§ 78. Written together:

1. Compound nouns formed with connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo- , for example: water supply, land dealer, flax billets, locomotive about repairs, airport port, aviation mother, auto mileage, motorcycle racing, bicycle race, film director, photo report, stereo tube, weather report, electric motor, hydraulic structures, agricultural technology, zoo technician, bio station, micro reduction, macro world , neo-Lamarckism, velomoto racing, aerial photography.

For hyphenated writing of nouns formed with connecting vowels, see § 79, paragraphs 3, 4.

2. Names of cities, the second component of which is -grad or -city, for example, Lenin grad, Kalinin grad, Bel city, Uzh city, Ivan city.

3. Declinable compound nouns with the verbal first part in -i, for example: mountains and color, holding and tree, holding and muzzle, vert and neck, vert and tail, osprey and house, pick and head.

§ 79. Written with a hyphen:

1. Compound nouns that have the meaning of one word and consist of two independently used nouns, connected without the help of connecting vowels o and e, for example:

A) firebird, battle woman, diesel engine, cafe-restaurant, prime minister, major general, Buryat-Mongolia(with declension, only the second noun changes);

b) hut-reading room, purchase and sale, good boy, saw-fish, Moscow River(both nouns change with declension).

2. Compound names of political parties and trends, as well as their supporters, for example: social democracy, anarcho-syndicalism, social democrat, anarcho-syndicalist.

3. Complex units of measurement, regardless of whether they are formed with or without connecting vowels, for example: man-day, ton-kilometer, kilowatt-hour. The word workday is written together.

4. Names of intermediate countries of the world, Russian and foreign, for example: northeast, etc., northeast, etc.

5. Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns, if such combinations include: a) a verb in personal form, for example: don’t-touch-me (plant), love-don’t-love (flower); b) conjunction, for example: ivan -da-marya (plant); c) preposition, for example: Rostov -on- Don, Komsomolsk-on the- Amure, Frankfurt-on- Main.

6. Compound surnames formed from two personal names, for example: Rimsky-Korsakov, Skvortsov-Stepanov, Mamin-Sibiryak, Mendelssohn-Bartholdy, Andersen-Nexe.

7. Foreign language compound surnames with the first part Saint- and Saint-, for example: Saint-Simon, Saint-Just, Saint-Saens, Saint-Beuve. Oriental (Turkic, Arabic, etc.) personal names are also written with an initial or final component denoting family relationships, social status, etc., for example: Ibn-Fadlan, Kor-ogly, Tursun-zade, Izmail -Bey, Osman Pasha.

Note 1. Compound names with the first part don- are written with a hyphen only in cases where the second, main part of the name is not used separately in the Russian literary language, for example: Don Juan, Don Quixote. But if the word don is used in the meaning of “lord”, it is written separately, for example: Don Pedro, Don Basilio.

Note 2. Articles and particles that are part of foreign-language surnames are written separately, without a hyphen, for example: von Bismarck, le Chapelier, de Coster, de Valera, Leonardo da Vinci, Lope de Vega, Baudouin de Courtenay, von der Goltz. Articles and particles, without which surnames of this type are not used, are written with a hyphen, for example: Van-Dyck.

In the Russian rendering of some foreign-language surnames, articles and particles are written together, although in the corresponding languages ​​they are written separately, for example: La Fontaine, La Harpe, De Candolle, De Lisle.

Note 3. Names of different categories, for example the Roman Gaius Julius Caesar, are not connected by hyphens, like the corresponding Russian first name, patronymic and last name.

Note 4. Personal names and surnames combined with nicknames are written with the latter separately, for example: Ilya Muromets, Vsevolod the Third Big Nest, Vanka Cain, Muravyov the Hangman.

8. Geographical names consisting of:

a) from two nouns, for example: Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kamenets-Podolsk, Heart-Stone(Cape);

b) from a noun and a subsequent adjective, for example: Mogilev-Podolsky, Gus-Khrustalny, Moscow-Tovarnaya;

c) from a combination of an article or particle with a significant part of speech, for example: Le Creusot (city), La Carolina (city), De Castries (bay).

Note. Geographical names are written separately:

a) consisting of an adjective and a noun following it, or a numeral and a noun following it, for example: Belaya Tserkov, Nizhny Tagil, Velikiye Luki, Yasnaya Polyana, Seven Brothers;

b) representing combinations of first and last names, first names and patronymics, for example: Lev Tolstoy village, Erofei Pavlovich station.

9. Names of settlements, the first part of which includes: ust-, salt-, top- etc., as well as some names of settlements with the first part new-, old-, upper-, lower- etc., except for those whose continuous spelling is fixed in reference books, on geographical maps, etc., for example: Ust-Abakan, Sol-Iletsk, Verkh-Irmen, Novo-Vyazniki, Nizhne-Gniloye, but: Novo Sibirsk, Malo Arkhangelsk, Staro Belsk, Novo Alekseevka, Verkhne Kolymsk, Nizhne Devitsk.

10. Compound geographical names formed both with and without a connecting vowel from the names of parts of a given geographical object, for example: Austria-Hungary, Alsace-Lorraine, but: Czechoslovakia.

11. Foreign language phrases that are proper names, names of inanimate objects, for example: Amu Darya, Almaty, Pas de Calais, Boulogne-sur-Mer, New York, Palais Royal, Grand Hotel.

Note. This rule does not apply to composite foreign-language names of literary works, newspapers, magazines, enterprises, etc., expressed in Russian letters, which are written separately if they are highlighted in quotation marks in the text, for example: Standard Oil, Corriero della Roma.

12. Pol- (half) followed by the genitive case of a noun, if the noun begins with a vowel letter or consonant l, for example: half a turn, half an apple, half a lemon, but: half a meter, half an hour, half a room; combinations of half- followed by a proper name are also written through a hyphen, for example: half-Moscow, half-Europe. Words starting with semi- are always written together, for example: in semi miles from the city, half machine, half circle.

13. Words, the first component of which are foreign language elements chief, non-commissioned, life, headquarters, vice, ex-, for example: chief master, non-commissioned officer, life medic, headquarters, vice president, ex-champion.

Rear Admiral is also written with a hyphen (here counter- has a different meaning than when it is written together).

14. A defined word with a one-word application immediately following it, for example: old mother, Masha the playful one, Anika the warrior.

Note 1. A hyphen is not written between the defined word and the one-word application preceding it, which can be equated in meaning to an adjective, for example: handsome son.

Note 2. If the word or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then a hyphen is not written between them, for example: Social Democrats Mensheviks.

Note 3. The hyphen is also not written:

a) in combination of a common noun with the following proper noun, for example: Moscow city, Volga river, Masha frolic;

b) in a combination of nouns, of which the first denotes a generic concept, and the second a specific concept, for example: finch bird, magnolia flower;

c) after words citizen, comrade, master and so on. in combination with a noun, for example: Citizen Judge, Comrade Colonel, Mr. Ambassador. For separating an appendix with commas, see § 152.

15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns, consisting of the beginning and end of the word, for example: o-vo (society), dr (doctor), t-vo (partnership), b-ka (library).

16. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when combining two compound nouns with the same second part, if in the first of the nouns this common part is omitted, for example: ball and roller bearings(instead of ball bearings and roller bearings), steam, electric and diesel locomotives(instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives), party and trade union organizations, north and southeast.

Hyphenation of words

1. Nouns that are written with a hyphen.

1) Names of intermediate countries of the world (southeast, northwest, north-east).

3) Terms scientific, technical, socio-political, military ranks, as well as names of mechanisms and objects (prime minister, dynamo, vacuum pump, lieutenant general, saw-fish, chair-bed, raincoat, stop valve).

4) Words with foreign language elements vice - , life - , chief - , non-commissioned - , headquarters - , ex - in the first part (vice admiral, life guard, chief conductor, non-commissioned officer, staff doctor, ex-champion).

5) Words with floor - , if the second part of the word begins:

A) starting with a letter l (floor- l ista, half- l imon);

b) capital letter (floor- M oskva, half U rala);

B) vowel letter (floor- A orange, half I block, half A academy).

Note.Words with semi- are written seamlessly(semi-car, semi-station).

2. Adjectives.

1) Educated from complex nouns with hyphenated writing (New York, South-Eastern, Life Guards, Ivanovo-Voznesensk).

2) Educated from two bases, denoting equal concepts; You can insert a conjunction between parts And or But : commercial and industrial (commercial and industrial), interest-free and winning (interest-free, but winning).

3) Compound adjectives, parts of which indicate heterogeneous signs: voluntary sports societies (voluntary sports), counting and solving devices (calculating solving devices), feudal-serf system (feudal serfdom), comparative historical method (comparative historical)

4) Compound adjectives denoting shades of colors (bottle green, milky white, golden red). If The second part words does not indicate color, then writing fused(light-eyed, dark-skinned, black-eyed, red-faced, white-trunked)

Note. The largest number of errors occurs when determining the spelling of adjectives like white-trunked, snow-white, dark-skinned, which are confused with adjectives denoting shades of color (white-gray, pale white, dark yellow)

5) Terms (atomic-molecular, purulent-inflammatory, gastrohepatic, bourgeois-democratic)

6) If First part words ends with –iko (historical-archival, medical-judicial, technical-economic, dialectical-materialistic)

7) Formed from a combination of an adjective and a noun, but with rearrangement these elements: literary-fiction (fiction), dictionary-technical (technical dictionaries)

8) Educated from combinations of first and last names, first name and patronymic, two last names ( Jules Verne's fantasy, Walter Scott's novels, Ilfo-Petrov's satire, Boyle-Marriott's law, Ivan-Ivanichev's jacket)

3. Adverbs.

1) With attachment By - and suffixes -to (him) , and also ending with -tski, -ski, -yi (damp in autumn, be your way, punctual in German, live like a soldier, howl like a wolf)

2) With attachment in - (in-) and suffix –s(s) : firstly, thirdly. These introductory words, separated by commas, indicate the order of thoughts.

3) Educated repetition words or stems (barely, barely, just a little).

4) Formed by combination synonymous or related words (topsy-turvy, unexpectedly, out of the blue, out of the blue, at the very least, not today - tomorrow)

5) Indefinite adverbs and pronouns with particles -something, -either, -anything, - , - still (someone, something, after all, anything, some).

Spelling N And NN in adjectives and participles

Action algorithm

1. From what part of speech is the word that answers the question formed? Which?

↓ ↓

From noun from verb

↓ ↓

Adjective 2. I analyze the word

↓ ↓

Notes:

1. B short participles one is written N, Can I ask you a question by whom? (problem solved n A - question by whom?).

IN short adjectives so much is written N, how many are complete, you can’t ask the question by whom? (people holding back nn s – you can't ask a question by whom?)

2. There is a group of words whose spelling is not regulated by rules. The writing of these words is necessary remember

NN: sacred, unexpected, unexpected, unexpected, unseen, unheard of, desired;

N: smart, sworn brother (BUT: named after…).

3. B adverbs And nouns formed from participles and adjectives, so many are written N, how much was in derivative form (sure nn y - sure nn O; brought up nn y – bring up nn IR; chosen nn y – favorite nn IR; smoked n y – smoked n awn).

4. In adjectives forged, chewed combinations ov And yev are part of the root, not the suffix.

Spelling NOT And NI

It should be remembered that the particle NOT - negative. If it is removed from the sentence, then the meaning of the sentence changes to the opposite. (He didn't leave - he left). Reinforcing particle. It strengthens the negation that is already in the sentence. (There is not a single star in the sky = there is not even a single star in the sky).

Homogeneous members may be preceded by a repeating conjunction no no , it can be omitted or replaced by the conjunction And (The Cossack is heading north, the Cossack does not want to rest neither in an open field, neither in the oak grove, neither during a dangerous crossing).

The largest number of errors are made in sentences with an affirmative meaning.

Action algorithm

1. They ask the question: did this happen?

↓ ↓

Not really

↓ ↓

NOT 2. Is the sentence complex or simple?

↓ ↓

Yes Yes

↓ ↓

NOR NOT

(rhetorical

Offer)

EXAMPLES.

What kind of thoughts came to mind!

Did you have any thoughts? - Yes. – Is the proposal simple? - Yes. - Writing NOT.

Wherever fate throws us and happiness takes us, we are still the same.

Did fate abandon you, did happiness lead you? - Yes. - Which Proposition? - Difficult. - Writing NI

The wires hummed and began to play: we had never seen anything like this.

Have we seen it? - No. - Writing NOT.

BUT:

1. When double negative is written NOT(first NOT must come before the word be able – Couldn't help but know).

2. If the sentence contains a word it is forbidden , written before the verb NOT (You can’t help but admit it).

3. If the subordinate clause begins with a conjunction Bye , after it is written NOT (Strike before the iron gets cold).

4. If there is a particle NOT before the verb, it is written before other words NI (Crew Not looked like neither on the tarantass, neither on a stroller, neither to the britzka...)

Spelling of prefixes

There are three types of prefixes in Russian: immutable(spelled the same regardless of pronunciation), changeable(prefixes on –z - (-s-), which are written depending on which consonant, voiceless or voiced they come before), and consoles pre- And at- , the spelling of which depends from the value, which is attached to a word if a prefix is ​​attached to it.

Y and I in roots after prefixes

ANDchanges to Y at the beginning of the root if:

1. The prefix ends with consonant,

2. The attachment must be traditional, and not transferred from another part of speech, i.e. derivative, or borrowed (for example: over -, inter-, post -).

Examples: skillful - without s tasty, look - once s discard, the result is under s to live, initiative - without s proactive

BUT:above And interesting, between And institute, post And industrial, by And say

Spelling of function words

It is necessary to distinguish between conjunctions in writing (but so that, also, too), prepositions (about, towards etc.) from those parts of speech from which they originated and which are written separately.

1. Remember: answer options that state that words for (that), that (would), then (the same), so (the same), (to) the meeting and others Always are written seamlessly or apart, need to discard as incorrect, since both spellings are possible.

2. From the remaining two, you need to choose the only correct option. The following mental thoughts will help with this: actions:

3. The tests may include the following task: In which sentence are both highlighted words written together? It should distinguish between spelling adverbs, derived prepositions from consonant combinations of prepositions with pronouns, as well as combined and separate spelling NOT with different parts of speech.. In the case under consideration, combined and separate spelling is determined context.

Spelling b after sibilants in various parts of speech

Action algorithm

1. I see hissing

Spelling separators b And Kommersant

1. It should be remembered that the separation Kommersant written on junction of prefix and root, and separating bfundamentally(in the middle or at the end before the end).

2. Both characters are written only before certain letters that need to be remembered.

3.Kommersant And b share vowel and consonant and are written between them.

Integrated and separate writing NOT with different parts of speech

General rule: seamlessly are written nouns, adjectives, verbs and those educated from them participles and gerunds, who are without NOTnot used(ignorant, absurd, hating, indignant).

Of the 8 parts of speech, the following are written (except for the examples given):

1. Always separately:

Verbs(didn’t see, wasn’t, don’t go, won’t look);

Participles(without seeing, without visiting, without resurrecting, without falling);

Numerals(not one, not the fifth, not the hundredth);

Pronouns(not mine, not me), behind except negative and indefinite without pretext (something, someone, nothing, nothing);

+ comparative degree adjectives and adverbs (no better, no worse, no closer),state category words(no pity, no pity)short adjectives, which do not have a full form or have a different meaning in their full form (not happy, not ready, should not, does not intend, not inclined, not obliged).

2. Sometimes together, sometimes separately:

1) nouns, adjectives(quality) and adverbs on -o(-e).

These parts of speech are written according to the same rule

Action algorithm

1. Is the word used? without NOT?

↓ ↓

No Yes

↓ ↓

Writing seamlessly 2. I determine the part of speech:

↓ ↓

Applies to the 1st block Applies to the 2nd block

↓ ↓

Writing apart 3. is there any opposition or words? far from it

not at all, not at all, negative pronouns or adverbs

↓ ↓

Not really

↓ ↓

Apart 4. Is this a participle?

↓ ↓

Full brief

↓ ↓

5. Are there dependent words? apart

↓ ↓

Not really

↓ ↓

separately and together

DICTIONARY OF DIFFICULT SPELLINGS .

Consecrated by the genius of Pushkin Flags flutter

An old resident of our city of Myriad Stars

The rain turned into drizzle. January frost on the glass.

Cobblestone pavement plank fence

A ray flashed to lead the horse by the bridle

Intrigue Belorus (Belarus)

Immunity Privilege

Cancel order Milligram

Ellipse Abstract

Aluminum Compromise

Artful Illustration Number of Calories

Occupied territory Barricade

Masonic Lodge Marble Colonnade

Wrote an elegy Software

Racial discrimination Looking ahead to the future

Worldview of a young philosopher Laureate

Spartakiad Autumn threshing

Mowing in the field Treating the guest

Trees grow interspersed Books and things interspersed

Seven-magnitude earthquake No comments

Feel Peer/peer

Nature is silent Correspondent

Crystal clear Crystal lattice

Good Handwriting Assistant Professor

Retelling the story Take the Reins

Die ingloriously Coral Reef

Artillery Serve in the cavalry

Scurrying around in the grass Arrive on time

Philosophical treatise An earnest request

Squeal loudly Nature has transformed and perked up

Spelling compound nouns

1. Written together:

• compound nouns formed with a connecting vowel: water O cart, ground e business;

• compound nouns with a second part hail, city, meter :Volgograd, Belgorod, voltmeter;

• compound nouns with first element board :flight engineer, flight attendant;

• compound nouns with the first verb part in the imperative mood (with the suffix -i): dazzling muzzle, adonis, fidgety tail.Exception: Tumbleweed;

• some complex geographical names: Verkhnekolymsk, Novorzhev;

• compound nouns formed from hyphenated nouns that name nationalities, tribes, people by occupation, interests, place of residence: Puerto Rico - Puerto Rican, New York—New Yorkers, yacht club—Yacht Club Member, Ku Klux Klan—Klansman(but the corresponding adjectives are written with a hyphen: Puerto Rican, New York);

• compound words: heads of personnel, district, university, college, department store, special correspondent. If the elements manager, deputy, assistant separated from the noun by an adjective, they are written separately and followed by a period: deputy General Director, assistant chief director.

2. Written with a hyphen:

• compound nouns formed without a connecting vowel, each part of which can be used as an independent word: sofa bed, cafe-snack bar, purchase and sale, colonel general, prime minister, corresponding member, raincoat, diesel engine, motor generator, engineer-captain, dynamo, stop valve, crane- beam, sawfish, lord chancellor;

• compound names of political parties, trends, their supporters: social democracy, social revolutionary;

• compound names of units of measurement : man-day, gram-molecule, kilowatt-hour, tonne-kilometer.Exceptions: workday, labor hour ;

• complex nouns denoting intermediate parts of the world, and their equivalents with foreign language elements: southwest, northeast, southwest, northeast;

• complex names of plants, cities, etc., which include particles, prepositions and conjunctions: love-not-love, Ivan-da-Marya, Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur;

• compound nouns, the first element of which has an evaluative meaning: miracle hero, good boy, anika warrior, boy-woman, gop-company, firebird, cheers-patriotism, would-be athlete;

• compound nouns with foreign language elements chief, non-commissioned, life, headquarters, vice, ex-, block, press, maxi, midi, mini :chief prosecutor, non-commissioned officer, staff captain, headquarters, life guard, deputy prime minister, ex-champion, flow chart, press center, maxi coat, midi skirt, mini dress.Exceptions: checkpoint, blockhouse, notepad ;

• complex scientific terms that include the names of letters (usually the Greek and Latin alphabet): gamma rays, x-rays, alpha meter;

• compound surnames and some geographical names: Joliot-Curie, Novikov-Priboy, Ust-Ishim, Yoshkar-Ola, Novo-Arkhangelsk, Las Vegas, New York.

Note. When combined using a conjunction and two or more complex nouns with the same second part, this part can only be given with the last word, and with preceding words the so-called so-called hanging hyphen: gas and electric welding(instead of gas welding and electric welding), auto, motorcycle and bicycle racing(but in the absence of a union And- continuous writing: car and bike racing).

3. Root floor-(meaning “half”) as part of a compound word is written:

• together if the second part of a compound word begins with a consonant: half a kilometer, half past one(usually a noun in the genitive case);

• separated by a hyphen if the second part begins
  • • with a vowel: half a cucumber, half an island;
    • with a consonant l : half a spoon, half a lemon, But: half liter(the second part is not in the genitive case form);
    • is a proper name: half of France, half of Begoml;

• if between floor- and the following noun has an agreed definition, then floor- written separately: half a cut glass, half an orchard .

Additionally:

• Exercises for the topic “Consolid and hyphenated spelling of complex words”

Sources:

• Chapter “Consolid and hyphenated spelling of complex words” in the manual by L.V. Balashova, V.V. Dementieva “Russian language course”

Adverbs are written with a hyphen: firstly, secondly, thirdly, etc., as well as adverbs formed from adjectives and pronouns, starting with po- and ending with -ki, -ts, -mu, -emu, for example: in Russian, in German (and also in Latin), in a bird's way, in a nightingale's way, differently, in my opinion, in an empty way, as before, apparently, etc...

Many words are written with a hyphen, for example, adverbs, pronouns. then, - either, - either. For example, somehow, someone, someone, something and so on.

A hyphen is also written between repeated words, for example, between adjectives with the meaning of strengthening the attribute: white-white (meaning very white), as well as between adverbs and pronouns, for example, who-who, a little, and so on.

Some adverbs that are formed from adjectives that end in him, -tski, -ski, - omu, -i are written with a hyphen. For example, in Russian, in a new way, in German, and so on.

Detailed rules can be found on the website gramata.ru.

Little-known cases of words that are written with a hyphen:

1. Repetition of the same word: new-new, small-small, etc.
2. Repetition of the same word, but with a change in ending: a long time ago.
3. Two synonyms: quietly and quietly.
4. Shortened compound adjectives (few people know about this): railway. - railway. And if they wrote... etc., then it meant the railway.
5. Compound words with a numeral at the beginning: 2nd, 40-year-old. And also ordinal numbers: 3-thousandth, 5-millionth.
6. All sorts of terms and abbreviations that consist of individual letters and numbers: A-321 (aircraft), B-rays.

• The use of a hyphen is associated with a huge number of cases.

  Let's try to highlight the key ones.

  So, a hyphen is written in compound nouns:

  • where there is no connecting union, for example, mother-heroine;
  • borrowed complex words, for example, life guards;
  • cardinal directions (southeast), units of measurement (kilowatt-hour), names of some plants (leeks);
  • compound surnames (Sidorov-Petrov);
  • a number of cities, for example, St. Petersburg.

  A separate story with the prefixes half- and half-. For clarity, I will attach a picture with the rule:

  But there is an exception word: this is half a liter.

  In adjectives, the use of a hyphen is associated with:

  • designation of color combination (red-black);
  • those cases when the adjective is formed from a compound noun (St. Petersburg);
  • those cases where the word ends in iko (historical-cultural);
  • equal parts (English-French).

  The hyphen is often used in writing numerals (five or six; where the first is a number, for example, 2).

  The hyphen is also found in adverbs, those that have the prefix po- and the ending -emu, -ski, -i, -omu, -ki, -tski. There should also be a hyphen when the word consists of the prefix v- or vo-, and the second part of the word is a numeral (firstly). This also applies to repetition (for example, exactly, barely).

  A whole series of prepositions are written with a hyphen: from under, because of... And particles, where there are such constructions as -some, -coy, -tka, -de, -or, -taki, -s, - something, something.

  

  As for the spelling of words with a hyphen, then such spelling, as we can see from the table, is subject to words that have in their composition a foreign borrowed part, which, due to its foreignness, cannot correlate with the part that is originally Russian , since their fusion will be pure eclecticism.

  In addition, it is also worth noting that part of the nouns to which, due to the evolution of language, independent parts of speech have grown, such as prepositions or conjunctions, which thus demonstrate partial compatibility with them. Often these are proper names. For example: Komsomolsk-on-Amur.

  There are a lot of words that are usually written with a hyphen and I definitely won’t be able to list them all, but I’ll try to remember the most general principles.

  First of all, complex nouns are written with a hyphen, which are either formed by two whole words, Film-Catastrophe, or which contain the prefix FLOOR, half-Moscow, as well as other foreign language prefixes: Vice-Champion. Also, the names of plants are written with a hyphen, Ivan-tea. And also the names of cities: New Delhi.

  Complex adjectives are written through a hyphen, denoting either colors, blue-blue, or other equal parts, scientific research. In addition, adjectives whose first part ends in IKO: Medico-pharmaceutical.

  Numerals can also be written with a hyphen if they speak of an assumption or inaccuracy: two to three hours.

  In adverbs, a hyphen is used in the presence of the prefix PO-, the particle -TO and the prefix B (VO).

  Some compound prepositions are written with a hyphen, From under.

  There are other cases of using a hyphen, and if you have any doubt about the spelling of a word, it is better to immediately consult a spelling dictionary.

  First of all, I want to note the hyphenated spelling of words with gender. But exactly in what cases and what words:

  

  We will also write the following words with a hyphen in the following cases:

  

  Here are all the basic rules for writing a hyphen.

  Let's look at examples and rules for writing words with a dash and hyphen.

  1) Compound nouns are written with a dash in the following cases:

  First. The phrase does not have a connecting vowel. Example: Prime Minister.

  Second. Words-terms in which the name begins with the same letter. Example: no-spa (no-spa).

  Third. Borrowed foreign words. Example: non-commissioned officer.

  Fourth. Units. Example: kilowatt-hour.

  Fifth. Side directions on the map. Example: southeast.

  Sixth. Plant names (several). Example: coltsfoot.

  Seventh. Political parties. Example: Social Democrats.

  Eighth. Double surnames. Example: Soltykov-Shchedrin.

  Ninth. Names of cities. Example: New York.

  Tenth. Words with an evaluative meaning. Example: good boy.

  2) Adjectives are written with a dash in the following cases:

  First. Hue, color combination. Example: red-orange.

  Second. Formed from compound nouns. Example: Costa Rican.

  Third. Borrowed from foreign languages ​​and ending in iko. Example: historical and philosophical.

  Fourth. Consisting of equal parts. Example: research.

  Fifth. Prefixoid gender. Example: half a window.

  3) Numerals are written with a hyphen in the following cases:

  First. When there are no specifics. Example: five or six rubles.

  Second. When first written in numbers. Example: 200 thousandth.

  4) An adverb is written with a dash (hyphen) in the following cases:

  First. They end in him, omu, tski, ski, ee, ki with the prefix po. Example: the old way.

  Second. Prefix in (in). Example: firstly.

  Third. Where there are synonyms with the same root. Example: any-expensively, quietly-quietly.

  5) Prepositions are written with a dash and a hyphen in the following case:

  There are prepositions - from under, because of, by, over.

  6) Particles are written with a dash and hyphen in the following case:

  Ends with -something, -that, -tka, -s, -something, -or, -taki, -koy, -de, -tka.

  The names of the cardinal directions are written with a hyphen:

  • northwest,
  • southeast.

  The names of the color shades are written with a hyphen:

  • light blue,
  • blue-black,
  • pale pink,
  • dark chestnut.

  Words formed by adding the stems are written with a hyphen:

  • little by little,
  • sour-pre-sour.

  Adjectives that are formed using a coordinating connection are written with a hyphen. These are compound adjectives. Between the parts of such adjectives you can substitute a coordinating conjunction and:

  • Russian-English,
  • convex-concave,
  • scientific and technical (revolution).

  Words with the prefix half- are written through a hyphen, if followed by a vowel, letter l, capital letter:

  • half a watermelon,
  • half a lemon,
  • half of Moscow.

  Adverbs formed with the prefix po and the suffix om (him) and others are written through a hyphen. For example:

  • in a new way,
  • in German,
  • Firstly,
  • Thirdly.

  Pronouns and adverbs with the suffixes -to, -or, -something, as well as with the prefix some-.

  • Somehow,
  • ever,
  • someone,
  • sometime,
  • anyone.

  Some prepositions are written with a hyphen. For example:

  • because of,
  • from under.

• Hyphenated spelling covers many parts of speech.

  Let's start with nouns. They are written with a hyphen

  1) complex nouns formed by addition, without a connecting vowel: restaurant car, sofa bed, raincoat tent;

  2) words with foreign language elements vice-, life-, chief-, non-commissioned-, staff-: non-commissioned officer, life hussar;

  3) names of clothes with foreign elements: midi, mini, maxi: maxi coat, mini skirt;

  4) names of units of measurement: ton-kilometer, but workday (exception);

  5) names of political parties and movements, scientific titles, professions: social democrat, corresponding member;

  6) names of cardinal directions: north-west;

  7) scientific terms with Greek letters at the beginning of them: alpha radiation, beta particles;

  8) names of plants: ivan-da-marya.

  And here we remember the exception word, in the first part of which the form of the imperative mood of the verb is: tumbleweed. Other such words are written together: derzhidereva, skopid, redstart, etc.

  9) complex words with an evaluative meaning: sadness, melancholy, thunder-woman;

  10) proper names (double surnames, complex geographical names): Saint-Exupéry, Los Angeles, Orekhovo-Zuevo, East China Sea.

  All words with the prefix counter- are written together (counterattack, counterattack, counteragent), except for the exception word rear admiral and words derived from it.

  Adjectives formed from the same root compound nouns with hyphenated spelling retain this spelling: south-east - south-east; but here we should distinguish between adjectives with the first part of the direction of light, and in the second part the usual adjective, for example: North Russian dialects, South Ural flora, West Germanic languages. But as soon as such an adjective is a complex geographical name, we immediately write it with a capital letter and with a hyphen. Compare: East Siberian frosts - East Siberian Sea.

  If you can put a conjunction between the parts of a complex adjective and, therefore, there is equality between them (coordinating connection), then feel free to write this word with a hyphen: legumes and cereals, chess and checkers club.

  Shades of colors are written with a hyphen, but again you need to make sure that the name of the color comes second: snow-white, marble-gray. It is worth swapping these parts of a complex word, and this is what happens: snow-white - white snow, gray marble - gray marble (subordinate connection), and then we write together.

  For adverbs, we write words with a hyphen 1) with the prefix v/vo-, formed from numerals, with the suffix -yh/their: firstly, thirdly;

  2) adverbs with the prefix po- and na -mu/-emu, -ski, -tski, -i, -ii: humanly, differently, miner-style, Latin, bearish;

  3) repeated synonymous words: at the very least, sewn and covered, willy-nilly.

  We distinguish them from the spelling of words consisting of nouns in the form of the nominative + instrumental case: eccentric with eccentric, snake with snake, which, as you can see, are written separately.

  Adverbs with a preposition inside are usually written in three words: side by side, track after track, except for exception words: exactly the same, tete-a-tete.

  4) with the prefix something and postfixes -something, -that, -or: somewhere, somehow, sometime, somewhere; also written with a hyphen and pronouns: someone, something, some;

  The particles -ka, -s, -tka, -de are written through a hyphen: he-de, well-s, well-tka.

  Prepositions: because of, from under, on-over, by.

  Words with the part gender, starting with a vowel, with a capital letter and with the consonant l: half-lemon, half-orange, half-Moscow. Exception: half-liter and half-liter.

  Good afternoon, you can find a large number of such words, here are the main ones:

  1) Complex nouns (without connecting vowels, terminology, foreign words, units of measurement, intermediate cardinal directions, surnames consisting of two parts, names of cities, etc.);

  2) Adjectives (shades and combinations of colors formed from complex nouns, foreign words, with the particle gender, etc.);

  3) Numeral (5-hundredth, etc.);

  4) Prepositions (because of, by, etc.);

  5) Particles: either, either, yet, etc.

  Thus, in the Russian language you can find a huge number of words that contain a hyphen.

§ 78. Written together:

1. Compound nouns formed with connecting vowels, as well as all formations with aero-, air-, auto-, motorcycle-, bicycle-, cinema-, photo-, stereo-, meteo-, electro-, hydro-, agro-, zoo-, bio-, micro-, macro-, neo-, For example: plumbing, farmer, flax harvesting, steam locomotive repair, airport, aircraft, motor rally, motorcycle race, velodrome, film director, photo report, stereo tube, weather report, electric motor, hydraulic structures, agricultural technology, livestock specialist, biostation, micro-reduction, macrocosm, neo-Lamarckism, bicycle racing, aerial photography.

For hyphenated writing of nouns formed with connecting vowels, see § 79, paragraphs. 3, 4.

2. Names of cities, the second component of which is -grad or -city , For example: Leningrad, Kaliningrad, Belgorod, Uzhgorod, Ivangorod.

3. Declinable compound nouns with the verbal first part on -And , For example: adonis, derzhiderev, derzhimorda, whirligig, whirligig, hoarder, daredevil.

§ 79. Written with a hyphen:

1. Compound nouns, having the meaning of one word and consisting of two independently used nouns, connected without the help of connecting vowels O And e , For example:

A) firebird, battle woman, diesel engine, cafe-restaurant, prime minister, major general, Buryat-Mongolia(with declension, only the second noun changes);

b) hut-reading room, purchase and sale, good boy, saw-fish, Moscow River(both nouns change with declension).

2. Compound names of political parties and trends, as well as their supporters, for example: social democracy, anarcho-syndicalism, social democrat, anarcho-syndicalist.

3. Complex units of measurement, regardless of whether they are formed with or without connecting vowels, for example: man-day, ton-kilometer, kilowatt-hour.

Word workday written together.

4. Names of intermediate countries of the world, Russian and foreign, for example: northeast and so on., Nord-East and so on.

5. Combinations of words that have the meaning of nouns, if such combinations include: a) a verb in personal form, for example: Dont touch me(plant), love-not-love(flower); b) union, for example: ivan-da-marya(plant); c) preposition, for example: Rostov-on-Don, Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Frankfurt-on-Main.

14. A defined word with a one-word application immediately following it, for example: old mother, Masha the frolic, Anika the warrior.

Note 1. A hyphen is not written between the defined word and the one-word application preceding it, which can be equated in meaning to an adjective, for example: handsome son.

Note 2. If the word or application being defined is itself written with a hyphen, then a hyphen is not written between them, for example: social democrats mensheviks.

Note 3. The hyphen is also not written:

a) in combination of a common noun with the following proper noun, for example: Moscow city, Volga river, Masha frolic;

b) in a combination of nouns, of which the first denotes a generic concept, and the second a specific concept, for example: finch bird, magnolia flower;

c) after words citizen, comrade, master etc. in combination with a noun, for example: citizen judge, comrade colonel, mister ambassador.

For separating an appendix with commas, see § 152.

15. Graphic abbreviations of nouns, consisting of the beginning and end of a word, for example: about(society), dr(doctor), t-vo(partnership), b-ka(library).

16. A hyphen is written after the first part of a compound noun when combining two compound nouns with the same second part, if in the first of the nouns this common part is omitted, for example: ball and roller bearings(instead of ball bearings and roller bearings), steam, electric and diesel locomotives(instead of steam locomotives, electric locomotives and diesel locomotives), party and trade union organizations, north and southeast.