Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Essay on ethnography

Topic: "Peoples of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Khanty"

The Khanty are a people belonging to the Ugric group of the Uralic language family. The Khanty and the closely related Mansi people are called the Ob Ugrians, in contrast to the Hungarians - the European Ugrians. Currently, the Khanty are settled within the Khanty-Mansi and Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrugs, as well as in the northern regions of the Tomsk region. Their total number according to the 1989 census was 22,283 people. In ethnographic literature, the Khanty are usually divided into northern (hanti or khante), southern (hande) and eastern (kantah or kantek). The northern group usually includes the Khanty population living along the Ob (with its tributaries) from Obdorsk to the Malo Atlym yurts, including the Khanty found on the Severnaya Sosva and Lyapin rivers. Based on the totality of linguistic and ethnographic characteristics, the Northern (or Lower Ob) Khanty are divided into: Obdorsk-Kunovatskaya; Berezovsko-Kazym and Atlym-Sherkal groups.

Ethnographic materials give grounds to distinguish the Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty into a separate territorial group. Presumably this group, characterized by a high degree of endogamy (79% of marriages took place within the group), had a “tribal character”. It is no coincidence that the border of the modern autonomous okrugs, Yamalo-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk, basically coincides with the line separating the Obdor-Kunovatskaya from the more southern groups of the Ob Ugrians. Administratively, the Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty, whose number, according to the 1989 census, was 7,200 people, belong to the Priuralsky and Shuryshkarsky districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The territory of their settlement includes the forest-tundra and north-taiga zones of the Lower Ob region.

During the 17th - early 20th centuries, the Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty lived along the Malaya and Bolshaya Ob with the tributaries: Loluy, Sob, Sobtye gan, Voykar, Kunovat and Sshya. Administratively, they were classified as Obdorskaya and Kunovatskaya volosts. In the initial period of the development of Siberia, they were part of two principalities: Obdorsky - with the towns of Pulnovatvosh, Voykar and Urkar, and Lyapinsky, among the towns of which Kunovat is mentioned, located in the northernmost part of the vast Ugric world. The “Book of the Big Drawing” states that the “Obdorsky Castles”, bordering “Yugora” in the south, were located at the mouth of the Ob River.

The geographical concept "Obdoria" is found in cartographic materials of the 16th-17th centuries. Western European cartographers of that time located the country of Abdori or Obdora, either on the very coast of the Northern Ocean, or between the Ob and Sosvoi, but always next to the country of Jugri or Jugoria. Already in 1488, the title “Yugorsky” appeared in the title of the Grand Duke of Moscow, and later the titles “Obdorsky and Kondinsky” were added to it. This can be regarded as evidence that on the eve of the Russian development of Siberia, Yugra, Obdoria and Kondia were relatively independent ethno-geographical territories.

Origin of the Khanty

The Obdorsk-Kunovat group of the northern Khanty formed relatively recently, approximately in the middle of the 2nd millennium AD. Judging by archaeological data and folklore materials, migrations from the west (from the Urals) and south (middle taiga Ob region) were dominant for the Northern Ob region.

In the folklore of the Lower Ob Ugrians, many legends and traditions have been preserved, reflecting the formation of the Obdor-Kunovat Khanty. However, based on folklore materials, it is difficult to judge with certainty which of the Ostyak ancestors was the first to reach the lower reaches of the Ob and where he came from. In Northern Khanty legends, stories about the Mos people and the Pore people echo. They either settled empty lands, or conquered territories from the local Ur Yokh people, or fought with each other. At times it may seem that the medieval Northern Ob region was a theater of continuous military operations.

The Northern Khanty believe that the territory of the northern taiga of the Ob region was formerly inhabited by the Samoyeds Ur Yokh ("forest people"). They were forced out by the ancestors of the Ugrians who came to these lands - Mos yoh. The wars between mos yoh and ur yoh were protracted. In the end, the Samodians ur yoh were unable to resist the newcomers and partially retreated to the mouth of the Ob and the upper reaches of its tributaries, and were partially assimilated by the Ugrians. The border of Samoyed and Ugric territories is called Konavyt Island. According to legends, the war with ur yoh on the Kunovat River was won by three brothers: Un Mos hu ("Big Man Mos"), Kutop Mos hu ("Middle Man Mos"), Li Mos hu ("Little Man Mos").

The northern border of the military clashes between the Ugrians and Ur Ekh passed 35 versts from Obdorsk. According to the legend recorded by Abbot Irinarch, the Ostyaks drove the Samoyeds to the large lake Vangada, where a decisive battle took place. Having won the battle, the Ostyaks carried the remains of the defeated Samoyeds to the Khoroneupody stream. Subsequently, the Nenets began to make sacrifices here and, traveling from the tundra to Obdorsk, left deer skulls at the sanctuary. Near the Pashchertsovs’ yurts, an “oath of eternal peace” was concluded between the Ostyaks and Samoyeds. Over time, the Obdorsky town became the political center of the Obdorsky North and the residence of the Ostyak princely family of the Taishins.

Thanks to the development of large-scale reindeer herding in the 17th century, the Samoyeds created a new culture. Economically and militarily, it was significantly superior to the culture of the taiga inhabitants. The provision of vehicles made it possible to make rapid raids on near and distant neighbors. A reindeer team with good maneuverability gave a huge advantage to Samoyeds in warfare. Now the Ostyaks had to hide from the enemy in forests and swamps. The disdainful attitude towards the defeated Samoyeds ur yokh was replaced over time by a preference for the Nenets reindeer herding culture - the northern Khanty call the tundra Nenets yoran yokh.

As a result of the military and peaceful advance of the Ugrians, the possessions of the Lower Ob Samoyeds in the 17th century were cut by the Ugric “wedge” that passed along the Ob to its mouth. To the east of it remained the lands of the Pyankhasovo (Forest Nenets), to the west - the European Ural Nenets. Pushed to the upper reaches of the Synya, Voykar and Kunovat rivers, the taiga Samoyeds ur yoh partly migrated to the north, partly were assimilated by the Ugrians. Only small groups, known as the Voykar, Synevskaya (Inevskaya), Kunovatskaya and Lyapinskaya Samoyeds, retained their ethnic specificity until the beginning of the 19th century.

In addition to descriptions of movements associated with military clashes with ur yoh, the folklore of the Lower Ob Khanty contains stories about peaceful migrations of the Ugric population to the north. At the same time, the same direction of migration from the south and west is noted. The southern flow of migrants is associated with the people of Por Yokh ("people of the rafts") or sent Yokh ("people of the channels") who arrived on rafts during the flood and settled along the numerous channels of the Small and Big Ob. Western aliens with the already mentioned Mos Yokh, as well as Lev Okhal (“Sosvinsky people”) and Paster Yokh (“Paster people”).

The antiquity of the legends about the Mos people is shaded by references to the flood from which the Mos people fled in the Ural Mountains.

“Water was everywhere except the Urals. When the water rose, people and animals gathered on the high slopes of the Urals - bears, wolves, wolverines (sacred animals, whose skins and images are kept in home shrines). The water raged for a whole week. People and animals lived together, and no one was afraid of anyone, but people of different clans and even nations gathered here. After the water subsided, they dispersed to different yurts and began to live in clans."

Along with Mos, and much more often than Mos, people are mentioned as heroes in legends about the Flood. Among the northern Khanty, legends about the emyn ik ("holy water") flood include stories about the salvation of people of one or another Ostyak clan from the elements and about their exploration of new lands.

"Seven years before the flood, the shamans became aware of the approaching time of fire and water. The shamans beat tambourines, wondering how they could escape. People who could not swim began to build rafts (por). Only a seven-layer raft (gabyt laur flight por), made of seven logs in seven layers, covered with a seven-layer canopy of sturgeon and sterlet skins, could withstand the elements. In some area above Berezov there grew a sacred birch tree with seven shoots from the top. One day the birch fell, and from under it water began to flow from the roots. People fortified this place, but could not stop the water flow. Then people sat on rafts, and they were carried down by the current of the Ob. Women and girls were not taken onto the rafts, they were still consumed by the water with fire, only men were saved and "pure" girls. For seven days the water boiled - fire and water went together. The lower layers of the rafts were broken, the upper layers of the canopies were carried away. Along with the fiery water, many huge lizards and snakes were carried, which climbed onto the rafts and ate people. Many people died - those who did not have time to build a seven-layer raft, those who were washed away by the water. When the elements calmed down, people began to land on high islands (pugors). The people who sailed on rafts were called nobtyn yokh - “the people who sailed” or por yokh - “people of the rafts”.

According to tradition, people whose ancestors remained on the same mountain or settled on the same island during the flood are considered relatives (the northern Khanty allegorically call the clan “seven sons - one oar” or simply “people with one oar”). The islands and hills where legendary heroes first landed began to be revered as ancestral sanctuaries. At the fork of the Poluy River, where it makes a sharp bend and diverges into two branches, an island is exposed as the water recedes. According to legend, the Polui Khanty, the Shekhovs, Kali, Maglya, who were fleeing the flood, stopped here. ("Owl"), Tokhma ("The Boy Who Bit"), Ataman ("Broken Cup"). Standing on an osgrove that barely protruded from the water, they shouted “to Heaven” seven times, after which the earth rose from the water.

Neither the western, the most ancient of which was Mosei, nor the southern migrants represented a single wave of migrants. The most developed route for crossing from the Urals to the Lower Ob was the flow of the Northern Sosva and Lyapin rivers. Apparently, in the late Middle Ages, the basin of these rivers became an “intermediate base” for migrants moving beyond the Urals. From here, having already partially mastered the Ob territories, they moved further north along the Ob. On the Lower Ob, clan groups are known, classified by the Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty klev ohal - “to the people of the Sosva River” and ai lev yokh - “Matoi Sosva to the people”.

Another wave of migrations from the west of the “Sosva people” was the resettlement of the legendary Paster Yokh people to the Lower Ob. According to the legend recorded by I. Papay among the Obdor Khanty, the ancestors of the Paster people came from the southern places, “where the Ob originates.” Settled at the mouth of the Poluy, just above Salekhard, the northern group of the Paster people is known among the Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty as the Paster Yokh clan, who lived in yurts with the same name (Pastergort). Part of the Paster people, moving north, apparently settled in the region of Muzhi, where the surname Pastorov is found in the Aspukal town, and entered the clan of As Pukhlyn Yokh - “Ob village people.”

According to V. Chernetsov, the Paster people trace their origins to the Mansi clan Pastor Makhum. He once lived in the village of Munkes on the Lyapin River, where the main temple of the “seven winged pastors” was located. Continuing to study the history of this people, E. Rombandeeva discovers that “the descendants of the northern Mansi from the village of Muventes” once came from the upper reaches of the Lozva River. Looking for the ancestral home of the legendary people, she compares its name with the Mansi name of the Pechora River - Pascharas - "Big River Paschar". The above-mentioned clan groups apparently belong to the same migration flow, which received the name “Paster people” in Northern Ugric folklore.

Khanty origin migration

Migrations to the Lower Ob Lev okhol (ai lev okhol, paster) should probably be associated with the displacement of the Sosva-Lyapin Khanty by Mansi migrants. According to the assumption of ethnographer Z. Sokolova, back in the 17th-18th centuries the Khanty lived in the basin of Northern Sosva and Lyapin, which, in her opinion, is evidenced by the “absence in the past of marriages with the Mansi population of Konda, Pelym, Lozva and Sosva,” as well as similarities in the language and culture of the northern Mansi and Khanty. Most likely, the settlement of the Sosvinsk-lyapine basin by the Mansi occurred already in the 17th century. At the end of the 18th and beginning of the 19th centuries, there was an outflow of part of the Ugric population from the Lyapinskaya and Sosvinskaya volosts to the north.

Almost every clan of the Lower Ob Khanty has preserved legends about the arrival of the Khurun ​​Yokh people to their lands from the south (along the Ob). According to the stories of the Shuryshkar Khanty, in the town of Lor Vash - “Sorovoy Gorodok” (Shuryshkar) lived one of the Ostyak princes, who possessed a magic belt. With his help, the Shuryshkar Ostyaks became aware of all the military intentions of their neighbors. The Khurun ​​Yokh came to the Sorovoy town of the fortress near the White Mountain more than once. The northernmost campaigns of the Khurun ​​Yokh reached the Okhsaryugana (Aksarki) River. During a shootout between warring heroes, a piece of land was torn off from a ravine near Aksarka. He flew away from the shot to the opposite edge, making the log resemble a bowl.

According to the testimony of the northern Khanty, the Khurun ​​Yokh came to the Lower Ob region not only to fight, but also to trade with them. They usually exchanged their products: large boats, tools, birch bark dishes for deer skins and furs. In folklore materials there are stories about the establishment of marriage ties between the Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty and the Khurun ​​Yokh. According to the stories of the Shuryshkar Khanty, Kelchi Khu (Kelchin) went to the lands of Khurun ​​Yokh and got married there, then returned to his homeland. From his son, born from a woman Khurun ​​yoh, comes one of the branches of the Kelchi yoh clan - Khutli.

Probably, the raids of the warlike “people of the towns” described in the legends of the Lower Ob Khanty can be compared with the campaigns of the Koda princes in the lower reaches of the Ob. Through them, tribute was collected from the northern principalities for Moscow. In folklore there are indications of the existence of dependence of the Obdor and Kunovat Khanty on Koda. In any case, it can be considered that the “people of the towns”, with their claims to the northern territories or control over them, opened the way for peaceful settlers who followed them. It is quite possible that the campaigns of the Koda military detachments were followed by new waves of southern migrants, who replenished the Lower Ob group of “flowing people,” ex.

The first flows of Ugric migrants (Mos yokh and por yokh) to the Lower Ob region were blocked by subsequent movements of settlers both from the west (Lev ohal, Ailev ohal, Paster yoh) and from the south (poslan yoh, Khurun ​​yoh). Layering one on top of the other, these migration flows created a motley ethnic picture in the Lower Ob region. The northern group of the Lower Ob Khanty included the Samoyed population (ur yoh).

The Ugric migrants themselves were a mixture of southern and western groups of different origins.

Probably, the beginning of mass migrations of Ugrians to the north from the Urals and from the middle taiga Ob region was associated with Christianization. According to the conclusion of I. Georgi, the missionary activity of Stefanius of Perm prompted at the end of the 14th century “a large half of the Permians and Zyryans who lived in Great Perm to leave their free places on the western side of the Ural Mountains and move to the harsh northern countries, near the Ob River , they are now no different from the Kondyrs, but together with them they are called Ostyaks." The new stage of migration was caused by an economic factor - the development of the fishing industry. Population growth and the search for better fishing and hunting grounds lead to population movement to the lower reaches of the Ob. About the newcomers Lev Ohal, Professor A. Yakobiy wrote: “At the bottom of the Ob you can often find people (Voguls) from the Lyapinsky volost: they come for the summer to fish and stay - whoever becomes related to the owners - get married and live.”

The Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty call themselves Khantet (the Tundra Nenets call them Khabi). They consist of two groups: the northern one, which included the Ugric population living below Obdorsk (the conditional border was along the Sob and Sobtyegan rivers), and the southern one, covering the territory of the Kunovatsky volost and parts of the Obdorskaya - along the Big and Small Ob. The Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty of the southern group, noting the peculiarities of the dialect of their northern fellow tribesmen, call them the Nenets word khabi or, in Khanty, molay yoh. In turn, the Khanty of the northern group call the southern ones with the same Nenets nickname khapy or pum khapi - “upper khabi”.

Particularly noticeable is the Nenets participation in the culture of the northern group of the Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty; these included the population of the seven northern towns of the Obdorsk volost (Obdorsky, Vylposlinsky, Voyatvazhsky, Vorvazhsky, Voksarkovsky, Nadymsky, Poluysky). According to representatives of the southern group, their northern fellow tribesmen differ sharply from them “both in conversation and in clothing,” and the language of the northerners is so mixed with Nenets that it is difficult to understand.

In the culture of the southern group of the Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty, on the contrary, phenomena are found that are inherent in the more southern groups of the Khanty and Mansi. Differences between the two groups of Obdorsk-Kunovat Khanty are observed in many areas of life and economy. In the existence, for example, of different types of reindeer husbandry and cycles of seasonal migrations: the northern group practices reindeer husbandry of the tundra and forest-tundra types, the southern group practices stationary and mountain taiga. There are differences in the spread of exogamous traditions: the northern group is influenced by the Nenets dual-fratrial system of Kharyuchi Vanuyta, the southern Ugric Mos Por.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Similar documents

Indigenous population of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. Origin, way of life of the Khanty, their main occupations. Mansi writing and language. Winter and summer settlements of the Yugan Khanty. Faith of the Ob Ugrians, their anthropological characteristics.

abstract, added 11/27/2012


Socio-economic development of small peoples of the North living on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Okrug. Education of the Khanty ethnic groups. Traditional activities of the Mansi: hunting, fishing, reindeer herding. Archaic features of the forest Nenets economy.

presentation, added 04/24/2012


Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug: Samarovo village. The Soviet North as a base for geological exploration. The revival of Khanty-Mansiysk as the center of the Autonomous Okrug, the main problems and prospects for demographic development. The history of the city of Pyt-Yakh.

abstract, added 06/02/2012


Features of tourist and recreational resources of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. History of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, geographical location and climate. Ethnic culture of the indigenous peoples of the North. Ethnographic tourism. Khanty-Mansiysk is the capital of Ugra, transport of Ugra.

course work, added 06/27/2012


Ethnic characteristics of indigenous peoples. The indigenous small peoples of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, the Khanty and the Mansi are two related peoples. Piroda and traditions of the peoples of Western Siberia. The originality of traditional culture and traditional education.

test, added 03/09/2009


The Khanty and Mansi (Ostyaks and Voguls) are the main indigenous population of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. Characteristics of national men's, women's and children's clothing. Basic ways to decorate clothes, shoes and hats. The art of fur mosaic.

presentation, added 10/21/2011


Features of the symbolism of the republics of the Urals. History of the Tyumen and Sverdlovsk regions, the Nenets and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrugs. Coat of arms and flag of the cities of Tyumen and Yekaterinburg, Naryan-Mar, Khanty-Mansiysk. History of development, cultural heritage of the country.

presentation, added 04/06/2014


The will of the assembly as an important part of the Khanty’s national identity. The social structure of the Khanty and Mansi, described in heroic tales. The patriarchal way of family life of the Khanty. Creation and role of the associations “Saving Ugra” and “Yamal for Descendants”.

report, added 01/27/2011


History of the study of Ob-Ugric folklore. Worldview aspect of the cultural and economic life of the Khanty and Mansi peoples. The life cycle of a person in the legends of the Khanty and Mansi. Functions of oral folk art in the spiritual and material culture of the people.

course work, added 02/13/2012


The concept of the Khanty as a Russian people living in Siberia. Features of life and everyday life of representatives of this nationality, their anthropological appearance. Traditional types of crafts and agriculture of the Khanty. Current status, prospects.

The population of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug by the beginning of 2003 will be 1 million 449.6 thousand people. This forecast was voiced by Olga Kokorina, a representative of the district’s Department of Economic Policy, at a conference on demography held today in Khanty-Mansiysk. The declared figure is 36.7 thousand more than the data from the beginning of 2002. In other words, the district will become richer for the population of a small town or region. The accuracy of the forecast can be checked no earlier than December, when the population census data in the autonomous region will be announced. It is noteworthy that the optimistic forecast was made against the backdrop of indicators indicating a decline in the country's population. According to Olga Samarina, a representative of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, in the current socio-economic conditions there will be 9 million fewer people in Russia by 2016.

Today in Khanty-Mansiysk the scientific and practical conference “Regional demographic policy: state and directions of development” began its work.

Representatives of the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation, the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, the Center for Social Demography of the Institute of Socio-Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, deputies of the District Duma and members of the Government of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug take part in its work.

Governor of Ugra Alexander Filipenko shared his opinion on the problems and prospects of demographic development of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug with the conference participants.

“Over the past four decades, the population of the Autonomous Okrug has increased 12 times. Naturally, in order to accommodate these people, to provide them with the necessary conditions for living, a lot needs to be done,” noted Alexander Filipenko, “Carrying out the socio-economic development program of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug ", the District Government proceeds from the fact that Ugra is a place of permanent residence of people. We are obliged to provide people with a decent standard and quality of life. Only then can we talk about a sustainable improvement in the demographic situation in the Autonomous Okrug."

Alexander Filipenko emphasized that the currently observed relatively favorable demographic situation in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug in comparison with other regions of the country must be preserved.

“In principle, it can be improved by intensifying social programs carried out in the district, primarily in the field of health and reducing mortality, especially among children,” said the Governor of the Autonomous Okrug. “The same goal should be served by the demographic policy programs being developed, aimed at to strengthen the family, increase the birth rate and reduce mortality."

The participants of the conference “Regional demographic policy: state and directions of development” agreed that the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in terms of demographic parameters, is among the most prosperous subjects of the Federation, therefore the experience of its specialists is especially valuable.

Olga Samarina, Head of the Department of Socio-Demographic Policy and Development of Social Protection of the Ministry of Labor and Social Development of the Russian Federation, noted that “According to expert forecasts, by 2016 the population of Russia will decrease by more than 9 million people compared to the current period and will amount to 134.8 million people We must understand that a favorable demographic situation forms the basis for the security of any state, and Russia in the first place. After 2008, the number of the population of non-working age will double, and the number of the population entering working age will decrease by half. In this situation, we We can’t change anything anymore.

Of the 89 subjects of the Federation in our country, 67 are experiencing an annual population decline; in 27 regions of Russia, the number of deaths exceeds the number of births twice as much.

The country is entering a critical period and, if no action is taken, the consequences can be simply unpredictable.

Only 16 regions of Russia in 2001 had natural population growth. I am glad that the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is also one of the regions with a favorable demographic situation. This is a result of the effectiveness of the measures being taken here."

The population of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug as of January 1, 2002 was 1,423.8 thousand people.

The district's significant expenditures on social needs determined the stable positive dynamics of the birth and death rates. The number of births in 2001 was 16.9 thousand people. Per 100 people, natural increase in 2001 was 5.1 (in 2000 - 4.5), birth rate - 12.2 (in 2000 - 11.3), mortality rate 7.1 (in 2000 - 6.8). An excess of the number of births over the number of deaths was registered in all cities and districts of the district, with the exception of Berezovsky and Kondinsky districts.

Based on the results of the scientific and practical conference "Regional demographic policy: state and directions of development", recommendations to the Duma and the Government of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug will be adopted.

The leading positions in oil production are occupied by only 3 districts in our country. Lists of cities in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug and Tatarstan are publicly available. These regions account for more than 65% of the country's total oil production. And another interesting fact is that Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is still leading the list, with a 50% share of oil production. Therefore, it is here that the standard of living of every person, even those not involved in the mining of black gold, is high.

KHMAO

The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug is truly the richest region of our country, but only after Moscow. The region is not experiencing an economic recession even now. The entire working-age population has high incomes, and local authorities are doing everything to ensure a high level of social protection for the disabled population. As a result, the number of residents is growing steadily. This happens due to natural growth and migrants.

The district administration supports residents, higher education is available to everyone, and there are many housing programs. The region is popularly called Russian Kuwait.

The residential density in the district is very low, on average there is 1 square meter per 2.7 inhabitants. km. The bulk of the population lives in cities concentrated around oil production and oil refining enterprises.

Composition of the district

According to statistical data from 2017, the list of cities in Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug consists of 16 territorial units. There are only 2 large cities in the district; this “pair” does not even include the center of the administrative unit of Russia - Khanty-Mansiysk.

1. The city of Surgut with 360 thousand people. The history of the settlement begins in 1594. The city is an important transport hub for the entire district, located on the banks of the Ob River.

2. The city of Nizhnevartovsk with 274 thousand people. The settlement was founded in 1909, and city status was granted in 1972. The city is located on the banks of the Ob River and is one of the main oil production and processing centers of the entire country.

Nefteyugansk

The list of cities in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug with a large population ends at the two described above. The list of cities with a population of 100 to 250 thousand people includes only one territorial unit - Nefteyugansk. According to 2017 data, a little more than 126 thousand people live here.

The city is practically saturated with black gold. There is a running joke here that the entire history of the city is written not in blood, but in oil. Previously, only geologists lived in the settlement. And as soon as oil flowed out of one of the wells almost like a fountain in 1962, the village gradually began to transform into a city that is known throughout the Russian Federation. The average age of people living here is 33 years, that is, the settlement is completely young.

Medium-sized cities

The final city on the list is Pokachi. However, it cannot be considered even medium-sized, since only 18 thousand people live in it as of 2015.

Kogalym

Despite the sharply continental climate with harsh and long winters, the city's population is steadily growing. In 2016, just over 63 thousand lived here, and in 2017 there were already 1,370 more people. Near the city there is a settlement called Ortyagun, subordinate to Kogalym, only 142 people live in it, who mainly serve the railway bypass.

Langepas

This is another one of the list of cities in Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug with a large population. 43 thousand people live here. The city district does not include any other settlements. On the territory of the city there is, although a small, but still increase in population. For example, in 1980, a little more than 2 thousand people lived here, in 1992 there were already 30 thousand, and so on.

Megion

The first well of the Samotlor oil field was drilled in the city of Megion, so it was here that the city was formed. The population as of 2017 is 48,283, together with the village of Vysoky - 55,251 people. The name of the city is associated with the Mega River, which flows into the Ob at this point.

Lyantor

The list of cities and towns in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug includes the city of Lyantor, which occupies one of the lowest places in the district’s ranking. It belongs to the Surgut region. The settlement is located on the Pima River, a tributary of the Ob. The region is classified as the Far North. The climatic conditions here are quite difficult, the average temperature in January is 22 degrees. Snow cover persists from October to May. As of 2017, the city has a population of 39,800. Since 2016, there has been a decline in numbers; in 2015, there were 40,135 people.

Beloyarsky district

The district was formed back in 1988; today (2017) it is home to 29,390 people. The population density in the area is very low, approximately 0.7 people per 1 sq. km. The territorial unit consists of 1 city - Beloyarsky, and 6 rural settlements.

The villages have an average of 1,400 people. These are Polnovat, Kazym, Sosnovka, Verkhnekazymsky, Lykhma and Sorum.

Leaders in population growth

To this day, the cities of Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug and Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are recognized as leaders in population growth. It’s sad, but if we take statistics throughout Russia, the population is slowly but surely dying out. Completely different trends are observed in these two regions.

The leader on the list is the city of Khanty-Mansiysk. If we compare the present time with 1989, the population growth has been more than 170%. Most of the residents in the city appeared in the 2000s, when there was an opportunity not only to survive, but even to earn very good money.

In general, the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (+23%) and Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug (+22%) in terms of population growth over the past 25 years could not overtake only Dagestan and Ingushetia.

Peculiarities of settlement of indigenous peoples of the North

The historically established system of settlement of indigenous peoples of the North has undergone significant changes over the past quarter century, mainly due to the development of oil and gas fields. The emergence of new cities and workers' settlements caused an increase in the number of urban residents and increased the migration mobility of indigenous peoples of the North, which was often forced.

In general, the number of urban residents among the peoples of the North is growing in the district. In 1979, the number was 4,424 people, in 1989 – 6,788 people, in 1999 – 11,109 people.

Demographic processes

Within the vast Tobolsk province, an integral part of which was the current territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, at the end of the 19th century there lived 22.5 thousand Ostyaks (Khanty people), 6 thousand Samoyeds (Nenets) and 4.5-6 thousand Voguls ( Mansi).

The circumpolar census of 1926-1927 identified 15,105 people from among the indigenous peoples of the North within the approximate boundaries of the district (Berezovsky, Kondinsky, Samarovsky and Surgut districts according to the administrative division as of January 1, 1927). From the moment of this census, it is possible to trace the dynamics of the number of indigenous peoples of the North of the Autonomous Okrug to the present day.

Until the beginning of the 90s, the number of the Khanty, Mansi and Nenets peoples remained stable, which caused, against the background of the rapid growth of the population of the Autonomous Okrug, especially in the 70-80s, a steady decrease in their share in the total population of the district from 41% in the 20s years to 2% currently.

The main changes in the number of indigenous peoples of the North over this period of time were associated with the urbanization of the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, which, wittingly or unwittingly, contributed to an increase in the number of city dwellers among the indigenous peoples of the North due to the migration of rural residents to cities and workers' settlements. As a result, there was a process of gradual reduction in the absolute number and share of the rural national population, the share of which in Ugra decreased from 97% in 1939 to 65% in 1989. If we take the breakdown of individual nationalities, the Mansi are the most urbanized - 41% of their representatives lived in urban settlements (1989), the share of city dwellers among the Khanty and Nenets is 31%.

In the process of developing natural resources in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra and the associated emergence and rapid growth of new cities and workers' settlements, the female population showed greater migration activity (due to their higher educational level than men, the ability to find acceptable work and arrange their destiny), the gender ratio has changed both in the places of traditional residence of the indigenous population and in urban settlements.

In the cities of the district, in the most active working age (16-39 years), the share of women is currently 60 percent or more of the total number of representatives of indigenous peoples of the North living here. And even with such a gender imbalance, a significant part of men remain single.

Due to the fact that the possibilities for creating new cities and workers' settlements in the district have been exhausted, the increase in the number of city dwellers among the population of indigenous peoples of the North will occur naturally due to their moving from rural areas to study or work, and the rate of urbanization of indigenous peoples The north will decrease. In general, this process does not need regulation - acceleration or braking. Its evolutionary development will allow the most prepared representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North of Ugra to painlessly adapt to the changed conditions.

The negative aspect of this process is that urbanization increases the cross-breeding of the population from among the indigenous peoples of the North due to the increase in the number of ethnically mixed marriages.

For many years, there was a policy of consolidating rural settlements through the transfer of indigenous peoples of the North from the so-called “unpromising” national villages. From 1964 to the present, the number of rural settlements in the district has decreased from 314 to 173, or 1.7 times, which has had a negative impact on the development of traditional sectors of the economy and the employment of indigenous peoples of the North.

Currently, in villages where people from among the indigenous peoples of the North and the newcomer population live together, the proportion of mixed families is up to half or more of the total number of indigenous peoples of the North living in such settlements.

This process has covered the entire territory inhabited by indigenous peoples of the North; differences are observed only in its intensity. Currently, only families leading a traditional way of life within the boundaries of traditional natural resource management areas remain ethnically pure.

Due to the increase in contacts with other peoples of our country, the growth of the cultural and educational level of the younger generation, assimilation processes tend to expand. The reduction in the number of such marriages may be influenced by changes in legislation that ensure a transition from the general provision of state support measures based on nationality to the provision of state support measures in accordance with social status and attitude towards subjects of traditional natural resource management rights. If we consider ethnically mixed marriages by the gender of one or another spouse, it should be noted that in such families, women from among the indigenous peoples of the North account for more than 2/3 of all marriages.

This is due to the fact that in settlements where representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North live together with other nationalities, women from among the indigenous peoples of the North prefer to marry representatives of the newcomer population. This is facilitated by the predominance of the young male population among newcomers, which was typical during the period of intensive development of mineral resources.

The increase in the number of ethnically mixed marriages creates a precedent for an increase in the number of single men from among the indigenous peoples of the North, mainly among those living in rural areas.

In recent years, for children who grew up in ethnically mixed families of indigenous peoples of the North, nationality is determined, as a rule, by one of the parents belonging to the indigenous peoples of the North, with the exception of joint marriages with Komi, where the opposite picture also occurs.

The most significant changes in the number of indigenous peoples of the North of the Okrug occurred in the first half of the 1990s - then there was a rapid increase in their numbers.

The increase in the number of indigenous peoples of the North in the regions of the Autonomous Okrug during this period was caused mainly by artificial reasons, since it occurred as a result of a change of nationality, in connection with the measures of state support provided by state executive bodies, which representatives of indigenous peoples continue to receive small peoples of the North.

The highest proportion and absolute number of people who changed their previous nationality is in the Kondinsky district. This region is characterized by the highest proportion of ethnically mixed families and the level of cross-breeding of the population compared to other municipalities of the Autonomous Okrug.

It is necessary to emphasize the dual role of ethnically mixed marriages, which, on the one hand, led to the erosion of the national community, on the other hand, the younger generation, which identified itself with the indigenous ethnic group, contributed to the growth of national self-awareness. Many representatives of the national intelligentsia come from ethnically mixed families.

Dynamics of the number of indigenous peoples of the North
Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra

The development of healthcare and positive social changes are manifested in an increase in population. Currently, the demographic indicators of the indigenous peoples of the North living in Ugra have a stable positive trend.

The birth rate among indigenous peoples increased from 22.0 ppm (born per 1000 population) in 2005 to 31.9 ppm in 2013, which is 3 times higher than the national indicators. The birth rate among the indigenous population of the Autonomous Okrug has a steady upward trend over many years, and is 1.5 times higher than the birth rate for the district as a whole.

The overall mortality rate of small peoples decreased from 10 ppm in 2005 to 4 deaths per 1000 population in 2013, which is 3 times lower than the national average and slightly lower than the district one. One can also note a persistent downward trend in this indicator.

The positive natural increase of the indigenous population over the past nine years has increased from 11.8 people per 1000 population in 2005 to 28 people per 1000 population in 2013. These indicators are significantly higher than in the Russian Federation as a whole and almost 2.5 times higher than district indicators. The infant mortality rate of indigenous peoples in 2005 was 9.2 children who died before the age of 1 year per 1000 live births compared to 7.5 in 2013, that is, there is also a decrease in the infant mortality rate and it is lower than the all-Russian indicator (8 ,2).

Distinctive features. Mecca for those who love black money. A place from which more than 50% of all Russian oil is pumped out annually, most of which is sold to the West, making the oligarchs richer every day. The Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yugra ranks first in Russia in oil production and second in gas production. The main large cities are concentrated around oil fields. Their population is constantly growing - many believe that this is a kind of “American Dream”. True, in the middle of the taiga expanses of Siberia.

Despite the abundance of industrial cities, the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra still has a small number of indigenous inhabitants: Khanty, Mansi, Nenets. This is a people with a rich history, centuries-old traditions, and a unique culture. Their main occupations are hunting, fishing, fur trading, and animal husbandry.

Mansi and the little ones Mansyata. Photo by dreamer (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/valeriy-dreamer/)

Tourism of all types is quite seriously developed in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug. This is not surprising, because the hills and elevations offer endless opportunities for alpine skiing, snowboarding, and kiting. And lovers of sports and ecological tourism will be able to enjoy exploring numerous natural parks and reserves. And even visit two state reserves.

By the way, about the environment. But here everything is bad. Emissions from the combustion of oil gas, petroleum products, pollution from exhaust gases of large cities - all this causes irreparable harm to nature and human health.

Geographical location. There are thousands of rivers and lakes on the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. The main rivers are the Ob and Irtysh. A third of the district is swamps, and more than 50% of the entire territory is taiga forests. The district's relief consists of plains, foothills, and mountains, the height of which reaches almost 2000 meters.

In the south, the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra borders on the Uvat and Tobolsk districts of the Tyumen region, in the southeast and east - on the Tomsk region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory, in the southwest on the Sverdlovsk region, in the northwest - on the Komi Republic, on in the north with the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Population The district has 1,584,063 people, and in terms of urbanization the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug ranks fifth in Russia. The birth rate is one of the highest in Russia, and the death rate is one of the lowest. This is due to both the high number of women of active reproductive age, the increased quality and standard of living, and a well-developed healthcare system.

The main population is Russians, more than 68% of them in the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Yurga. In addition to them, Tatars, Ukrainians, and Bashkirs live - 16%. It is worth noting that the indigenous inhabitants of this taiga citadel, the Khanty and Mansi, are only a modest 2% of the total population of the district.

Crime. The crime rate is 23rd in Russia. According to the Head of the District Ministry of Internal Affairs, the crime rate is continuously decreasing. The police successfully fight against all sorts of violations of the law - from the organization of illegal dens to murders, robberies and corruption in government. At the same time, a fairly high level of theft and drug addiction remain problems.

Unemployment rate is 5.3% and compared to last year it decreased by 1%. In terms of wages - well, here in large cities Stalin’s wish “Life has become better, life has become more fun” has come true. The salary of a simple teacher, for example, can be more than 45,000 rubles per month. The average salary in the district is more than 50,000 rubles. Which, of course, leads to an endless stream of migrants from the south.

Property value. Living in cities of great opportunity is not a cheap pleasure. A normal 1-room apartment of 40 meters in Surgut will cost you at least 3 million rubles, in Nizhnevartovsk - 2.7 million rubles, and in Nefteyugansk more than 3.3 million rubles. Well, renting an apartment here is not cheap - one-room apartments, for example, start at 20,000 rubles per month.

Climate. Winters are snowy and long (from October to April), temperatures can reach −60 °C, but on average it stays at −20 °C. And summer will not spoil heat-loving people - the average temperature is only +16.5 °C. 400-620 mm of precipitation falls per year, most of it falls in the warm season.

Cities of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug

From a small village where the basis of the economy was collective farms, logging and the fishing industry, in a matter of years it turned into an industrial giant not only in Siberia, but throughout Russia. The basis of the economy was oil production, oil and gas refining, and transportation of petroleum products. To supply power to enterprises, two powerful state district power stations were built. Being nearby, they form one of the most powerful thermal power plants in the world.

The power of Siberia. Photo by Shed (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/shed82/)

Today, Surgut is not only a huge factory city, with a palisade of smoking chimneys, oil rigs and endless pipelines, but also a modern metropolis with developed infrastructure, many shopping and entertainment complexes, theaters, exhibitions, schools, universities, and sports complexes. There is everything here that is, for example, in Moscow. Yes, you will notice the difference between them when you get there. Well, maybe there are more traffic jams, but the air in Surgut is cleaner, although not by much. And the population of the city is 325,511 people.

There are places for cultural relaxation and things to see - you should definitely visit the City Drama Theater, which has successfully staged more than 70 performances. You can walk along the aviation engineering walk of honor and see with your own eyes the helicopters that helped oil workers develop Nizhnevartovsk.

And if you want to go shopping or have an active rest - you are welcome! There are 11 shopping and entertainment complexes located in different parts of the city at your service.

A city with minimal unemployment - less than one percent.

Small businesses are also developing: for example, in 2013, more than 5 million rubles were allocated for subsidies, grants for youth entrepreneurship, family businesses, and compensation for part of the expenses of entrepreneurs.

In general, this city is perhaps one of the best in Russia for building a career: young, rich, promising. There is generally a huge choice of work on the labor market here, since there are at least 10 vacancies per person.

By the way, in cultural terms everything is in order - there is a wonderful puppet theater “The Magic Flute”, a museum, a gallery, a cinema, several temples and churches.