What is Sanskrit. Sanskrit and Russian language. The meaning of vibrations. Sanskrit in modern times
We all know that speech is an expression of the culture of its speakers. Any speech is certain sound vibrations. And our material universe also consists of sound vibrations. According to the Vedas, the source of these vibrations is Brahma, who, through the utterance of certain sounds, creates our universe with all its types of living beings. The sounds emanating from Brahman are believed to be the sounds of Sanskrit. Thus the sound vibrations of Sanskrit have a transcendental spiritual basis. Therefore, if we come into contact with spiritual vibrations, then a program of spiritual development is activated in us, our heart is cleansed. And these are scientific facts. Language is a very important factor influencing culture, the formation of culture, the formation and development of a people.
In order to elevate a people or, on the contrary, lower them, it is enough to introduce the corresponding sounds or corresponding words, names, terms into the linguistic system of this people.
Research by scientists about Sanskrit and the Russian language.
The first Italian traveler Philippe Sosetti, who visited India 400 years ago, addressed the topic of the similarity of Sanskrit with world languages. After his journey, Sosetti left a work on the similarity of many Indian words with Latin. Next was the Englishman William Jones. William Jones knew Sanskrit and studied a significant part of the Vedas. Jones concluded that Indian and European languages are related. Friedrich Bosch, a German scientist and philologist, wrote a work in the mid-19th century - a comparative grammar of Sanskrit, Zen, Greek, Latin, Old Church Slavonic, and German.
Ukrainian historian, ethnographer and researcher of Slavic mythology Georgy Bulashov, in the preface of one of his works, where he analyzes the Sanskrit and Russian languages, writes - “all the main foundations of the language of tribal and tribal life, mythological and poetic works, are the property of the entire group of Indo-European and Aryan peoples . And they come from that distant time, the living memory of which has been preserved to this day in the most ancient hymns and rituals, the sacred books of the ancient Indian people, known as the “Vedas.” Thus, by the end of the last century, research by linguists showed that the fundamental principles of the Indo-European languages is Sanskrit, the oldest of all modern dialects.
The Russian scholar folklorist A. Gelferding (1853, St. Petersburg), in a book about the relationship of the Slavic language with Sanskrit, writes: “The Slavic language in all its dialects has preserved the roots and words that exist in Sanskrit. In this respect, the closeness of the languages being compared is extraordinary. The languages Sanskrit and Russian do not differ from each other in any permanent, organic changes in sounds. Slavic does not have a single feature alien to Sanskrit."
Professor from India, linguist, great expert in Sanskrit dialects, dialects, dialects, etc. Durgo Shastri, came to Moscow in his 60s. He didn't know Russian. But a week later he refused the translator, citing the fact that he himself understood Russians sufficiently, since Russians spoke corrupted Sanskrit. When he heard Russian speech, he said that - “you speak one of the ancient dialects of Sanskrit, which used to be widespread in one of the regions of India, but is now considered extinct.”
At a conference in 1964, Durgo presented a paper in which he gave many reasons that Sanskrit and Russian are related languages, and that Russian is a derivative of Sanskrit. Russian ethnographer Svetlana Zharnikova, Candidate of Historical Sciences. Author of the book - On the historical roots of North Russian folk culture, 1996.
Quotes - the vast majority of the names of our rivers can be simply translated from Sanskrit without distorting the language. Sukhona - from Sanskrit means easily overcome. Kubena – winding. Suda is a stream. Darida – giving water. Padma - lotus. Kama – love, attraction. There are many rivers and lakes in the Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions - Ganges, Shiva, Indigo, etc. The book contains 30 pages of these names in Sanskrit. And the word Rus comes from the word Russia - which in Sanskrit means holy or bright.
Modern scientists classify most European languages as belonging to the Indo-European group, defining Sanskrit as the closest to the universal proto-language. But Sanskrit is a language that no people in India have ever spoken. This language has always been the language of scientists and priests, much like Latin for Europeans. This is a language artificially introduced into the life of Hindus. But how did this artificial language appear in India then?
The Hindus have a legend that says that once upon a time, seven white teachers came to them from the North, beyond the Himalayas. They gave the Hindus a language (Sanskrit), gave them the Vedas (those famous Indian Vedas) and thus laid the foundations of Brahmanism, which is still the most popular religion in India, and from which Buddhism in turn emerged. Moreover, this is a fairly well-known legend - it is studied even in Indian theosophical universities. Many Brahmins consider the Russian North (the northern part of European Russia) to be the ancestral home of all humanity. And they come to our north on pilgrimage, just as Muslims go to Mecca.
Sixty percent of Sanskrit words completely coincide in meaning and pronunciation with Russian words. Natalya Guseva, an ethnographer, Doctor of Historical Sciences, a well-known specialist in Indian culture, and the author of more than 160 scientific works on the culture and ancient forms of Hindu religion, spoke about this for the first time. Once upon a time, one of the respected scientists of India, whom Guseva accompanied on a tourist trip along the rivers of the Russian North, refused to have a translator when communicating with local residents and, tearing up, remarked to Natalya Romanovna that he was happy to hear living Sanskrit! From that moment, her study of the phenomenon of similarity between the Russian language and Sanskrit began.
And, indeed, it is surprising: somewhere there, far in the south, beyond the Himalayas, live the peoples of the Negroid race, the most educated representatives of which speak a language close to our Russian language. Moreover, Sanskrit is close to the Russian language in the same way that, for example, the Ukrainian language is close to Russian. There can be no talk of any other such close coincidence of words between Sanskrit and any other language except Russian. Sanskrit and the Russian language are relatives, and if we assume that the Russian language, as a representative of the family of Indo-European languages, originated from Sanskrit, then the assumption that Sanskrit originated from the Russian language is also fair. So, at least, says the ancient Indian legend.
There is one more factor in favor of this statement: as the famous philologist Alexander Dragunkin says, a language descended from some other language always turns out simpler: fewer verbal forms, shorter words, etc. A person here follows the path of least resistance. And indeed, Sanskrit is much simpler than the Russian language. So we can say that Sanskrit is a simplified Russian language, frozen in time for 4-5 thousand years. And the hieroglyphic writing of Sanskrit, according to academician Nikolai Levashov, is nothing more than Slavic-Aryan runes, slightly modified by the Hindus.
The Russian language is the most ancient language on Earth and the closest to the language that served as the basis for most of the world's languages.
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We all know that speech is an expression of the culture of its speakers. Any speech is certain sound vibrations. And our material universe also consists of sound vibrations. According to the Vedas, the source of these vibrations is Brahma, who, through the utterance of certain sounds, creates our universe with all its types of living beings. The sounds emanating from Brahman are believed to be the sounds of Sanskrit. Thus the sound vibrations of Sanskrit have a transcendental spiritual basis. Therefore, if we come into contact with spiritual vibrations, then a program of spiritual development is activated in us, our heart is cleansed. And these are scientific facts. Language is a very important factor influencing culture, the formation of culture, the formation and development of a people. In order to elevate a people or, on the contrary, lower them, it is enough to introduce the corresponding sounds or corresponding words, names, terms into the linguistic system of this people. Research by scientists about Sanskrit and the Russian language.
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Recently, even in serious publications one can find discussions about Vedic Rus', about the origin of Sanskrit and other Indo-European languages from the Russian language. Where do these ideas come from? Why is it now, in the 21st century, when scientific Indo-European studies has already had a history of more than 200 years and has accumulated a huge amount of factual material and proven a huge number of theories, that these ideas have become so popular? Why do even some textbooks for universities seriously consider the “Book of Veles” as a reliable source for the study of the history and mythology of the Slavs, although linguists have convincingly proven the fact of forgery and the later origin of this text?
All this, as well as the discussion that unfolded in the comments to my post, prompted me to write a series of short articles talking about Indo-European languages, methods of modern Indo-European studies, about the Aryans and their connection with the Indo-Europeans. I do not pretend to provide a complete statement of the truth—enormous research and monographs by a large number of scientists have been devoted to these issues. It would be naive to think that within the framework of a blog you can dot all the i’s. However, in my defense, I will say that due to the nature of my professional activities and scientific interests, I have to come into contact with issues of interaction of languages and cultures on the Eurasian continent, as well as with Indian philosophy and Sanskrit. Therefore, I will try to present the results of modern research in this area in an accessible form.
Today I would like to briefly talk about Sanskrit and its study by European scientists.
Text of the Shakta text “Devi-Mahatmya” on palm leaves, Bhujimol script, Nepal, 11th century.
Sanskrit: languages and writing
Sanskrit refers Indo-Aryan group of the Indo-Iranian branchIndo-European family of languages and is an ancient Indian literary language. The word "Sanskrit" means "processed", "perfect". Like many other languages, it was considered to be of divine origin and was the language of ritual and sacred rites. Sanskrit is a synthetic language (grammatical meanings are expressed by the forms of the words themselves, hence the complexity and wide variety of grammatical forms). In its development it went through a number of stages.
In the 2nd – beginning of the 1st millennium BC. began to penetrate into the territory of Hindustan from the north-west Indo-European Aryan tribes. They spoke several closely related dialects. Western dialects formed the basis Vedic language. Most likely, its formation occurred in the 15th-10th centuries. BC. Four (literally “knowledge”) – samhitas (collections) were written on it: Rig Veda("Veda of Hymns") Samaveda(“Veda of Sacrificial Spells”), Yajurveda(“Veda of Songs”) and Atharvaveda(“Veda of the Atharvans”, spells and incantations). The Vedas are accompanied by a corpus of texts: brahmins(priestly books), Aranyaki(books of forest hermits) and Upanishads(religious and philosophical works). They all belong to the class "shruti"- “heard.” The Vedas are believed to be of divine origin and were written down by a sage ( rishi) Vyasa. In Ancient India, only “twice-born” - representatives of the three highest varnas ( brahmins- priests, kshatriyas- warriors and vaishyas- farmers and artisans); Shudras(servants), on pain of death, were not allowed to access the Vedas (you can read more about the varna system in the post).
Eastern dialects formed the basis of Sanskrit proper. From the middle of the 1st millennium BC. to III-IV centuries. AD formation was underway epic Sanskrit, on which a huge corpus of literature was recorded, primarily epics Mahabharata(“The Great Battle of the Descendants of Bharata”) and Ramayana("The Wanderings of Rama") - itihasa. Also written in epic Sanskrit puranas(from the word “ancient”, “old”) - a collection of myths and legends, tantra(“rule”, “code”) - texts of religious and magical content, etc. All of them belong to the class "smriti"- “remembered”, complementary shruti. Unlike the latter, representatives of the lower varnas were also allowed to study “smriti”.
In the IV-VII centuries. is being formed classical Sanskrit, on which fiction and scientific literature was created, the works of six darshan- orthodox schools of Indian philosophy.
Since the 3rd century. BC. addition in progress Prakrits(“ordinary language”), based on the spoken language and which gave rise to many of the modern languages of India: Hindi, Punjabi, Bengali, etc. They are also of Indo-Aryan origin. The interaction of Sanskrit with the Prakrits and other Indian languages led to the Sanskritization of the Central Indian languages and the formation hybrid Sanskrit, on which, in particular, Buddhist and Jain texts are recorded.
For a long time now, Sanskrit has practically not developed as a living language. However, it is still part of the Indian classical education system, services are performed in Hindu temples, books are published, and treatises are written. As the Indian orientalist and public figure rightly said Suniti KumarChatterjee(1890-1977), modern languages of India grew “figuratively speaking, in the atmosphere of Sanskrit”.
There is still no consensus among scientists and researchers as to whether the Vedic language belongs to Sanskrit. Thus, the famous ancient Indian thinker and linguist Panini(approx. 5th century BC), who created a complete systematic description of Sanskrit, considered the Vedic language and classical Sanskrit to be different languages, although he recognized their kinship, the origin of the second from the first.
Sanskrit script: from Brahmi to Devanagari
Despite its long history, a unified writing system in Sanskrit never emerged. This is due to the fact that in India there was a strong tradition of oral transmission of text, memorization, and recitation. When necessary, recordings were made using the local alphabet. V.G. Erman noted that the written tradition in India probably begins around the 8th century. BC, about 500 years before the appearance of the oldest written monuments - the rock edicts of King Ashoka, and wrote further:
“... the history of Indian literature begins several centuries earlier, and here it is necessary to note an important feature of it: it represents a rare example in the history of world culture of literature that reached such a high development at an early stage, virtually outside of writing.”
For comparison: the oldest monuments of Chinese writing (Yin fortune-telling inscriptions) date back to the 14th-11th centuries. BC.
The oldest writing system is syllabary brahmi. In particular, the famous Edicts of King Ashoka(III century BC). There are several hypotheses regarding the time of appearance of this letter. According to one of them, in the monuments of the 3rd-2nd millennium BC, discovered during excavations Harappans And Mohenjo-daro(in what is now Pakistan), a number of signs can be interpreted as predecessors of Brahmi. According to another, Brahmi is of Middle Eastern origin, as indicated by the similarity of a large number of characters with the Aramaic alphabet. For a long time, this writing system was forgotten and deciphered at the end of the 18th century.
Sixth Edict of King Ashoka, 238 BC, Brahmi letter, British Museum
In Northern India, as well as in the southern part of Central Asia from the 3rd century. BC. to the 4th century AD semi-alphabetic, semi-syllabic writing was used kharosthi, which also has some similarities with the Aramaic alphabet. It was written from right to left. In the Middle Ages, it, like Brahmi, was forgotten and deciphered only in the 19th century.
From Brahmi came writing gupta, common in the IV-VIII centuries. It got its name from the powerful Gupta Empire(320-550), the time of economic and cultural prosperity of India. Since the 8th century, the Western version has emerged from the Gupta - writing charade. The Tibetan alphabet is based on Gupta.
By the 12th century, Gupta and Brahmi were transformed into writing Devanagari(“divine city [letter]”), still in use today. At the same time, other types of writing existed.
Text of the Bhagavata Purana (c. 1630-1650), Devanagari script, Asian Art Museum, San Francisco
Sanskrit: the oldest language or one of the Indo-European languages?
The Englishman Sir is considered the founder of scientific Indology William Jones(1746-1794). In 1783 he arrived in Calcutta as a judge. In 1784 he became chairman of the foundation founded on his initiative. Bengal Asiatic Society(Asiatic Society of Bengal), whose tasks included studying Indian culture and introducing Europeans to it. On February 2, 1786, in the third anniversary lecture, he wrote:
“No matter how ancient Sanskrit is, it has an amazing structure. It is more perfect than Greek, richer than Latin, and more refined than either of them, and at the same time it bears such close resemblance to these two languages, both in the roots of verbs and in grammatical forms, that it can hardly be an accident; this similarity is so great that not a single philologist who would study these languages could fail to believe that they originated from a common source that no longer exists.”
However, Jones was not the first to point out the closeness of Sanskrit and European languages. Back in the 16th century, a Florentine merchant Filippo Sasetti wrote about the similarities between Sanskrit and Italian.
From the beginning of the 19th century, the systematic study of Sanskrit began. This served as an impetus for the establishment of scientific Indo-European studies and the establishment of the foundations of comparative studies - the comparative study of languages and cultures. A scientific concept of the genealogical unity of the Indo-European languages is emerging. At that time, Sanskrit was recognized as the standard, the language closest to the Proto-Indo-European language. German writer, poet, philosopher, linguist Friedrich Schlegel(1772-1829) said about him:
“Indian is older than its related languages and was their common ancestor.”
By the end of the 19th century, a large amount of factual material had been accumulated, which shook the opinion that Sanskrit was archaic. At the beginning of the twentieth century, written monuments were discovered on Hittite language, dating from the 18th century. BC. It was also possible to discover other previously unknown ancient languages related to Indo-European, for example, Tocharian. It has been proven that the Hittite language is closer to Proto-Indo-European than Sanskrit.
In the last century, enormous advances have been made in comparative linguistics. A large number of texts written in Sanskrit were studied and translated into European languages, the proto-languages were reconstructed and dated, and a hypothesis was put forward about Nostratic macrofamily, uniting Indo-European, Uralic, Altai and other languages. Thanks to interdisciplinary research, discoveries in archeology, history, philosophy, and genetics, it was possible to establish the places of the supposed ancestral home of the Indo-Europeans and the most likely routes of migration of the Aryans.
However, the words of the philologist and Indologist still remain relevant Friedrich Maximilian Müller (1823-1900):
“If I were asked what I consider to be the greatest discovery of the 19th century in the study of the ancient history of mankind, I would give a simple etymological correspondence - Sanskrit Dyaus Pitar = Greek Zeus Pater = Latin Jupiter.”
References:
Bongard-Levin G.M., Grantovsky E.A. From Scythia to India. M., 1983.
Bongard-Levin G.M., Ilyin G.F. India in ancient times. M., 1985.
Basham A.L. The miracle that was India. M., 2000.
Kochergina V.A. Sanskrit textbook. M., 1994.
Rudoy V.I., Ostrovskaya E.P. Sanskrit in Indian culture // Sanskrit. St. Petersburg, 1999.
Shokhin V.K. Vedas // Indian philosophy. Encyclopedia. M., 2009.
Erman V.G. Essay on the history of Vedic literature. M., 1980.
Photos are from Wikipedia.
PS. In India, it is the oral language (sound) that serves as a kind of core, since there was no single writing system, while in China and in the Far Eastern region in general there is hieroglyphic writing (image), for which the specific sound of words does not matter. Perhaps this influenced the idea of space and time in these regions and predetermined the features of philosophy.
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Devanagari alphabet
Indian alphabets, including Brahmi, Devanagari and others, are the only ones in the world where the order of signs is not random, but is based on an impeccable phonetic classification of sounds. This sets them apart from all other alphabets, imperfect and chaotically constructed: ancient Greek, Latin, Arabic, Georgian, etc.
We do not know of any centuries-long development of the Devanagari script in India itself. This letter is considered a divine revelation. Indian Brahmin priests claim that Sanskrit is the language spoken by the Indian gods. According to one legend, Shiva presented sacred sounds. From them Sanskrit was later created.
According to another legend, the ancient enlightened yogis, who listened to their bodies in silence, caught fifty different vibrations that emanated from the chakras, and each of these subtle vibrations became one of the letters of the Sanskrit alphabet, that is, Sanskrit is internal energies expressed in sounds. For example, many people know the sacred sound OM in the East, which is also a mantra, and at the same time a letter of the Devanagari alphabet.
The Sanskrit word “Devanagari” itself is translated differently by different experts:
- writing "in the dialect of the Devas
" or " spoken by the Devas ( over)";
- "writing of the city of the gods"
, writing of the Heavenly City (Deva-Nagari).
Devas
- these are demigods, half-people (what tales, legends and traditions of not only the Indian epic report
). Devas appear in human form. Can also be translated as divine, (same root words "diva ny", "y diva ative")
"Naga"
Nagas are a people of snake people who, according to legend, lived in India in ancient times. Nagas could be gods, demigods, or close associates of gods.
"Ri"
- (same root wordrewhose) speech, writing, law, order, ritual.
Thus, we get Deva-Naga-Ri" - the Divine Nagas letter (or speech).
It's funny, isn't it? Nagas are a people considered a mythical fiction, and their writing is a completely material object that has existed for 5000 years. And this despite the fact that in the legends of the ancient Indians many other mythical races are mentioned: Siddhas, Charans, Gandharvas, Rudras, Apsaras, Uragas, Guhyakas and Vidyadharas, Danavas, Nagas, Maruts, Rakshasas, Nairrits, intelligent monkeys and others. But the fact is that the Indians themselves consider the Nagas to be their ancestors and still worship them. In many temples scattered throughout India from north to south, we find images of snake people from the Naga family.
The cult of snakes is also found in some myths, which are given in the collection of ancient Mayan religious texts, the Book of Chilam-Balam. It says that the first inhabitants of Yucatan were the Snake People. It is also interesting that in the Old Testament tradition the biblical serpent-tempter is called “nachash” in Hebrew, in With in Anskrit the sound of snake is "naga", and in some Indian dialects (Achuar and Auahun): “napi” and “naka-naka”.
There is another translation option for the word Devanagari. It is the language of communication between Nagas and Devas. Nagas are the indigenous inhabitants of our planet, they represent the Lunar Dynasty. Virgos, representatives of the Solar dynasty, are aliens. Thus, the sounds and script of Devanagari formed the basis of the language in which the gods and intelligent beings, the former inhabitants of our planet, communicated.
Is Sanskrit the language of the Naga snake people?
All of the above is confirmed by the following interesting observations. Experts involved in the study of fonts and alphabets believe that when writing symbols or letters, the image of a mouth making a sound from left to right is almost universally accepted (except for the letters “O” and “Ö"
,
drawn from the front).
Let us assume that each Devanagari sign represents, as in Cyrillic and other alphabets, a schematic representation of the mouth and organs of speech at the moment of pronouncing a sound. This results in a schematic side view of the mouth. The upper palate is a horizontal line, the lower jaw is a vertical line. The mouth is always open. At the same time, teeth in this font are not depicted in any character. And some of the letters are either greatly distorted, or represent the mouth positions not of a human being, but perhaps of Naga, the serpent-man, since these symbols depict a long tongue forked at the end.
The language of the creators of Devanagari did not contain a single dental letter. It can be assumed that these creatures had no teeth at all. This is exactly how Indian sculptures depict nagas.But in Sanskrit and Hindi there are many sounds, with exhalation through the nose, and not through the mouth, i.e. aspirated sounds ha, dha, jha, bhra, etc. For other human languages this phenomenon is extremely rare. Why complicate things so much when our mouth and lips allow for so many different pronunciation variations? Moreover, in classical Sanskrit, these same “exhalation” sounds are also pronounced through the mouth, but with aspiration. It seems that the creators of the language did not have such a mobile mouth, but the nasopharynx was overdeveloped.
In India, the strange custom of cutting the base of the tongue is still widespread. Many yogis use special training to stretch their tongue in length (sometimes even very much). Mentions have been preserved of brahmins cutting the tongue lengthwise in ancient times so that it resembled a snake's.
Why such seemingly very artificial operations? This, of course, is just a hypothesis, but isn’t it for the completely pragmatic, rational purpose of making it easier to speak the Naga language? Perhaps people sought to speak the Naga language correctly, and for this purpose changed their speech organs.
If we look at the map of the distribution of such languages with aspirated sounds, we will find that the language of the Nagas, Snake People and Dragons was distributed in Southeast Asia (Hindustan, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Japan, Korea). This fact is consistent with the legends of the mentioned countries that these intelligent beings, representatives of the Lunar Dynasty, lived in this territory. And as legends say, they taught the first people literacy, agriculture, crafts and other knowledge. They also conveyed intimate knowledge about the structure of the world and man, so that man could develop and improve...
If you asked me which two languages of the world are most similar to each other, I would answer without any hesitation: “”. And not because some words in both these languages are similar, as is the case with many languages belonging to the same family. For example, common words can be found in Latin, German, Sanskrit, Persian and Indo-European languages. What is surprising is that our two languages have similar word structures, style and syntax. Let us add even greater similarity in the rules of grammar - this arouses deep curiosity among everyone who is familiar with linguistics, who wants to know more about the close ties established in the distant past between the peoples of the USSR and India.
Universal word
Let's take for example the most famous Russian word of our century, “sputnik”. It consists of three parts: a) “s” is a prefix, b) “put” is a root and c) “nik” is a suffix. The Russian word “put” is common to many other languages of the Indo-European family: path in English and “path” in Sanskrit. That's all. The similarity between Russian and Sanskrit goes further and is visible at all levels. The Sanskrit word "pathik" means "one who follows the path, a traveler."
The Russian language can form words such as "putik" and "traveler". The most interesting thing in the history of the word "sputnik" in Russian. The semantic meaning of these words in both languages is the same: “one who follows the path with someone.” I can only congratulate the Soviet people who chose such an international and universal word.
Here are some more examples from Sanskrit: उस्रि usri - morning; द्वार् dvār - door;उच्चता uccatā - height;भ्रातर् bhrātar - brother; दुरित durita- bad; वन्य vanya - wild, forest (similar to our name Vanya and Ivan tea); शुष्क śuṣka - dry, dried up (just like our drying); लघु laghu - light; बलाहक balāhaka - cloud, clouds; शिला śilā - rock; द्व dva - two, both; त्रि tri - Three; स्मि smi, smayate- laugh; प्लु plu, plavate - to swim; पी I pī, pīyate - to drink; श्वस् śvas, śvasiti - whistle; लुभ् lubh, lubhati - to love, to crave.
When I was in Moscow, at the hotel they gave me the keys to room 234 and said “dwesti tridtsat chetire.” In bewilderment, I could not understand whether I was standing in front of a nice girl in Moscow or whether I was in Benares or Ujjain in our classical period some 2000 years ago. In Sankrit 234 it will be “dwishata tridasha chatwari”. Is there a greater similarity possible anywhere? It is unlikely that there will be two more different languages that have preserved their ancient heritage - such close pronunciation - to this day.
I had the opportunity to visit the village of Kachalovo, about 25 km from Moscow, and was invited to dinner by a Russian peasant family. An elderly woman introduced me to the young couple, saying in Russian: “On my seen i opa toua. snokha."
How I wish that Panini**, the great Indian grammarian who lived about 2600 years ago, could be here with me and hear the language of his time, so wonderfully preserved with all the minutest subtleties! Russian word "seen" and "sooni" in Sanskrit. Also, “madiy” is “son” in Sanskrit and can be compared with “tou” in Russian and “tu” in English. But only in Russian and Sanskrit "tou" and "madiy" should change into "toua" and "madiya", since we are talking about the word "snokha", which is feminine. The Russian word "snokha" is the Sanskrit "snukha", which can be pronounced the same way as in Russian. The relationship between a son and his son's wife is also described by similar words in the two languages.
Absolutely right
Here is another Russian expression: “That is your dom, etot our dom.” In Sanskrit: “Tat vas dham, etat nas dham.” "Tot" or "tat" is a singular demonstrative pronoun in both languages and refers to an object from the outside. The Sanskrit "dham" is the Russian "dom", perhaps due to the fact that Russian lacks the aspirated "h".
Young languages of the Indo-European group, such as English, French, German and even Hindi, which directly goes back to Sanskrit, must use the verb “is”, without which the above sentence cannot exist in any of these languages. Only Russian and Sanskrit do without the linking verb “is”, while remaining completely correct both grammatically and ideomatically. The word “is” itself is similar to “est” in Russian and “asti” in Sanskrit. And even more than that, the Russian “estestvo” and the Sanskrit “astitva” mean “existence” in both languages. Thus, it becomes clear that not only the syntax and word order are similar, but the very expressiveness and spirit are preserved in these languages in an unchanged original form.
At the end of the article, I will give a simple and very useful rule of Panini’s grammar to show how applicable it is in Russian word formation. Panini shows how six pronouns are converted into adverbs of time by simply adding “-da.” Only three of the six Sanskrit examples cited by Panini remain in modern Russian, but they follow this 2600-year-old rule. Here they are:
Sanskrit
pronouns
kim
tat
sarva
adverbs
kada
tada
sada
meaning
which one, which one
That
All
Russian
when
thenda
vsegda
The letter “g” in a Russian word usually denotes the joining into one whole of parts that previously existed separately. European and Indian languages do not have the same means of preserving ancient language systems as Russian does. The time has come to intensify the study of the two largest branches of the Indo-European family and open up some dark chapters of ancient history for the benefit of all peoples.
IT IS IMPOSSIBLE to ignore the fact that there are a huge number of identical words in Russian and Sanskrit (see examples below). It is also impossible not to notice the commonality of many words of other European languages with Sanskrit, which is the Protolanguage, the Progenitor of all Indo-European languages. This article is more related to the connection between Sanskrit and the Russian language, and this will be the main focus.
In fact, it is Vedic Sanskrit that is the native language of all Slavic peoples, and awareness of this fact is very important for the general spiritual and cultural orientation of modern people. The Slavic linguistic mentality is directly related to the Sanskrit language and has its genetic roots in it (SKS: Russian "KoreN" - from Sanskrit "KaraNa", i.e. reason, root basis).
The thinking basis of the Slavs is based on Sanskrit. SANSKRIT is our, so to speak, SANSKaRa, that is, something inherent in the deep subconscious of the Slavs. Sanskrit sanskara, that is, imprint/imprint, is indelible because it is at a subtler level than the physical body and mind/reason. Sometimes, in certain happy moments, when consciousness gains expansion and enlightenment, this can be felt to some extent clearly.
No matter how much time passes, no matter what processes take place in the lives of peoples, the living-as-life-itself connection between the European Slavic languages and Vedic Sanskrit does not erase, does not deteriorate and does not perish.
Recognizing this close connection between Sanskrit and Slavic languages (i.e. Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Czech, etc.) is not so difficult. The facts, as they say, are clear. Parallels (i.e. direct relationships) between words such as “jnana” and “knowledge”, “vidya” and “knowledge”, “dvara” and “door”, “mrityu” and “death”, “shveta” and "light", "jiva" and "living", etc. and so on. - are obvious and indisputable.
Further, it should be noted that one of the primary points in the study of Sanskrit-Slavic kinship is that those Slavic words that are of Sanskrit origin play an extremely important, if not the most important, role even in the linguistic structure itself, that is, they express/name the main (mental and somatic) functions of human life. For example, everything that is in one way or another connected in the Russian language with knowledge or spiritual and ordinary vision has a root basis in Sanskrit: KNOW, KNOW, RECOGNIZE, RECOGNITION, VISION, SEE, FORESEE, DREAM, SEE, MIRROR, (lake - surface water on which the moon is visibly reflected), review, see clearly, contemplation, ghost, contempt, suspicion, review, READ, COUNT, STUDY, etc. Also, these languages have a lot of common names from the field of phenomena, elements and objects of nature (fire-agni, wind-vata, water-udaka, etc.).
As has already been noted several times, Russian people really speak Sanskrit, only a somewhat corrupted and distorted version of it. Even from a superficial point of view, the echo, or echo, of Sanskrit is very noticeable in the Russian language. If the connection between the Russian language and Sanskrit is subjected to a more thorough and attentive analysis, then it will be possible to discover many amazing things (SKS: Russian “thing” - Sanskrit “vishaya”) and make a lot of amazing discoveries (in terms of word creation). According to the observation of some experts, the Russian language is one of the closest of all European languages to the Sanskrit language. And, perhaps, the Russian language is really the most preserved (in relation to Sanskrit) of all European Slavic languages due to the fact that Russia is remote from all Western European states, and did not actively mix its language with the languages of its neighbors.
In India itself, Vedic Sanskrit (the language of the Rig-Veda) also underwent gradual changes due to influence from the languages of the Dravidian population.
In order to discover and trace the most hidden and internal layers of Russian-Sanskrit linguistic correspondences/analogues, it is necessary to tune in to serious scientific research (this goes without saying), etc. etc., - but the most important thing, from our point of view, is to apply the method of Mystical-intuitive penetration everywhere and with maximum awareness (the so-called yoga-pratyaksha - penetration into figurative-sound vibrations-correspondences, bypassing literal interpretations ) into the very Essence (SKS: Russian "essence" - Sanskrit "sat") of the subject. Why is this special attention? Because the methods of formal linguistics alone (SKS: “lingua, lingua” - Sanskrit “lingam, i.e. sign (in this case - linguistic sign)”) will not get by here - this will be too little, and it will bring rather meager fruits. Linear-formal techniques are so-called. If “academic” comparative linguistics works here, it will only be at the initial stage, at the peripheral level. If we want to unearth a real treasure, we will have to dig to much deeper layers of language, which are in contact not so much with the surface consciousness, but with the subconscious, with what is hidden deep underground of words and concepts, under a pile of terms, epithets and definitions . The approach that is proposed here is certainly sensitive to literal interpretations of words-concepts and at the same time paradoxical in the sense that it sometimes goes far beyond literal parallels and correspondences, trying to penetrate through the surface layer of forms into the depths of the essential content; The verbal, phonetic area of application of words-concepts expressed through speech is also involved.
For example, when it is said that the Sanskrit-Russian words: “tama” and “darkness”, “divya” and “amazing”, “dasha” and “ten”, “sata” and “hundred”, “shloka” and “syllable”, slogan", "pada" and "heel" are the same root, then this does not raise any particular doubts or objections; You don’t have to be Professor of Comparative Linguistics Müller to see the direct similarities here. When we feel a fundamental relationship between some Russian and Sanskrit words-concepts, but do not have formal evidence of this (KINSHIP), then identifying and pointing out this KINSHIP seems quite difficult (and even more so, presenting the evidence base). Difficult, but not impossible, because, as we have already noted, contemplative abstraction and paradoxical logic are quite effective and proven tools with the help of which such incomprehensibly deep and intimate linguistic connections between Sanskrit and Russian words are revealed and demonstrated, which sometimes captivates spirit. (Let us also not forget about the danger of getting carried away by far-fetched and far-fetched parallels and correspondences, inventions and fantasies.)
The sage Socrates, Plato’s teacher, says in the book “The State, Chapter 1” -
"...you became so meek and stopped getting angry...".
What immediately catches your eye about this small, compact phrase?
Firstly, all its elements are of Sanskrit origin;
secondly, two words that convey certain psycho-states especially attract attention - the adjective “meek” and the verb “angry”. Do they have any connection with Sanskrit roots? Of course they do, and in order to identify it, we will carry out the following research comparisons.
Let's look at the word "angry" first.
Ozhegov’s dictionary gives the following synonyms for the word “get angry”: “to be angry, irritated with someone, to feel anger towards someone.”
Then, it is not difficult to realize that the root basis of the word “angry” is “serdt/heart/heart”, that is, “get angry” - this means “to show a certain CARDIAL affect, a movement of the soul.” Heart is a Russian word, derived from the Sanskrit word “hridaya”, i.e. they have the same root - SRD-HRD. Also, within the broad scope of the Sanskrit word hridaya-heart, there is also such a concept as soul. And the heart, and the soul, and the mind/manas - all this is covered by the area of \u200b\u200bmeanings of the Sanskrit word "hridaya". This is directly related to the psyche and the processes occurring in it. Therefore, the origin of the Russian word “to get angry” (i.e. to show some kind of negative heartfelt affect) from the Sanskrit “hridaya-heart” is quite logical and reasonable.
But here one tricky question arises: why in the Russian language this word (“to be angry”) has a negative connotation, and quite pronounced (SKS: Russian “bright” - Sanskrit “arch (bright sun)”), whereas, according to idea, everything related to the heart should reflect the positive attractions of the soul and heart, such as love, sympathy, affection, passion, etc.?
The point here is that, as you know, from love to hate there is one small step; insightful Hindu Brahmins almost always paired passionate affection (kama) with hatred and malice (krodha), that is, they showed that they were inseparable companions. Where there is kama, there is krodha, and where there is krodha (malice, anger), there must necessarily be kama (lust) nearby. In other words, in Hindu psychology, passionate love and anger-hatred are emotional correlates, complementary factors.
Then, since one of the synonyms of the word “get angry” is the word “to be irritated”, another characteristic parallel from the field of ancient Indian psychology immediately arises: the root of the word “to get irritated” corresponds to the word “RAJAS”, i.e. guna (in the Samkhya philosophy system) rajas, which is the source of all energetic movements of the soul, especially its active impetuous impulses.
So, it is shown that both the word "to get angry" and the word "to be annoyed" are of Sanskrit origin (from the words "hridaya" and "rajas" respectively).
Now the word "meek" is considered. It is also intended to convey to us a certain psychological characteristic of a person, his state of mind.
Synonyms for the word “meek” (according to Ozhegov’s dictionary): “kindly”, “submissive”, “meek”.
In an attempt to find a Sanskrit parallel, we turn our minds to the cognates from Sanskrit and discover the already mentioned famous word “krodha” (often found, for example, in the Bhagavad Gita). What does it mean? It means "wrath", "malice", etc. - that is, something completely opposite in meaning to the word "meek". But this should not confuse us now, because we know for sure that even words with the same root can be antonyms (i.e., opposite in meaning). In the process of linguistic evolution (or degradation), the meaning of a word could be subject to rethinking, deliberate or unintentional distortion - up to giving the word the opposite meaning to its original meaning. The word could be lost for some time, go out of active circulation, and then again unexpectedly “surface to the surface of the popular lexicon” - but with the opposite meaning, (or) with a completely different connotation. It is known that it is enough to add the prefix “a” to a word, and it will already be in opposition to the original one. We add another “a”, and the word again takes on a completely different meaning, etc. (For example, “krodha” - “malice”; “akrodha” - “kindness”; “a-akrodha” - “non-kindness, i.e. malice”, etc.)
It seems that this was precisely the fate of the word “meek.” Initially, among the ancient Aryans, it (in the form of “krodha”) meant anger, rage, anger, violent negative emotion - and then underwent an amazing transformation and began to mean something the opposite.
GAYATRI MANTRA (Rig-Veda, 3.62.10).
"Om bhur bhuvah suvaha
Tat Savitur jams
Bhargo Devasya dhimahi
Dhiyo yonah prachchhodayat."
Almost every word from this Great Mantra echoes the words of the Russian language:
1. OM - Aum, Amen, “So be it!”, sacred exclamation.
2. BHUR - Brown, black-brown in color - that is, Earth.
3. BHUVAH - Being, the space between Earth and Heaven, antariksha.
4. SUVAHA - From above, Svarga - that is, what is above, in Heaven.
5. TAT - That - an indication of the Supreme principle of Existence.
6. SAVITUR - Light God, Advisor, Patron, God of the Sun.
7. JAM - Faithful, best, desired, English. very.
8. BHARGO - Breg, shore, goal; carefully.
9. VIRGO - Virgo, the Highest God.
10. DHIMAHI - I think, reflect, meditate.
11. DHIYO - Think, remember, care.
12. YONAH - About us, about Your devotees.
13. PRACCHHODAYAT - We ask, we beg, English. pray, You, truly.
Russian translation:
"Om, for the sake of the Earth, Airspace and Heaven;
We turn to That Bright God, the best and most faithful;
Carefully and continuously turning in your thoughts to That God,
We ask Him (or: You) to also think and take care of us."
Sanskrit root words-cores in the Russian language are like a half-erased inscription on an ancient coin, which is extremely difficult to make out and decipher, but if you put in enough effort and patience, the researcher can expect the joy of discovering that in the end the inscription is read, understood and contains valuable information.
All those who are interested in and practice yoga, as well as the study of ancient Indo-Aryan philosophy, have to deal with many Sanskrit words and terms (however, almost any Sanskrit word can be translated into terms).
In addition to existing studies on this topic and lists of Sanskrit-Russian (and Sanskrit-English) parallels and correspondences, a new (but far from exhaustive, since everyone can add to it) list is proposed, which may provide some additional help in memorization Sanskrit words:
ANGA - leg, body member, phalanx; "ashta-anga yoga" - eight limb yoga; "angula" - finger.
ANJANA - anointing, ointment; (the letters “n” and “m” are Interchangeable Sound-Letters (hereinafter referred to as VZZB); the letter combination “j” is often replaced by “z”); This is where the word "niranjana" comes from - i.e. unsullied, unsmeared.
ANTAR - OP (official translation): internal, English. "internal"; "Antar-jyoti" - inner light, "antar-sukhah" - happiness from within.
AKHILA - whole, whole, whole, mute. "heil".
AGASTA-MASA - month of August.
ACHALA - unshakable (“ch” and “k”, “a” and “o” - VZZB), stable, “non-swaying”, motionless.
ATAH - so (here “x” and “k” are VZZB).
ATI - very, super-.
ADRISHTA - invisible (VZZB: “a” is similar to “not”, “dr” - “zr”).
ADHA - below, hell.
ADHANA - without money; "dhana" - money, wealth.
ANAVRITTIM - without return.
ANNA - food, manna.
ANYA - different.
ASANA - posture, yogic pose.
APARAJITA - without defeat, invincible.
APARE - others, others.
APATREBYAH - obscene, unworthy (people).
ASAT - non-essence, something non-existent, matter.
BANDHA - English. bondage (slavery, bonds); "karmabandha" - "bound by the bonds/fetters of karma."
BHAYA - fear, fear.
BHAVATI - to be, to become.
BRU - eyebrow.
VAKRA - crooked.
VASANTA - spring.
VRITTA - rotation in the wheel of life, behavior, occupation.
VAKHNI, AGNI - fire.
VATA, VAYU - wind, to blow (v.).
VARTAM - English. word (word).
VASO is a thing, an element of clothing.
VAHANA - English. vehicle (driver (VZZB: x-g-j-z), vehicle).
VRAJA - wander, walk.
VRANA - wound, harm.
GILATI - swallow.
DANTA - tooth.
YES - give.
DARU, TARU - tree, English. tree; "Kalpa-taru" is a tree that fulfills all desires.
DESH - place, area, cf. Russian: “local” i.e. "from this area."
DINA - day.
JAPA - a mantra pronounced in a whisper ("j" and "sh" - VZZB); "japa-ajapa" is a silent mantra.
DVANDVA - duality.
DARTA - holding, carrying.
DURACHARA - a fool, a fool, behaving in an unworthy manner.
DHUMA - smoke.
DHVANI - ringing, sound.
KALPANA - vibration (roots: KLPN-KLBN) of the matter of thought, i.e. wish.
KALPA - world period, - i.e. vibration of prime matter/prakriti, consisting of three gunas; "mano-kalpita jagat" - "an imaginary world."
KAZ - to say; "kaza, English katha" - tale, story.
KENDRA - center.
KESHA - hair, braid of hair.
KONA - corner, English. corner.
KOSH - shell, skin.
KRIDA - play, playfulness.
KRURA - English. cruel (cruel).
KLAIBIAM - weakness.
LAGHU - light, small, English. light.
LOBHA - love, lust, greedy desire to conquer someone.
MADHU - honey.
MADHURAH - sweet, honey (taste).
MAN - to imagine, think, imagine.
MAHA - English mighty, mighty, great.
MUDHA - fool and other unflattering epithets used in everyday Russian everyday life.
NAKHA - nail, German. nagel.
NABHA - sky.
NAVAY - new.
NASHYATI - to turn into nothing, to be destroyed, to perish; "vinasha" - "destruction, lit.: into nothingness."
NAGA - snake (hence a whole series of words such as naked, impudent, etc.).
NADI - thread, energy channel (of the subtle body - sushumna-ts, ida-l, pingala-p).
NANA - English many (many; VZZB: “n” changes to “m”).
NABHI - English navel (navel).
NARANJA-PHALAM - orange fruit, orange.
NASHIKA - nose.
NI - bottom, down, lower, dumb. "niedrig".
NIR-VATA - windless.
NIRODHA - non-birth/cessation; “chitta-vritti-nirodha” - “non-birth/cessation of rotation of the matter of thought, or: non-birth of new vortexes of the mind.”
NISHA - night.
PADA - heel, English. foot, OP: leg.
PANI - English pen, "handle", OP: hand.
PANTHA - path, English. path; "patika" - "traveler".
PARAMITA - pyramid, highest perfection.
PACHATI - oven (v.).
PATATI, PAT - to fall.
PATAGA - bird, bird.
PIBATY - drink, drink.
PRAGNA - para-jnana, transcending-all-knowledge, celebration of the spirit.
PRASHNA - asking, question.
PRASANNA, PRASIDA - English. pleased (satisfied, joyful).
PRIYA - nice.
PURVA - first, ancient, ancient.
SWIM - swim.
PLIHA - bad mood.
PHENA - foam, English. foam (VZZB: "ph" changes to "f").
RICK, RIG - speech, cf. Russian: adverb, saying, prophecy, denial, reproach, growl, cry, contradiction, etc.
RUPA - Wed: Russian. shirt, robe (rough clothing), German. "rumpf" - "torso, frame"; also from Skt. root "rupa" words originated: English. "coRPse", German. "koRPer", "trup", etc.
SARKARA - sugar.
SA - he, this one.
SABHA - meeting.
SIDATI - sit.
SIVYATI - embroider.
SAMYAK, SAMYAG - the most (perfect), the most (best); "samyak-sambodhi" - "the most perfect self-awakening."
SUPIT - the one who sleeps.
SEV - English serve(serve); "seva" - "service".
STAMBHA - pillar.
STHA - to stand (also verb "tishthati"), established, located.
STHANU - stable, motionless, unchanging.
STHANA - stop, location.
STALIKA - cutlery, dishes.
SNEHA - tenderness; like snow/snow melting from just one contact with it.
SPARSANA - contact.
SPRISHATI - to touch.
SPRIHA - English aspiration (strong desire), graduate student - striving (for a person), inspired by a person. idea.
SPANDA - spontaneous, spontaneous vibration.
SMAME - laugh, smile.
SVA is your own.
SVANA - ringing, sound.
SVAPATI - sleep.
SVARGE - from above, in the sky, in Svarga, in paradise.
Svasti - good, prosperity; "swastika" is a favorable sign-symbol.
WEDDING - English sweet (sweet taste).
STHULA-SHARIRA - subtle/astral body, storage of sanskars;
"sthula" is similar to Russian "chair", i.e. some solid, rough and rigid support, and
"sharira" - body - corresponds to the Russian word "shar", i.e. a bubble that first inflates/is born, and then inevitably deflates/dies.
TANA - pull, pull out.
UDARA - womb, belly.
UDVIJATE - in motion, in excitement.
UBHAYYA - both.
HITA - benefit, benefit.
HARSHA - good mood, joy, happiness.
CHATUR-ASTRA - square, i.e. a figure formed by FOUR POINTS/corners; rus. the word "spicy" also comes from the Sanskrit "aster".
CHITRA is strange.
SHANAKA - puppy, dog.
SHARMA - English charm, attractiveness, beauty.
SHUSHIATE - to dry.
SHUNYA - sleep, emptiness, vacuum.
SHILA - English shell (shell, shell).
SHIRSHA - OP: head, cf. Russian: wide, ball, cone, etc.
SHOKA - shock, shock, and as a result - severe sorrow, grief.
SHAD - sit,
etc.
(This list could already be increased by at least two times - there is simply no time for this yet, and it is not difficult to get a general idea from this list. Soon, perhaps, there will be more examples of Sanskrit-Russian parallels and correspondences. However, everyone can make such a list themselves - you just need to carefully read the Sanskrit dictionary, Vedic texts and think carefully about all this information :))
Using the simple techniques of VZZB (Interchangeable Sounds-Letters), DP (Range of Concepts) and FZ (Phantom Sounds), you can discover and learn many words that have common Sanskrit-Russian roots. Significant changes have occurred with words (Vedic-Sanskrit) over time (about three thousand years), but the root base-core remains most often unchanged (and relatively easy to recognize), and it is this that needs to be focused on in research when searching and comparing cognate words of Russian and Sanskrit.
Already now, we can conclude with complete confidence that the words that the Russian language received as a legal inheritance from Vedic Sanskrit can describe and cover almost the entire huge sphere of human mental functioning and almost the entire area of human relationships with the nature around him - and this is the main thing in Spiritual Culture.
And this observation, among other things, plays an extremely important role in cleansing the Russian language of the garbage that has accumulated and, as it were, stuck in it - creating a lot of intellectual obstacles and blocks - due to the introduction of various foreign and vulgar elements into the Russian language (the so-called "thieves' jargon", obscenity, etc.). The presence (and active use) of polluting and vulgarizing factors (words, catchphrases, expressions, etc.) in the modern Russian language is a challenge to the entire Slavic-Aryan spiritual culture, the only adequate response to which will be to rid our language from this garbage using affordable means.
And one of the most important steps on this path is a return to the life-giving pure source of the Russian language - Vedic Sanskrit, the discovery and description of the deepest connections between these two RELATED languages, the commonality of many words (along with those that have already entered - or rather, returned - into use , - yoga, guru, mantra, etc.), and the community of a single Vedic Spiritual and cultural basis.
Sanskrit is one of the most ancient and mysterious languages. Its study helped linguists get closer to the secrets of ancient linguistics, and Dmitry Mendeleev created a table of chemical elements.
1. The word "Sanskrit" means "processed, perfect."
2. Sanskrit is a living language. It is one of the 22 official languages of India. For about 50,000 people it is their native language, for 195,000 it is a second language.
3. For many centuries, Sanskrit was simply called वाच (vāc) or शब्द (śabda), which translates as “word, language.” The applied significance of Sanskrit as a cult language was reflected in another of its names - गीर्वांअभाषा (gīrvāṇabhāṣā) - “language of the gods”.
4. The earliest known monuments in Sanskrit were created in the middle of the 2nd millennium BC.
5. Linguists believe that classical Sanskrit came from Vedic Sanskrit (the Vedas are written in it, the earliest of which is the Rig Veda). Although these languages are similar, they are today considered dialects. The ancient Indian linguist Panini in the fifth century BC considered them completely different languages.
6. All mantras in Buddhism, Hinduism and Jainism are written in Sanskrit.
7. It is important to understand that Sanskrit is not a national language. This is the language of the cultural environment.
8. Initially, Sanskrit was used as the common language of the priestly class, while the ruling classes preferred to speak Prakrit. Sanskrit finally became the language of the ruling classes already in late antiquity during the Gupta era (IV-VI centuries AD).
9. The extinction of Sanskrit occurred for the same reason as the extinction of Latin. It remained a codified literary language while the spoken language changed.
10. The most common writing system for Sanskrit is the Devanagari script. “Virgo” is a god, “nagar” is a city, “and” is a suffix of a relative adjective. Devanagari is also used to write Hindi and other languages.
11. Classical Sanskrit has about 36 phonemes. If allophones are taken into account (and the writing system takes them into account), then the total number of sounds in Sanskrit increases to 48.
12. For a long time, Sanskrit developed separately from European languages. The first contact of linguistic cultures occurred during the Indian campaign of Alexander the Great in 327 BC. Then the lexical set of Sanskrit was replenished with words from European languages.
13. A full-fledged linguistic discovery of India occurred only in the second half of the 18th century. It was the discovery of Sanskrit that laid the foundation for comparative historical linguistics and historical linguistics. The study of Sanskrit revealed similarities between it, Latin and ancient Greek, which prompted linguists to think about their ancient relationship.
14. Until the middle of the 19th century, it was widely believed that Sanskrit was a proto-language, but this hypothesis was found to be erroneous. The real proto-language of the Indo-Europeans was not preserved in monuments and was several thousand years older than Sanskrit. However, it is Sanskrit that has moved the least away from the Indo-European proto-language.
15. Recently, there have been many pseudoscientific and “patriotic” hypotheses that Sanskrit originated from the Old Russian language, from the Ukrainian language, and so on. Even a superficial scientific analysis shows them to be false.
16. The similarity between the Russian language and Sanskrit is explained by the fact that Russian is a language with slow development (unlike, for example, English). However, for example, the Lithuanian language is even slower. Of all the European languages, it is the one that is most similar to Sanskrit.
17. Hindus call their country Bharata. This word came to Hindi from Sanskrit, in which one of the ancient epics of India, “Mahabharata” (“Maha” is translated as “great”), was written. The word India comes from the Iranian pronunciation of the name of the region of India, Sindhu.
18. Sanskrit scholar Bötlingk was a friend of Dmitry Mendeleev. This friendship influenced the Russian scientist and during the discovery of his famous periodic table, Mendeleev also predicted the discovery of new elements, which he called in Sanskrit style “ekabor”, “ekaaluminium” and “ekasilicon” (from the Sanskrit “eka” - one) and left there are “empty” places for them in the table.
The American linguist Kriparsky also noted the great similarity between the periodic table and Panini's Shiva Sutras. In his opinion, Mendeleev made his discovery as a result of searching for the “grammar” of chemical elements.
19. Despite the fact that they say about Sanskrit that it is a complex language, its phonetic system is understandable for a Russian person, but it contains, for example, the sound “r syllabic”. Therefore we say not “Krishna”, but “Krishna”, not “Sanskrta”, but “Sanskrit”. Also, difficulties in learning Sanskrit can be caused by the presence of short and long vowel sounds in Sanskrit.
20. There is no opposition between soft and hard sounds in Sanskrit.
21. The Vedas are written with accent marks, it was musical and depended on the tone, but in classical Sanskrit stress was not indicated. In prose texts it is expressed on the basis of the stress rules of the Latin language. 22 Sanskrit has eight cases, three numbers and three genders. 23. There is no developed system of punctuation marks in Sanskrit, but punctuation marks occur and are divided into weak and strong.
24. In classical Sanskrit texts there are often very long complex words, including dozens of simple ones and replacing entire sentences and paragraphs. Translating them is like solving puzzles.
25. Most verbs in Sanskrit freely form a causative, that is, a verb with the meaning “to make one do what the main verb expresses.” As in pairs: drink - water, eat - feed, drown - drown. In the Russian language, remnants of the causative system have also been preserved from the Old Russian language.
26. Where in Latin or Greek some words contain the root “e”, others the root “a”, others - the root “o”, in Sanskrit in all three cases there will be “a”.
27. The big problem with Sanskrit is that one word in it can have up to several dozen meanings. And in classical Sanskrit no one will call a cow a cow, it will be “variegated” or “hair-eyed”. The 11th century Arab scholar Al Biruni wrote that Sanskrit “is a language rich in words and endings, which denotes the same object by different names and different objects by the same name.”
28. In ancient Indian drama, the characters speak two languages. All the respected characters speak Sanskrit, and the women and servants speak Central Indian languages.
29. Sociolinguistic studies on the use of Sanskrit in oral speech indicate that its oral use is very limited and that Sanskrit is no longer developed. Thus, Sanskrit becomes a so-called “dead” language.
30. Vera Aleksandrovna Kochergina made a huge contribution to the study of Sanskrit in Russia. She compiled the “Sankrit-Russian Dictionary” and wrote the “Textbook of Sanskrit”. If you want to learn Sanskrit, then you cannot do without Kochergina’s works.
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