SPELLING OF PARTICLES

Separate writing of particles

1. Particles would (b), same (f), whether (l) written separately, for example: would have done, if, if, however, however, that’s what you are, hardly, always.

2. Particles are written separately after all, here they go and some others.

Hyphenated spelling of particles

1. Particles are written with a hyphen -that, -or, -something, something- (coy-), -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko, For example: someone, something, someone's, some, tell me, here you go, here you go, here you go, here you go, yes, here you go; here you go, here you go, here you go, here you go, look, tko.

2. Particle -That a hyphen is added to pronouns and adverbs not only to express uncertainty, but also to give them a touch of emotionality, for example: He flies high, but will he land somewhere? Let's see how he cares about me somehow(Turgenev).

The word is also written with a hyphen somehow before listing homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: Red forest includes coniferous trees, such as pine, spruce, fir.

Note 1: If the particle is That falls in the middle of a complex word, the parts of which are connected by a hyphen, then the hyphen is written only before the particle and is omitted after it, for example: I’m getting better, but I still don’t want to clean up; I see your shuras and my sister(Turgenev).

Note 2: Particle as if written without a hyphen in two words, for example: Quiet! It's like they're knocking.

3. Particle some-(some-), separated from the pronoun by a preposition, written separately, for example: with someone, in something, with someone.

4. Particle - after all written with a hyphen:

a) after adverbs, for example: right, quite, again, right, right;

b) after particles, for example: after all, really, really;

c) after verbs, for example: insisted, still left.

In other cases after all written separately, for example: the old man finally got his way, she left her family, they built a big dacha for themselves. Wed: ...but still beat up his comrade(Gogol); ... I locked it this time too(Dostoevsky).

5. If a particle, which is written with a hyphen, comes after another particle, then the hyphen is omitted, for example: still, we wouldn’t do that. Wed: Such and such an old man... and angry and mean(Pushkin); I have to tell this to someone!(Turgenev). But: Would you like to buy it, sir?(Danilevsky); how come, sir(particle - With is also added with a hyphen to the preceding particle).

SPELLING OF PREPOSITIONS

Hyphenated prepositions

Compound prepositions are written with a hyphen: because of, from under(more common) and for, over, no-under, with-under, for-sake, for-sake(less common), for example: from behind the table, from under the closet, hid behind the inn(Kuprin), galloped along the seashore at a trot(Gaidar), three people are driving through the forest(L. Tolstoy).

Integrated and separate writing of prepositions and prepositional combinations

1. Prepositions are written together: in view of, instead of, like, as a result of, like, about, in addition, For example: due to possible complications(But: keep in mind the city, keep in mind), like a deep trench(But: in the Artamonov family), due to drought(But: include in the investigation), like a lever, inquire about the schedule(But: transfer to the depositor's account).

2. Prepositions are written separately: in the form of, in connection with, in continuation of, during, in conclusion, in conclusion(the last four prepositions are used to indicate time and have at the end e), For example: as an exception, in connection with departure, during the winter season(cf.: plot changes in the continuation of the novel), in two hours(cf.: unexpected changes in the course of the disease), at the end of his speech(cf.: main provisions in the lawyer's opinion).

Note: Combinations in conclusion, in conclusion have an adverbial meaning, but spelling with e at the end this does not change, for example: what to say in conclusion, in conclusion(at the end, at the end).

This article will review material on what particles are written with a hyphen in Russian. The material of separate writing of this part of speech will also be analyzed in detail. In addition, many examples will be given that will allow us to consider this topic in more detail.

The Russian language is diverse and flexible. It is interesting to study it, it is pleasant to have this knowledge. Let's forget about the difficulties of studying, let's move up, step by step... So, let's start looking at a difficult and very interesting topic.

The concept of a particle and the definition of a hyphen

In our spoken language, particles are used to convey emotions and stronger meanings. There are many of them in the Russian language, which is why it is so important to know the rules for writing this element of the language. Firstly, what is hidden behind this definition in writing?

This is a service part of a word, thanks to which you can add additional emotional and semantic information to a speech, text, or sentence. Which particles are written with a hyphen and which ones are written separately? First of all, let's figure out what a hyphen is.

A hyphen is a spelling sign in the form of a short dash. In writing, the length of this dash is conventionally shorter than the dash sign. It is also used in writing as a hyphenation sign or as a connecting line between parts of a compound word or words. If there is a need to move a word from one line to another, then it must be placed on the first line at the end of the first part of the word.

Hyphenated spelling of particles

The following particles are written through a hyphen in Russian (or there is another name - affixes): -de, koe-, -ka, koi-, -libo, -tka, -ni, -tko, -s.

If I see him, I’ll be sure to convey your greetings to him.

Please take a look under the table.

Here and there it is written on paper, in some places it will be read.

Anything I said was misinterpreted.

You can see, even more likely hear, the emotionally enhanced meaning of what was said, you can also see which particles are written with a hyphen. Examples of this were given above in the text.

The particle “taki” is written with a hyphen only if in a sentence it comes after a verb or adverb: after all, again, came. That is, the particle “taki” is written through a hyphen with words in combination with one of the previously indicated parts of speech. But in all other cases it is written separately. Here are two comparative examples:

• He finally came.
• He did come.

In the first case, the part of speech in question comes after the verb, so we put a hyphen on the letter, and in the second case, “taki” comes before the verb, so there is no short line.

"Conversational Particles"

In colloquial speech you can find particles that are used less often than others in writing. For example, “de”, which is used if they want to convey the speech of another or a stranger. It must be written with a hyphen. Or it can be used in the meaning of the verb “to speak” (“they speak”). Also used in the meaning: they say, they say. Let's look at the hyphen.

Tell me, my sir, where did you find these boots?

In the above example, you can see how this part of speech is used to convey the conversation of an absent person and, of course, in writing it is separated by a hyphen.

Particle "ka"

Let's continue to examine the topic: “What particles are written with a hyphen?” Now let’s turn our attention to an element of this part of speech that occurs quite often and consists of two letters: “ka”. The particle “ka” is written with a hyphen and with adverbs.

Here are some examples:

• Tell me, my dear, this story again.
• Show me your hands.

If you come across this part of speech in this way, then you can safely put a short line, since it is always written through it and without any possible exceptions.

Particle "that"

In most cases, the particle "the" is written with a hyphen. Of course, there are possible exceptions when a given element of the part in question is written without a hyphen. Let's take a closer look at all the cases.

The particle “that” is used not only to add emotion to what is being said, but also to express the speaker’s uncertainty. It is attached to adverbs and pronouns using a short bar. For example: “We’ll see if he somehow worries about me.” In such cases, the particle “the” should be written with a hyphen.

Example sentences

Let us pay attention to a special case: if “that” is part of a complex word, then the hyphen is placed only before it, and not after it.

Alexander and my older sister had a chat.

Exactly, but you have nothing left to say.

Let us pay attention to one more case when “that” is written separately. If a sentence contains a list of homogeneous members of a given sentence, in this case the particle “then” is written without a hyphen. Here the semantic meaning of this auxiliary part of the word should be equated in meaning to the word “namely”. Let's give a simple example.

In our favorite store we can find a variety of food products, such as milk, bread, fruits, vegetables, fish, pickles.

Separate writing of particles

In the wide variety of this part, there are elements that do not use a dividing spelling sign when writing. So, this is: would (b), same (g), whether (l). The particle "li" is not written through a hyphen. Let's give the following examples.

• I would read it, but I'm too lazy.
• If it were done this way, then there would be complete order.
• It's written here in black and white.
• What a stubborn person you are.
• However, it's time to start.
• I don't think I'll call you.
• You will hardly have time to do this.

We have just noted that “zhe” (“zh”) is written separately; you should remember the exception to the rule: “to-zh” is written with a double hyphen.

From the examples above, it is clear that not a single sentence is hyphenated.

But the rule does not apply to those cases when a particle is included in the word. These are “so that”, “also”, “also”, “really”, “or”. In order to understand how to write a particle - together or separately, you need to read the text and mentally discard the particle. If the meaning of the sentence does not change, then we write it separately and without a hyphen, and if the semantic meaning has changed and the text has become unreadable, then we write the particles together without a hyphen. Consider the following sentences as an example.

• It seemed to me that in order for it to be written well and funny, I had to work a lot.

In the above example, using the verification rule, you can understand that the particle is written together.

Also, the following parts of the word are written separately: they say, after all, over there, even, here.

• Well, he doesn’t even know how to write or read.
• You can see this alley just around the corner.
• This is how they become champions.
• Even he knew these rules.
• He brought it, he said, and told me to sign the contract.

The next group of particles should be classified as “remember”: exactly the same, the same.

Examples: which particles are hyphenated and which are not

- I can’t sleep, you know, let me talk to you a little (M. Bulgakov “The Master and Margarita”).

In this context, the spelling of "li" without a hyphen is shown.

Seeing Elena, Tolik turned very pale, stepped over the dais and, looking to the side for some reason, became thoughtful.

Here is an example of writing "that" with a hyphen.

Come, beauty, come to me, sit down next to me.

In this sentence we see the particle “ka” written with a hyphen.

This decision turned out to be the most correct one. Further developments of events only confirmed this.

Writing Particles: An Example

After all, there were glorious times when we achieved everything and there were no obstacles for us in achieving our goals.

Demonstration of separate (without a hyphen) spelling of the particle “zh”.

In his opinion, she was not ready yet and was unlikely to withstand such loads.

In this sentence, the particle “li” is written separately.

Igor did not dare to go straight to work early in the morning.

Conclusion

To summarize the above, I would like to note that in this article the following cases were considered: “What particles are written with a hyphen?” Exceptions to the rules are highlighted. The rules for separately writing particles were also described, and various examples of writing this part of speech with and without a hyphen were given.

The basis is the rules that must be learned and practiced if necessary. Moreover, they do not differ in their increased level of complexity and everyone can deal with them.

1. Particles would/b, zhe/zh, li/l are written separately: would have done if; however, however, that’s what you are; hardly, always.

Note. The rule does not apply to cases where the specified particles are part of whole words: so that, also, really and etc.

2. Particles after all, it’s like and some others are written separately: That's what you are like; So we reached the house; I didn't mean to offend you; You must be hungry.

3. Particles (suffixes) -this, -either, -something, particle (prefix) ko-/koi-, as well as particles -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko written with a hyphen: someone, something, someone's, some, tell me, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, come on, here he is, yeah- s, on-tka, on-tka, well-tok, look-tk.

If the particle -falls into the middle of a compound word written with a hyphen, then the hyphen is written only before the particle and is omitted after it: I’ll get better, but I still don’t want to get out; I see your and my sister's scruples(T.).

Note. The particle (suffix) -to is added to pronouns and adverbs not only to express uncertainty, but also to give them an emotional connotation: He flies high, but will he land somewhere? Let's see if he somehow cares about me(T.).

The word is written with a hyphen somehow before listing homogeneous members of the sentence:Red forest includes coniferous trees, somehow: pine, spruce, fir.

The particle (prefix) ko-/koi-, separated from the pronoun by a preposition, is written separately: with someone, in something, with someone.

4. The particle is still written with a hyphen:

1) after verbs: he insisted and left;

2) after adverbs: right, quite, again, right, right;

3) after particles: really, really.

In other cases (after nouns, pronouns, adjectives), the particle is written separately: He did abandon his family; They built themselves a big dacha. Wed: ...But he still killed his comrade(G.); ...I finally locked it this time too(Adv.).

5. If a particle, which is usually written with a hyphen, comes after another particle, then the hyphen in front of it is omitted. Wed: So and so old man... and angry and mean(P.); Anyone I have to say it!(T.); We would de they didn't do that.

Exception: the particle -с is also attached with a hyphen to the preceding particle: how about it, sir; Would you like to buy it, sir?

§ 56. Particle not with nouns

1. Non-nouns are written together with the particle, which are not used without this particle: not knowledge, not faith, not misfortune.

2. Non-nouns are written together with the particle, which in combination with this particle acquire the opposite meaning (usually such a word can be replaced with a synonym without not): not true (cf. lie), not friend (cf. enemy), not happiness (cf. trouble).

3. Non-nouns are written together with the particle, denoting persons and expressing a qualitative connotation (in combination with a word with the meaning of opposition is not formed): non-Marxist, non-Russian, non-specialist. Wed: Metaphors are widely used by writers and non-literate people (Is); It's about the reader— non-linguist, non-etymologist(L.U.); Rise up, tortured children, look among people non-humans (Eut.).

Note. For nouns with a different meaning, opposition is expressed using a separately written particle: Cows were grazing in the meadow and not cows; He is ready to write everything: poetry and not poems, plays or plays. Continuous writing occurs only in the terms: metals etc. non-metals.

4. Non-nouns are written separately from the particle if there is or is implied opposition: This is not caution rather than cowardice; No, it's Not the confidence of a fighter who is convinced that he is right; Middle Ages not many [substantivized adjective] added to this list of metals.

5. The particle is written separately not with a noun in an interrogative sentence if the negation is logically emphasized: The writer has grown significantly lately, is not it? (substitution is not possible: ...is it a lie?).

Remember: if in an interrogative sentence the negation is not emphasized, then it is not written together with the noun: Isn’t this true? (replacement possible: Is this a lie?).

§ 57. Particle not with adjectives

1. Non-adjectives that are not used without this particle are written together with the particle: not careless, not friendly, not friendly.

2. Non-adjectives are written together with the particle, which in combination with this particle acquire the opposite meaning (usually such a word can be replaced with a synonym without not): not big (cf. small), not married (cf. single), not real (cf. false, feigned).

Note. It is not always possible to find such a synonym, but the affirmative connotation of meaning contained in the adjective serves as the basis for the continuous writing: Someone not from here sitting on a stone in the chapel(AND.); Gerwig had some unmasculine effeminacy (Hertz.); His youthful pranks... were determined childish thoughtfulness (Leon.); This is one of those millions " non-white citizens" of the Republic of South Africa who angrily condemned slavery.

3. Non-adjectives are written separately from the particle if there is or is implied opposition: the problem is not simple, but complex; relationship Not hostile; light not harsh; milk is not sour; the meat is not fresh; the look is not kind; the task is not urgent; Not many (implied: but a few) those present supported the speaker.

When using the conjunction a, one of the two opposite signs is denied, and the other is affirmed: the river is not deep, but shallow - separate writing of a negative particle.

When using the conjunction but, the concepts being connected are not opposed to each other, since they are completely compatible, that is, two characteristics are simultaneously attributed to an object without negating one of them: the river is shallow, but cold - a continuous spelling of a negative particle.

4. As a rule, the particle is not written separately with relative adjectives, expressing the negation of the attribute they denote: the watch is not gold; honey not lime; the sky is here not southern.

5. The particle is not written separately and with qualitative adjectives that denote color and, in combination with non-words with the opposite meaning, do not form: the paint is not blue; the binding is not yellow; the shade is not grey.

In this case, the syntactic function of the adjective is taken into account. The rule usually applies to adjectives that act as a predicate, since the intended opposition gives the statement the character of a generally negative judgment expressed by the particle not, but may not apply to adjectives that perform the function of a definition. Wed: these people are not from here - to shine is not from here beauty; logics not female - the girl reasoned with unfeminine logic; the shape is not round - count for non-round the amount of 119 rubles(figurative meaning of the word).

Note. In some cases, a double interpretation of the text is possible and, as a result, double spelling:

this task is not difficult(claims “lightness”)

this task is not difficult("difficulty" is denied)

before us is unusual phenomenon (i.e. rare)

this is not a common occurrence before us(a contrast is imagined: the phenomenon is not ordinary, but exceptional).

6. The presence of explanatory words, as a rule, does not affect the continuous spelling of a particle not with adjectives (cf. spelling not with participles): an author unfamiliar to us; facts unknown to science; inappropriate under these conditions comment; inconspicuous at first sight error; words that are incomprehensible to the student; details unnecessary for the case; incorrect IN many respects conclusions; a case unlike others; behavior that is unworthy a decent person; site unsuitable for construction; a lake invisible behind the forest (everywhere a negative sign is affirmed, and a positive one is not denied).

If the explanatory word is an adverb of measure and degree ( very, extremely, very, almost or adverbial expression to the highest degree etc.), then the particle not with the adjective is always written together: a very ugly act; extremely inappropriate attack; very unsuccessful performance; almost unfamiliar text; to the highest degree illegible handwriting.

7. When using an adverb as an explanatory word, it is entirely possible to write the particle together or separately not with adjectives, which is due to the different meanings in which the word at all is used. Compare: a completely unnecessary meeting (‘completely unnecessary, superfluous’) is not a random meeting at all (‘not at all random’). In some cases, two interpretations are possible and, as a result, two spellings are acceptable: very small achievements (‘small, modest’) - not at all great achievements (‘not at all big’).

The adverb itself can also be interpreted in two ways; cf.: The arguments given were not at all convincing (‘not at all’). — The authors of these works are less popular or completely unknown authors (‘absolutely, completely’ - in a colloquial style of speech).

8. Separate spelling of a particle not with an adjective that has explanatory words is found:

1) with adjectives that have different meanings in their full and short forms: an actor who is not ready to appear; not inclined a child with a cold;

2) if available as explanatory words far, not at all, not at all or negative pronouns and adverbs (beginning with neither): far from simple solution; not at all infertile search; not a new plot at all; unknown address; innocent people; an expression that is not at all understandable; not at all harmful drink; in ways unknown to anyone (cf.: in ways unknown to me). But: There's nothing in life impossible; There is nothing about what my neighbor is accused of. illegal - a negative pronoun does not depend on the adjective, but is itself explained by it;

3) when placing an adjective with dependent words after the defined noun (sometimes): enterprises not subordinate to the trust(when isolated, the construction with the adjective approaches the meaning of the participial phrase); compare: The chess player played unusual him style. - These are features not typical of our youth.

9. With short forms of adjectives, the particle is not written in basically the same way as with full forms:

1) together in the absence of opposition: the room is low; question incomprehensible; invalidtransaction in violation of the law; Bay shallow, but convenient for sailing on a motor boat;

2) separately in the presence of opposition: the novel is not interesting, but boring.

Wed. writing not with the short form of the adjective in the presence of various explanatory words: Searching for material on a selected topic are not difficult for him; Too insecure there were people in the future; He completely unknown with the latest advances in animal science; This river always restless; No control here no longer possible; They are not alike in any way Each other; This river never calm.

10. Depending on the meaning, a particle not with short forms of adjectives can be written either together or separately; compare: our family is not rich (‘poor’) - our family is not rich (‘average income’); this girl is ugly (a negative sign is affirmed) - this girl is not beautiful (a positive sign is denied); address unknown (denied “familiarity”); The only problem is the rain. - Not big it would seem that this distance is for stayers.

Remember: continuous writing is less common: unnecessary, wrong, disagree, incapable.

11. Non-short forms of adjectives that are not used in full form or have a different meaning in full form are written separately with the particle: not ready to leave; should not do this; does not intend to remain silent; not obliged to help; not happy to meet; not inclined to believe; not in the mood for conversation, etc.

12. Double spelling is also found in combinations of particles not with the comparative form of adjectives; compare:

This screensaver is uglier than that one (‘uglier’)

This screensaver is no more beautiful than that one. (‘has no greater beauty’).

That night the patient's dream was more restless than last time (‘was even more restless’).

That night the patient's dream was no calmer than last time (‘was no calmer’).

Particle not with shapes bigger, smaller, better, worse written separately: with no less success; with not the best chances.

Remember: not lower, not higher, not better, not worse, not closer, not poorer and so on.

13. The spelling of particles differs not with verbal adjectives and participles in -my.

Adjectives in -my are usually formed from intransitive verbs ( independent, waterproof, fireproof etc.) or from perfective verbs ( incorrigible, impracticable, indestructible and so on.). These words (including short forms) are subject to the general rules of writing not with adjectives, i.e. they are written together and with explanatory words: an island uninhabited for a long time; water-insoluble crystals; figures of people indistinguishable in the dark, and: the island is uninhabited; the disease is incurable; these countries are economically independent.

However, the rule for separately writing a particle not with adjectives remains in force if the explanatory words are constructions with the negation of neither, in particular pronouns and adverbs starting with nor, or the words far, at all or not at all: incomparable impression; not dependent on anyone countries; not at all solublecrystals; this is a phenomenon cannot be eliminated either from life or from art.

The exception is words that are not used without: invincible by anyonearmy; for nobody incomprehensible happening; no way a unique experiment.

14. It should be remembered that words in -my, formed from transitive imperfective verbs, can be either passive participles of the present tense (the particle not with them is written separately) or adjectives (the particle not with them is written together).

They are participles if the instrumental character of the character is used as an explanatory word, or, less often, the instrumental instrument: not loved by the mother child; movement, not inhibited by air.

If there are other explanatory words, we are dealing with adjectives on -my (they lose their passive meaning and acquire a qualitative meaning): unloved games in childhood (the word unloved indicates a constant feature and means approximately the same as unpleasant, unwanted); reserves not visited by hunters; unreadable non-specialists magazines; side of the Moon invisible from Earth; number indivisible by three; unforgettable meetings for us; indescribable in simple words of feeling; impassable mud in spring; intolerant behavior in society.

Adjectives of this type include:

invisible

irresponsible

non-flammable

unquenchable

real

indivisible

unforgettable

invisible

immutable

unsociable

unthinkable

non-taxable

inalienable

untranslatable

indescribable

unknowable

unverifiable

indeclinable

unconjugated

intolerant, etc.

15. The particle is written separately not with adjectives in an interrogative sentence, if the negation is logically emphasized: Not clear is this situation without any evidence?; To whom unknown the names of our astronauts?

But if the negation is not emphasized, then the particle not with adjectives is written together: Is this the position dont clear ?; Is this a statement? incorrect? (replacement possible: Is this statement wrong?).

§ 58. Particle not with numerals and pronouns

1. With numerals, the particle is not written separately: not two, not three, fifth and not fifth grades, not Prime Meridian.

2. With pronouns (with the exception of negative ones used without a preposition, see § 42) the particle is not written separately: not I and not you; not to myself; not every; in a house that is not ours.

Note. The philosophical term not-I is written with a hyphen

§ 59. Particle not with verbs

1. With verbs (in the personal form, in the infinitive, in the form of the gerund) the particle is not written separately: was not, did not take, not knowing, not in a hurry.

Exception: verbs that cannot be used without negation: to be indignant, perplexed, unhappy, not to see the light, to dislike, and also not feeling well (the verb health is outdated and colloquial in nature and is rarely used: How are you feeling?), but will not say hello (in accordance with the general rule).

2. The verb to grab in any meaning is written with the particle inseparably: The puppy has grown up and more lacks the owner for his trousers; In the book lacks several pages.

3. It is necessary to distinguish the combination not to reach in the meaning ‘not to reach’: lacks hand to the window and the verb lack, meaning ‘to be in insufficient quantity’, ‘to be needed’: two rubles are missing from the cash register; missing patience; just this was missing.

4. It is necessary to distinguish between the combination despite (gerund participle from the obsolete verb look): criticize, regardless of faces and the prepositional combination despite with the meanings ‘despite’, ‘in spite of anything’: keep fighting despite the losses; walk despite bad weather.

5. It is necessary to distinguish between verbs with the prefix under- (gives the verb the meaning of incompleteness, lack of action and is often antonymous in meaning to the prefix over-): not enough to eat, not enough sleep, not enough to watch, not enough to hear, not to take into account, not to get points, not enough boil potatoes; not enough to return the nut, not enough oil; underfulfill the plan; under look after the child; underload the wagon; under assess your capabilities; under receive part of the goods and verbs consonant with them with the prefix do-, which is preceded by the negation not (in combination with a particle, the verb means that the action was not completed): not to watch performance to the end(‘don’t stop watching’); children often did not finish their soup; never paid extra.

Wed. also separate spelling of the verb with the negation not (based on the general rule): not reach the finish line; Not bring to a conclusion; Not finish letters; something Not finish; no matter what Not agreed; a lot not to finish.

§ 60. Particle not with participles

1. The particle is written together, not with full forms of the participle, in which there are no explanatory words: unreadable manuscript; undetected typos; unverified quotes.

2. The particle is written separately, not with full forms of the participle, which have explanatory words with them: manuscript not returned to the author; typos not noticed by the proofreader; proofs not submitted on time; not published during the writer's lifetime variants of individual chapters of the novel.

This rule also applies to participles used as nouns: Among those who did not appear Petrov and Sergeev were at the meeting. But with a substantivized participle (i.e., when it has become a noun), the particle is not written together: There are a lot of underachievers in the class In Russian.

3. When using adverbs of measure and degree as explanatory words ( very, extremely, very, almost, completely, not at all etc.) the particle is not written together with the participle: a completely unreadable manuscript; completely unverified figures. But if, in addition to such adverbs, there are other explanatory words with the participle, then, as a general rule, it is written separately not with the participle: absolutely not prepared manuscript for typesetting; a problem that has not yet been solved at all.

4. The particle is written separately, not with short forms of the participle: manuscript not edited; quotes not verified; the work is not completed.

5. If the participle is used in the meaning of an adjective, then even if there are explanatory words, the particle is not written together with the participle: This general animation, brilliance, noise - all this, hitherto unprecedented and unheard of by me , struck me so much that in the first days I was completely at a loss(Adv.). Wed:

conditions unsuitable for southern cultures (‘unsuitable’ - in the meaning of the adjective)

spellings that do not fit the rule (participial phrase)

independent of the editors circumstances(phraseological phrase with an adjective)

reflexes independent from the will of man(participial)

untouched land for centuries (as an adjective)

rowan, untouched by autumn frosts (participial phrase)

the criminal's lies are so shameless, sometimes so undisguised (‘obvious, obvious’ - in the meaning of the adjective)

the door is not closed (participle)

student unprepared (adjective)

the report has not been prepared (participle)

6. The particle is written separately, not with a participle, in which there is or is supposed to be opposition: unfinished, but just the beginning of a story.

§ 61. Particle not with adverbs

1. The particle is written together, not with adverbs that are not used without a negative particle: inevitable, absurd, perplexing.

2. The particle not is written together with adverbs ending in -o, which in combination with a negative particle acquire the opposite meaning (usually such words can be replaced with synonyms without not): not bad (cf. good); a little (cf. little); unsuccessfully (cf. unsuccessfully).

3. The particle is written separately, not with adverbs ending in -o, if there is or is implied opposition: they do not live richly, but poor; usually we went neither fast nor slow; infrequently a similar situation arises; not soon the river will open again; not by chance he started this conversation; not forever nature will keep its secrets from man; not sweet how the settlers lived at first; To be honest, A little There are people who do not experience an unpleasant feeling when they see spiders.

There is a distinction between the opposition expressed by the conjunction a and the opposition expressed by the conjunction but.

When using the conjunction a, two concepts are contrasted, one of which is denied, and the other, its opposite, is affirmed: Work is done not bad, but good - separate writing of the negative particle. When using the conjunction but, not directly opposite concepts are opposed, but compatible concepts; two characteristics are simultaneously attributed to the action without negating one of them: Work is done not bad, but with some minor flaws— continuous writing of a negative particle.

Note. In some cases, a double interpretation of the text is possible and, as a consequence, a double spelling of a particle not with an adverb. Wed:

not far (claimed to be close)

to the nearest bus stop from here not far (denies that it is far)

the editor left for a short time (‘for a short time’)

the editor did not leave for long (‘not for a long time’)

4. The particle is written separately not with an adverb ending in -o, if a negative adverb starting with ni, or the words far, at all, or by no means are used as an explanatory word: The speaker spoke not at all convincing; Manuscript edited not bad at all. But: no way possible(in no way plays the role of an intensifying word; cf.: absolutely impossible).

5. Words of the state category starting with -o (the so-called predicative adverbs) are written with the particle not together when affirming: it is not difficult to see and separately when negating: it is not difficult to see (the meaning is usually established by the writer himself). For example:

statement: It doesn't matter what he thinks about us; Wrong consider the current situation so difficult; Impossible complete such complex work in a short time; Unprofitable leave immediately; Unknown how he will behave next; No wonder that she refused an uninteresting job;Inadmissibletreat elders this way; Unclear, why are they missing for so long; Unpleasant walking in wet weather; Unforgivable betray the trust of others; Today at sea restless; Not surprising, that constant exercise improved his health; Not good leaving friends in trouble;

denial: - Is that all? — Not rich; Not funthink that the holiday is already over; Can not see, so that the patient gets better; Shouldn't persist in an erroneous opinion; Not logical believe that events will repeat themselves; Not necessary, so that the answer is given immediately; Not dangerous, that there was a short break in treatment; Not easy carry out a complete reconstruction of a large enterprise; Not modest overestimate your merits; Not sweet live alone; Not by chance, that he turned to you for help; Not weird, that victory went to the strongest; Not significant for us, where to spend our holidays; Not bad it would be nice to go south.

As in other cases, negation is strengthened by negative pronouns and adverbs, as well as words far, not at all, or not at all: No one is pleased, to be thought ill of him; It's not at all indifferent how to proceed in the future.

6. The particle is not written together:

1) in negative adverbs: nowhere, nowhere, nowhere, no need;

2) in denominative adverbs: not far away, unaware, by chance, unbearably, unbearably, inadvertently, unbearably, not without reason(‘not in vain’, but: not for nothing - ‘not for free’), inopportunely, for good reason, reluctantly(verbal origin);

3) in combination with who knows who ( what, which, where, where and so on.).

7. The particle is not written separately:

1) with pronominal and intensifying adverbs: not here, not like that, not completely, not completely, not quite;

2) with words of the state category (predicative adverbs) that are not correlative with adjectives: no need, no time, no pity (but: lack of time, reluctance and etc.);

3) with the comparative form of adverbs: does not work worse than others;

4) with adverbial adverbs: NotToday,Nototherwise and etc.;

5) with adverbs that are written with a hyphen: NotIn my opinion,Notin a comradely way;

6) in combinations of denominative origin: Notfor credit,Notin moderationNotfor example,Notto the good,Notto the hurry,Nottaste,Notwithin the powerNotaccording to the gut,Notfrom hand.

8. Particle Not is written separately from the following preposition, conjunction or particle: not neitherWhere,neitherWhere,neitherWhen and etc.

Remember: pronouns and adverbs with a prefix particle neither used in sentences where the predicate has a negation Not:neitherto whomNotaddressed;neitherwhat are you going there for?Notwalked;neitherWhereNotwalked(cf.: NotWho to contact;Notwhy go there;Notwhere to go for a walk).

Exceptions: stayneitherwhat to end up withneitherwhat does it have to do with, countneitherfor what etc. Wed. Also: argueno use(‘no reason, no need’) - the medicine is alreadyto nothing(‘unnecessary’ - as a predicate).

A negative predicate may be absent from a sentence, but it may be implied: In the skyneithermonths,neitherstars;Neitherhuman habitation,neitherliving souls in the distance(Ch.).

There are different combinations:

No onefrom us (‘nobody’) did not chicken out in a moment of danger -Not alonefrom U.S('a lot of') ready for a feat;

Never('never') I haven't met him.— Not once('often') met him

2. With the exception of negative pronouns without a preposition ( no one etc.) and negative adverbs ( out of nowhere etc.), particle neither always written separately: neitherfrom whom;neitherclouds;Neitherme,neitherthe dog will not touch you;Neitherwhite threads,neitherI don't need red ones.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the continuous spelling of a particle neither in negative pronouns and adverbs ( no one, nowhere etc.) and separate writing neither with relative pronominal words ( no one, no where etc.) in the subordinate parts of a complex sentence: I don't know,nobodyYou,nobodyHe(T.); To whomever Rostov addressed, no one could sayno wherethere was a sovereignno wherethere was Kutuzov(L.T.).

3. Repeating particle neither has the meaning of a connecting conjunction: Neitherday,neitherthere was no news from him for a month; Along this roadneitherpass,neitherpass the;Neitherquiet,neitherthe story flows loudly. In these cases neither equal in value to the combination and no, i.e., it acts as a negation. Wed. from writers of the 19th century: Crowneitherfry,neitherboil(Kr.); He himselfneitherrich,neithernoble,neithersmart(T.); Elisha was an old manneitherrich,neitherpoor(L.T.).

Notes: 1. The construction with the union is obsolete neither only before the last of the listed homogeneous members of the sentence: No, really, there are seas, no high mountains, rocks and abysses,neitherdense forests(Gonch.).

2. Use of a repeating particle conjunction neither in the meaning of ‘and not’, the presence of a conjunction in front of it makes it unnecessary And(usually before the last homogeneous member of the sentence). Combinationand neither is relatively rare: Not suitable in this caseneitherThatand neitherother; And it became easy and simple for me,thoughAndneitherJust,neithereasily(Here And adjoins the union though); He cried sadly, soldier, about his girl,neitherhusband,neitherBrother,neithergodfather,neithermatchmakerand neitherher lover(TV).

4. Single or repeating particle neither is part of the stable turnover:

through thick and thin

as if nothing had happened

out of nowhere

neither fish nor fowl

neither alive nor dead

neither two nor one and a half

neither this nor that

neither give nor take

neither more nor less

no more, no less

5. In independent exclamatory and interrogative sentences (often with words just, really) particle is used Not, and in the subordinate parts of a complex sentence (with a concessive connotation of meaning) - a particle neither. Wed:

Wherever he goesNotcontacted!(‘contacted many places’)

Wherever he goesneitherI contacted him and was met with a sympathetic attitude everywhere.

What motherNotI made it for my sick son!

Why motherneitherdid for a sick son, likeneithertried to help him, but could not save him.

Wed. Also: What kind of tricksNota person starts in order not to perish, to achieve happiness, what kind of professions can he choose?Notcomes up with ideas, but still has no luck; Just whatNotthey give, but they don’t care- with the help of a union A independent sentences are connected, in the first part there is no subordinate part with a concessive connotation of meaning, therefore it is written Not.

Note. It is necessary to distinguish between the combinations used in the subordinate parts of complex sentences: whoeverneither,toneither,whereverneither etc., in which the particle neither adjoins the relative word, and combinations whoeverNot,toNot,whereverNot etc., in which the particle Not refers to the predicate. Wed:

He helped everyone with advice, no matter who came to himneitherapplied. — In our team, perhaps, there is no one who would approach himNotsought advice;

Where would you beneitherwere, remember your responsibilities as a human being and a citizen. — In our country there are few families whereNotthere were casualties during the Great Patriotic War.

In exclamatory sentences with an affirmative meaning in combination with the meaning ‘it doesn’t matter who (what, which, etc.)’ it is possible to use the particle neither:Who told you this? - Who wouldneithersaid!

Section 18. SPELLING OF INTERJOMETIES AND SOUNDOMITATORY WORDS

Complex interjections and onomatopoeic words are written with a hyphen:By golly, by golly, oh-oh-oh, oh-oh-oh; ding-ding-ding, kitty-kitty, meow-meow, ha-ha-ha.

Are being written hyphenated also some compound onomatopoeic words: I guess.

Remember: expressions like Those are the times!; Here are those. cross!; The devil knows!; I'll show you!(Here those- abbreviation for you, you) are written in three words.

Particles do not have lexical meanings (and in this way they differ from significant parts of speech) and do not express grammatical relations between words and sentences (and in this way they differ from auxiliary parts of speech).

Particles are:

Intensifying (even, even, then, and, neither, after all, etc.)

Restrictive (only, only, etc.)

Index (here, there, that)

Interrogative (whether, really, really, really, a)

Exclamation marks (what for, how, etc.)

Negative (not, not at all, far from, not at all)

Formative particles that serve to form the forms of words and new words occupy an intermediate position between function words and prefixes and suffixes:

1) particles if only, let, let, yes, it was, serving to express moods or shades of moods in verbs;

2) undefined particles: -something, -either, -something;

3) negative particle "not" serves not only to express negation, but also to form words with the opposite meaning. In this case, it acts as a prefix:

friend - foe, cheerful - sad, smart - stupid.

Separate writing of particles

1) Particles would (b), same (f), whether (l) written separately:

I would honor it if it were, here, which one, however, however, hardly, hardly.

The rule does not apply to cases where the specified particles are part of the word: so that, also, also, really, or and etc.

2) Particles after all, there, here, even, they say written separately:

so, right there, like that, even him; brought it, they say.

Hyphenated spelling of particles

1) Particles are written with a hyphen -de, -ka, something- (koy-), (-kas - dial.), -either, -something, -s, -tka, -tko, -then:

you, she, here, here, look, someone, someone, someone, some, from somewhere, yes, well, look, so, somewhere, sometime, something.

Particle -de(colloquial) is used when conveying someone else’s speech, as well as in the meaning of the verb says (they speak) and in the meaning of the particles “say”, “they say”:

And if I see that his execution is too small, I will immediately hang all the judges around the table.

My fellow countryman turned to the commander at a halt: so and so, allow me to leave, they say, it’s an expensive occasion, they say, since I’m a local resident, it’s just a stone’s throw from the yard.

2) Particle they say(colloquial) was formed by merging two words: de and say.

3) Particle -With(derived from the word sir) gives a connotation of servility and obsequiousness:

Chatsky. Lured by honors and nobility?

Molchalin. No, sir, everyone has their own talent...

Chatsky. You?

Molchalin. Two: moderation and accuracy.

If between the particle ko- (koi-) and the pronoun there is a preposition, then the whole combination is written apart:

from someone, on something, from someone, with someone.

4) Particle -yes(“still”, “however”, “nevertheless”, “in fact”, “eventually”) is written with a hyphen:

after the verbs - they persuaded him, he showed up;

after adverbs - truly, for a long time, again, again;

after particles - after all, quite, really, really.

In other cases, the particle is written separately:

The secretary, although he felt a slight dissatisfaction, was still glad to have such old women among the assets of the district.

But although the temptation was great, I still managed to overcome myself.

5) Particle -That a hyphen is added to pronouns and adverbs both to express uncertainty and to give an emotional coloring to the statement:

Why did your heart go bad?

Note 1. A combination like this (“namely”) is written separately before listing homogeneous members:

In mixed forests there are a variety of trees, such as birch, aspen, cedar, and pine.

Note 2. If the particle “-the” is inside a compound word written with a hyphen, then the hyphen is placed before the particle and omitted after it:

Bandage it crosswise (compare: crosswise);

Exactly, but that’s not the point (compare: exactly).

Note 3. If a particle that is written with a hyphen comes after another particle, then the hyphen is not written:

still, somewhere; with whom, supposedly, this does not happen (compare: after all, with whom, supposedly, this does not happen).

Exception: before the particle -s the hyphen is preserved: Would you like to take a bite, sir?

The particles “not” and “neither” are in the next post.

The particles would (b), same (g), whether (l) are written separately, for example: would have done, if, if, however, however, that's what you are, hardly, always.

Note. The rule does not apply to those cases when the specified particles are part of whole words, for example: so that, also, really, etc.

Particles are written separately, after all, so, they say, and some others.

§ 64. Hyphenated spelling of particles 1.

Particles are written with a hyphen - -go, -or, -something, some- (coy-), -ka, -de, -s, -tka, -tko, for example: someone, something, someone's, some (as part of indefinite pronouns; for the spelling of these particles with adverbs, see § 57, paragraph 3), say-ka, na-ka, na-kas, well-ka, well-kas, here-ka, here -kas, he is, yes, sir, on-tka, on-tka, well, look, look. 2.

The particle -go is added with a hyphen to pronouns and adverbs not only to express uncertainty, but also to give them a touch of emotionality, for example: It flies high, but will it land somewhere? Let's see how he somehow cares about me (Turgenev).

The word is also written with a hyphen before listing homogeneous members of the sentence, for example: Red forest includes coniferous trees, such as pine, spruce, fir.

Note. If the particle -falls into the middle of a complex word, the parts of which are connected by a hyphen, then the hyphen is written only before the particle, and is omitted after it, for example: I’ll pick you up, but I still don’t want to clean up; I see your friends and my sister (Turgenev). 3.

The particle koe- (koi-), torn from the pronoun by a preposition, is written separately, for example: some with whom, some in what, some with whom. 4.

The particle is still written with a hyphen:

a) after adverbs, for example: truly, quite, again, directly, exactly;

b) after particles, for example: after all, really, really;

c) after verbs, for example: insisted, left after all.

In other cases, it is written separately, for example: the old man finally achieved his goal, she left her family, they built a big dacha for themselves. Wed: ...but still punished his comrade (Gogol); ...I locked it this time too (Dostoevsky). 5.

If a particle, which is written with a hyphen, comes after another particle, then the hyphen is omitted, for example: after all, we wouldn’t do that. Wed: Such and such an old man... and angry and mean (Pushkin); I have to tell this to someone! (Turgenev). But: Won't you buy it, sir? (Danilevsky); how about -s (the particle -s is also attached with a hyphen to the preceding particle).

Spelling is not and neither § 65. Spelling is not with nouns 1.

Nouns that are not used without them are written together with nouns, for example: ignorant, unbelief, adversity. 2.

They are written together with non-nouns, which in combination with do not acquire the opposite meaning; usually such words can be replaced with synonyms without not, for example: untruth (cf.: lie), enemy (cf.: enemy), misfortune (cf.: trouble). 3.

Written together with non-nouns, denoting persons and expressing a qualitative connotation; in combination with, words with the meaning of opposition are not formed. For example: non-Marxist, non-Russian, non-specialist. Wed: Metaphors are widely used by writers and non-literators (M. Isakovsky); We are talking about the reader - a non-linguist, a non-etymologist (Lev Uspensky); Rise up, tortured children, look for non-humans among people (Evg. Yevtushenko).

Wed. also examples from newspapers: “We demand the convening of an international conference with the participation of all member and non-member states of the United Nations to achieve general and controlled disarmament in stages” (from the Address of the Bureau of the World Peace Council 11/VII 1960); “The US Supreme Court has opened the door to prosecution of both communists and non-communists who fight in defense of democratic freedoms”; “The rights of a non-European in the Republic of South Africa have been reduced to those of a concentration camp prisoner.”

Note. For nouns with a different meaning, the opposition is expressed by a separately written particle, and not by the prefix not, for example: Cows and non-cows were grazing in the meadow; He is ready to write everything: poetry and non-verse, plays and non-plays. Continuous spelling is found only in word terms, for example: metals and non-metals. 4.

They are written separately from non-nouns if there is or is implied opposition, for example: This is not caution, but cowardice; No, this is not the confidence of a fighter who is convinced that he is right; The Middle Ages did not add much to this list of metals (substantivized adjective). 5.

It is written separately not with a noun in an interrogative sentence, if the negation is logically emphasized, for example: The writer has grown significantly lately, hasn’t he? (substitution is not possible: ...is it a lie?).

Note. If the negation is not emphasized, then a continuous spelling is used, for example: Isn’t this true? (substitution possible: Is this a lie?).