P.).

The grammatical means of forming interrogative sentences are as follows:

1) interrogative intonation - raising the tone on a word with which the meaning of the question is associated, for example: Did you invite happiness with a song?(L.) (Cf.: Is it did you invite happiness with a song? - Did you invite happiness with a song?);

2) word arrangement (usually the word with which the question is associated is placed at the beginning of the sentence), for example: Not Is the hostile city burning?(L.); But Will he return soon with a rich tribute?(L.);

3) interrogative words - interrogative particles, adverbs, pronouns, for example: Not better Can you get behind them yourself?(P.); Is there really no woman in the world to whom you would like to leave something as a keepsake?(L.); Why are we standing here?(Ch.); Where does the glow come from?(L.); What were you doing in my garden?(P.); What do you want me to do?(P.).

Interrogative sentences are divided into proper interrogative, interrogative-impellative and interrogative-rhetorical.

Proper interrogative sentences contain a question that requires a mandatory answer. For example: Have you written your will?(L.); Tell me, does my uniform fit me well?(L.).

A peculiar type of interrogative sentences, close to proper interrogatives, are those that, being addressed to the interlocutor, require only confirmation of what is stated in the question itself. Such sentences are called interrogative-affirmative. For example: So are you going? (Bl.); So it's decided, Herman?(Bl.); So, to Moscow now?(Ch.).

Interrogative sentences, finally, can contain the negation of what is being asked; these are interrogative-negative sentences. For example: What might you like here? It doesn't seem particularly pleasant(Bl.); And if he spoke... What new can he tell?(Bl.).

Both interrogative-affirmative and interrogative-negative sentences can be combined into interrogative-declarative ones, since they are transitional in nature from a question to a message.

Interrogative sentences contain an incentive to action expressed through a question. For example: So, maybe our wonderful poet will continue the interrupted reading?(Bl.); Shouldn't we talk about business first?(Ch.).

Interrogative rhetorical sentences contain an affirmation or a negation. These sentences do not require an answer, since it is contained in the question itself. Interrogative-rhetorical sentences are especially common in fiction, where they are one of the stylistic means of emotionally charged speech. For example: I wanted to give myself every right not to spare him if fate had mercy on me. Who has not made such terms with his conscience?(L.); Desires... What good is it to wish in vain and forever?(L.); But who will penetrate into the depths of the seas and into the heart, where there is melancholy, but no passions?(L).

Plug-in constructions can also take the form of an interrogative sentence, which also do not require an answer and serve only to attract the attention of the interlocutor, for example: The prosecutor flies headlong into the library and - can you imagine? - does not find either a similar number or the same date of the month of May in the Senate decisions(Fed.).

A question in an interrogative sentence may be accompanied by additional shades of a modal nature - uncertainty, doubt, distrust, surprise, etc. For example: How did you stop loving her?(L.); Don't you recognize me?(P.); And how could she let Kuragin do this?(L.T.).

Incentive sentences are those that express the will of the speaker. They can express: 1) an order, a request, a plea, for example: - Be silent! You! - Survivor exclaimed in an angry whisper, jumping to his feet.(M.G.); - Go, Peter! - the student commanded(M.G.); - Uncle Grigory... bend your ear(M.G.); - And you, my dear, don’t break it...(M.G.); 2) advice, proposal, warning, protest, threat, for example: This Arina is an original woman; Please note, Nikolai Petrovich(M.G.); Pets of windy fate, tyrants of the world! Tremble! And you, take heart and listen, rise up, fallen slaves!(P.), Look, my hands are washed more often - beware!(M.G.); 3) consent, permission, for example: Do as you wish; You can go wherever your eyes take you; 4) a call, an invitation to joint action, for example: Well, let's try with all our might to defeat the disease.(M.G.); My friend, let’s dedicate our souls to our homeland with wonderful impulses!(P.); 5) desire, for example: Give him Dutch soot with rum(M.G.).

Many of these meanings of incentive sentences are not clearly differentiated (for example, supplication and request, invitation and order, etc.), since this is expressed more often intonationally than structurally.

The grammatical means of forming incentive sentences are: 1) incentive intonation; 2) predicate in the form of the imperative mood; 3) special particles that add an incentive to the sentence ( come on, come on, come on, yeah, let it go).

Incentive sentences differ in the way they express the predicate.

How are the offers different? Of course, they can be simple or complex. They can even consist of one word. Every time we put words together, we make a sentence for a specific purpose and put a certain meaning into it. Thus, the sentence finds its own. According to this criterion, sentences are divided into narrative, incentive and interrogative. In addition, the proposals also have different emotional connotations. How is the purpose of the statement related to emotional coloring? Let's deal with everything in order.

Example of declarative sentences in Russian

Declarative sentences are used very often in everyday speech. They talk about something, simply When a person shares some events that happened, during the story he makes up narrative sentences. In writing they usually end with a period. But other punctuation marks are also possible, but more on that in another paragraph. Let's look at an example of declarative sentences:

We were in Park. The day was sunny and warm. We bought ice cream and walked along the shady alleys.

From this example of narrative sentences, it is clear that this type is used to talk about some events and facts. Such sentences are often found in everyday speech and in literature. Once you open any work of fiction, you will find many examples of declarative sentences.

Incentives

Incentive sentences are used when you need to ask for something or even order something. That is, to induce the listener to take some action. Examples:

Please bring me some water. Call me when you arrive. Do it immediately!

Interrogative sentences

This is the third and final type of sentence based on the purpose of the statement. Already from the name it is clear that interrogative sentences are used when you need to ask about something or get certain information. Examples:

How much does it cost? When is the best time for me to call? How many apples should I buy?

This type of sentence ends with a question mark.

However, it does not always express a direct question that requires an answer. This category also includes rhetorical questions that are asked with a bit of irony and do not require an answer.

Suggestions for emotional coloring

According to this criterion, sentences are divided into two types: exclamatory and non-exclamatory.

At the end of exclamatory sentences on the letter it is written. It shows that when reading it is necessary to put certain emotions, greater expressiveness and brightness into the voice.

Non-exclamatory sentences imply that the phrase does not have any obvious emotional connotation. Such sentences are pronounced quite calmly and neutrally. And most often they end with a period.

It is worth noting that all types of sentences depending on the purpose of the statement can be exclamatory in their emotional connotation.

Exclamation marks

Sentences that differ in purpose can also express different emotions. Consider an example of a declarative exclamatory sentence:

Today was such a good day!

There is an exclamation point at the end of this sentence. It becomes clear that when reading aloud, certain emotions need to be invested in this phrase. And since this sentence tells about some event, it must be classified as a narrative sentence. If there was a period at the end of the sentence, it would be non-exclamatory and would be pronounced with a more neutral intonation:

Today was such a good day.

A sentence acquires a certain emotional connotation not only thanks to the exclamation mark, but also thanks to certain vocabulary. For example, the use of interjections, certain types of adjectives and adverbs adds more emotion. Compare:

Today is a good day./Ah, today is just a delightful day!

An incentive sentence can also be an exclamation. Compare:

Please bring me a book./Bring me water quickly!

In this case, certain vocabulary can also add emotional overtones. Also, the tone of the statement itself matters. A simple request sounds more neutral than an order.

And, of course, an interrogative sentence can also be an exclamation point. Example:

Will I have time?/Well, how can I manage everything?!

In this case, vocabulary also plays a significant role. Moreover, it is worth noting that in interrogative sentences the exclamation mark is placed after the question mark, because the sentence, first of all, expresses a certain question.

Let's summarize briefly. Sentences according to the purpose of the statement are divided into three types. In terms of emotional coloring - two. Using examples of narrative sentences, incentive and interrogative sentences, it became clear that emotional coloring depends on the choice of vocabulary and certain punctuation marks. All types of sentences, according to their purpose of expression, can be either exclamatory or non-exclamatory.

(“Vasya, go home quickly!”), you will never confuse its intonation with a narrative (“Vasya is already home”) or with an interrogative (“Is Vasya at home?”). But attention! If it is formulated like this: “Isn’t it time for you to go home, Vasenka?” or “Vaska, are you coming?” - then this example belongs to the category of “interrogative-motivating sentence”. Such sentences contain two types of intonation at once. If there is a predicate in the incentive sentence, then it will most likely be in: “Get out of here, Petya!” (Well, how much can you persuade poor Vasya!) There are also predicates in the form: “Wouldn’t you get out of here!” And even in the form: “Get out of here!” The latter does not sound very polite, but issues of etiquette are not discussed in this article. If an infinitive is used as a predicate: for example, the strict “No smoking!” - then such sentences are called “negative incentives.” The faithful helpers of an incentive sentence are special particles. They are also called modal-volitional. We are all very familiar with them: “Let it go!”, “Let it go!”, “Give!”, “Let’s go!”, “Come on!”. And the simply irreplaceable particle “would”. But sometimes just one noun in the nominative case is enough for the sentence to become an incentive. If you hear: “Fire! Fire!" - you will instantly guess what the speaker wanted to encourage you to do. “Run! Save yourself! Call “01”! So let problems with determining incentive offers be unknown to you from now on! And let these proposals sound to you not in the form of orders and prohibitions, but exclusively in the form of polite and delicate requests. For example: “Should we have some tea?” Or “Honey, will you marry me? Your Vasya..."

Sources:

• Dictionary-reference book of linguistic terms. Ed. 2nd. — M.: Enlightenment. Rosenthal D. E., Telenkova M. A.. 1976

In the Russian language there are three types of sentences, which differ from each other in the purpose of the statement. These are declarative, interrogative and incentive sentences. The latter differ from other types in that they express will and encourage action.

Instructions

If you need to order, ask, offer, warn, allow or wish, intonation coloring is important. Attempts to induce a specific person or group of people to action are highlighted either softly (advice), or pronounced dreamily (desire), and intimidatingly (), in a commanding tone (order), etc. Therefore, when trying each of the above examples, consider, first of all, the purpose of the statement.

What does it look like from a grammatical point of view? Place the predicate as a direct message to action in sentences expressing a prayer or desire; the role of the predicate is strengthened by special particles: “Hallowed be Thy name,” “May there always be sunshine.”

There are many different syntactic units in the Russian language, the most frequently used of which is the sentence. But did you know that they can be very different from each other? In this article we will talk in detail about what types of sentences exist regarding the purpose of the statement and how they differ.

In contact with

A proposal is called basic syntactic unit, in which there is some information about something, a question or a call to action. A sentence differs from a sentence in that it has a grammatical basis, which consists of a subject and a predicate. The main function of this structure is communication.

Important! The phrase should always be complete both in meaning and intonation!

In order for speech to be literate, you first need to understand the types and. This will make it easier to understand the meaning of what was said or written and to place the necessary punctuation marks.

First you need to determine what the purpose of the statement is? Maybe you want to find out something from your interlocutor or, conversely, convey some information to him? Or do you need the person to do something? That the result you want to achieve from your interlocutor, using phrases of a certain type will be considered a goal.

Sentences differ in types of utterance and intonation. Very diverse offers their various classifications, one of which is the division of these syntactic units according to the purpose of the utterance. So what types of phrases are there?

Constructions based on the purpose of the statement are:

• narrative;
• incentive;
• interrogative.

In addition, they differ in intonation and can be:

• exclamation marks;
• non-exclamatory

Exclamation marks are needed to give expression special emotional coloring. In writing they are highlighted with an exclamation mark, and in oral speech they are pronounced with a special intonation. Very often an exclamation is added to incentive structures. If you need to add more emotionality, then at the end you can put three exclamation marks: “Look, the moose is running!!!” This phrase will perfectly decorate the text.

Non-exclamative words are used to convey everyday information and facts. They do not imply the presence of emotional connotation and are highlighted in writing simply by a dot. However, if you want to add a little mystery or an incompleteness effect to your statement, then it would be more appropriate to use an ellipsis: “You know, I’ve been wanting to tell you for a very long time...”.

Types of offers

Narrative constructions

This type of statement is very common. They are necessary for reporting any facts, in this case, the information conveyed can be either affirmed or denied.

Important! A declarative sentence is always a complete thought.

When pronouncing a narrative statement, the main word must be emphasized in the voice, and towards the end of the phrase the tone must be lowered, making it calmer. There are many examples of narrative constructions: “I ate chicken for dinner today,” “In spring you can often see schools of migratory birds.”

The narrative can be pronounced either with an exclamatory intonation, for example: “Sergey is an excellent student!”, or without an exclamation, for example: “I like to eat ice cream.” In writing, exclamatory narrative sentences are formalized with an exclamation mark, and non-exclamatory statements are marked with a period at the end.

Incentive structures

So what is an incentive offer? These statements are needed in order to motivate a person to take some action. Various phrases are used:

• plea: “I beg you, don’t!”;
• request: “Please, stop chewing!”;
• wish: “Please get well soon.”

Very often, in motivating statements, particles such as “let”, “come on”, “I beg”, “I ask” and so on appear. In oral speech they stand out using intonation, very often they are pronounced with an exclamation, and in writing they are highlighted with an exclamation mark.

There are also non-exclamatory incentive offers. They, like ordinary sentences, end in writing with a period.

Important! It is in incentive-type constructions that one can find (an indefinite form of a verb), a verb in an imperative form, or an appeal to the person to whom the expression is addressed. Such a sentence has no subject and can only consist of one predicate!

Incentive offers

Interrogative constructions

They are necessary to convey questions of various types. Each interrogative sentence can have its own purpose, so there are several different groups of such expressions.

Groups of interrogative sentences

• General issues. They can only be answered “Yes” or “No”. Examples: “Do you breed aquarium fish?”, “Do you have a dog?”
• Private questions. Used when you need to find out more about a person, circumstance or object. Example: “Who will go to the theater today?”, “When will the new shopping center open?”

Interrogative constructions also differ in character. It is very important to take into account the nature of the issue, since it will depend on it the answer you receive from your interlocutor.

Interrogative sentences

Classification by the nature of the issue

• Actually interrogative. Needed to obtain unknown information, an answer is required from the interlocutor. For example: “How to get to the library?”
• An interrogative-affirmative statement should be used if you already have some information and you need to confirm it. For example: “Didn’t he really know that?”
• Using interrogative negatives, you can express the negation of the statement that was originally embedded in the question. For example: “Well, why did I do this?!”
• Interrogatives contain a demand or request to perform some action: “Perhaps we should go on a ferry ride?”
• There is no need to give an answer to interrogative rhetorical statements, since the phrase itself already contains the answer to the question. Usually these sentences serve as a real decoration for speech, for example: “Who doesn’t like to listen to nightingales singing on warm summer evenings?”

Interrogative constructions in oral speech must be highlighted with special intonation. Can also be used special signal words (who, where, where, from and others), You can also change the word order in questions. For example: “Does he eat fish?”, “Who eats fish?”, “What does he eat?” In writing, a question mark is placed at the end of any interrogative expression, but if you want to add a more emotional coloring to the phrase, it would be more appropriate to use question and exclamation marks together, as in the example: “Is it really so difficult for you to come to terms with this?!” In this case, the exclamation mark is placed after the question mark.

What are the suggestions for the purpose of the statement?

The role of sentences in language. Types of sentences according to the purpose of the statement

Conclusion

There are many different phrases and expressions in the Russian language. They differ in the purpose of the statement and intonation. The purpose of the statement determines what kind of sentence it will be: incentive, narrative or interrogative. It is also necessary to observe the intonation with which phrases should be pronounced: this will make the text more emotional. Intonation sentences are divided into exclamatory or non-exclamatory. If you want to learn how to express your thoughts competently, both verbally and on paper, it is worth considering these differences.