Noise is one of the most common adverse factors in the working environment. Vibrating bodies are sources of sounds and noises. The main production processes accompanied by noise are riveting, stamping, testing of aircraft engines, working on weaving machines, etc. Speaking about the effect of noise on the body, it should be borne in mind that it has both local and general effects. At the same time, the pulse and respiration become more frequent, blood pressure rises, the motor and secretory functions of the stomach and other organs change. Noise is adversely reflected on the nervous system, causing headaches, insomnia, weakening of attention, slowing down of mental reactions, which ultimately leads to a decrease in working capacity.

In production conditions, the effect of noise on the organs of hearing comes to the fore; professional hearing loss develops. Occupational hearing loss is based on damage to the organ of Corti located in the inner ear.

To combat industrial noise, the following measures are provided:
- isolation of noise sources in industrial premises by installing dense wooden, brick partitions with the transfer of the control panel behind the partition. If it is impossible to isolate noise sources, soundproof booths should be installed near them for service personnel;
- installation of units, the operation of which is accompanied by strong shaking (hammers, stamping machines, etc.), on vibration-insulating materials or on a special foundation;
- replacement of noisy technological processes with noiseless ones (stamping, forging is replaced by pressure treatment, electric welding);
- location of noisy workshops at a certain distance from residential buildings, observing the gap zones. They should be concentrated in one place and surrounded by green spaces. The walls of the workshops should be thickened, and on the inside - lined with special acoustic plates;
- use of individual hearing protection devices (plugs and inserts, helmets, etc.).

From a physical point of view, vibration is a set of oscillatory movements, repeated at certain intervals, and is characterized by a certain oscillation frequency, amplitude and acceleration.

Local vibration is mainly observed when working with different kinds hand-held machines of rotary and percussion action - jackhammers, pneumatic chisels, etc.

The clinical picture of vibration disease when exposed to local vibration is polymorphic and has its own distinctive features depending on the frequency response of the exposed vibration and related professional factors.

Depending on the severity clinical picture there are four stages of vibration disease. The first, initial, is asymptomatic. Pains and paresthesias in the hands are subjectively noted; objectively mild sensory disorders at the fingertips, a slight decrease in vibration sensitivity, a tendency to a spastic state of the capillaries of the nail bed. The process is completely reversible.

The second stage is characterized by a moderately pronounced symptom complex. Painful phenomena and paresthesias are more persistent, the skin sensitivity of the fingers or the entire hand decreases. Are noted functional disorders central nervous system of asthenic or astheno-neurotic nature. The process is reversible, subject to termination of work and a special course of treatment.

At the third stage, pronounced vascular disorders occur, accompanied by attacks of vasospasm and whitening of the fingers, paretic state of the capillaries and cyanosis. The sensitivity decreases in the peripheral and segmental type. Asthenic and neurasthenic reactions are noted, the activity of the cardiovascular, endocrine systems, etc. is disrupted. This stage is characterized by the persistence of pathological changes and is difficult to treat.

The fourth stage is rare - the pathological process is characterized by the generalization of vascular disorders due to damage to the higher parts of the central nervous system. Sensory disturbances are severe and widespread. Along the way, this stage refers to persistent and hardly reversible states, accompanied by a sharp decrease in working capacity up to its complete loss.

The general effect of vibration on the body is mainly due to the shaking of the floor and other fences due to the shock action of machines (hammers, stamps, etc.), movement in combat and transport vehicles, etc.

With vibration disease caused by general vibration, changes in peripheral nerves and vessels of the legs are most often noted: pain in the legs, their fatigue, mild peripheral sensory disorders, soreness in the calf muscles, weakening of pulsation in the arteries of the foot.

AT initial stages diseases, peripheral disorders are often combined with shifts in the central nervous system. With more pronounced forms of vibration disease caused by the effect of general vibration, disorders in the central nervous system and vestibular apparatus prevail, proceeding as vestibulopathy. Such patients develop dizziness and headaches, intolerance to shaking, asthenic state, neurotic reactions, a pronounced autonomic polyneuritis syndrome (feet and hands are cold, pulsation decreases, etc.). When working on a vibrating platform, workers have a deeper disorder of the central nervous system, accompanied by the development of diencephalic syndrome.

When assessing local vibration, GOST 17770-72 is used. The spectrum of oscillatory speed in octave frequency bands, pressing force and hand-held weight of the machine or its parts are subject to assessment.

The value of the vibrational velocity (in meters per second) or the corresponding levels in decibels in octave frequency bands should not exceed the values \u200b\u200bindicated in Table 19. The pressing force applied by the hands of the operator to the hand-held machine should not exceed 200 N, and the held weight should not exceed 100 N (N - newton - equal to 0.102 kg).

Note... In the octave band with an average geometric frequency of 8 Hz, the control of the numerical values \u200b\u200bof the oscillatory speed should be carried out only for hand-held machines with a speed or impact of less than 11.2 per second.

When assessing the overall vibration, one proceeds from the requirements of the sanitary standards CH 245-71. The normalized vibration parameters are the root-mean-square values \u200b\u200bof the vibrational speed in octave frequency bands or the displacement amplitudes, excited by the operation of the machine, machine tools and other types of equipment and transmitted to the seats, floor and work platforms in industrial premises.

Vibration Control Measures:
- the device of mechanized holders for pneumatic instruments, which reduces muscle tension;
- use of soft mittens that weaken the blows;
- reduction of vibration transmitted by the seats (drivers, tankers, tractor drivers) by using elastic pads, seat cushions;
- replacement of pneumatic riveting by welding;
- correct organization (alternation) of work and rest.

Preliminary and periodic medical examinations are of great importance in the fight against the harmful effects of noise and vibration. Contraindications to hiring in noisy workshops are diseases of the hearing organs, neurotic conditions, hypertension and peptic ulcer diseases.

For work associated with exposure to vibration, persons with autonomic neuroses, endocrine disorders, defects in limb bones, patients with hypertension should not be admitted.

Ministry of Education Russian Federation

ORENBURG STATE UNIVERSITY

Ufa branch

Department: "Machines and apparatus for food production"

TEST

On the subject of Life Safety

Completed

Khalitov R. Sh.

Student of group MS-4-2

Sources of noise and vibration in factories

industry.

Noise and vibration protection . 3

2. State supervision and control over compliance with labor protection legislation.

Public control over labor protection . 8

3.Classification of working conditions by factors

production environment. thirteen

List of major occupational diseases,

arising from workers in food enterprises. fifteen

References 17

1. Sources of noise and vibration in industrial enterprises. Noise and vibration protection.

Noise as a hygienic factor is a combination of sounds of different

frequencies and intensities that are perceived by the human hearing organs and cause an unpleasant subjective sensation.

Noise as a physical factor is a wave-like propagating mechanical vibrational motion of an elastic medium, which is usually random.

Industrial noise is the noise in workplaces, on sites or on the territory of enterprises that occurs during the production process.

In an industrial environment, noise sources are

working machines and mechanisms, manual power tools, electrical machines, compressors, forging, lifting and transporting, auxiliary equipment (ventilation units, air conditioners), etc.

Mechanical noise occurs as a result of the operation of various

mechanisms with unbalanced masses due to their vibration, as well as single or periodic shocks in the joints of parts of assembly units or structures in general. Aerodynamic noise is generated when air moves through pipelines, ventilation systems or due to stationary or non-stationary processes in gases. Noise of electromagnetic origin occurs due to vibrations of elements of electromechanical devices (rotor, stator, core, transformer, etc.) under the influence of alternating magnetic fields. Hydrodynamic noise occurs due to processes that occur in liquids (water hammer, cavitation, flow turbulence, etc.).

Noise as a physical phenomenon is the vibration of an elastic medium. It is characterized by sound pressure as a function of frequency and time. From a physiological point of view, noise is defined as a sensation that is perceived by the hearing organs during the action of sound waves on them in the frequency range of 16-20,000 Hz.

The permissible noise characteristics of workplaces are regulated by GOST 12.1.003-83 "Noise, general safety requirements" (amendment I.III.89) and Sanitary standards for permissible noise levels at workplaces (SN 3223-85) with amendments and additions dated 03/29/1988 year No. 122-6 / 245-1.

By the nature of the spectrum, noises are divided into broadband and tonal.

In terms of time characteristics, noises are divided into constant and non-constant. In turn, intermittent noises are subdivided into time-varying, intermittent and impulsive noises.

Sound pressure levels in decibels (dB) in octave bands with geometric mean frequencies of 31.5 are taken as characteristics of constant noise at workplaces, as well as to determine the effectiveness of measures to limit its adverse effect; 63; 125; 250; 1000; 2000; 4000; 8000 Hz.

As a general characteristic of noise in workplaces, the sound level in dB (A) is used, which is the average value of the frequency characteristics sound pressure.

The characteristic of intermittent noise in workplaces is an integral parameter - the equivalent sound level in dB (A).

Among all types of mechanical stress for technical objects, vibration is the most dangerous. Vibration is the mechanical vibrational motion of a system with elastic connections. The alternating stresses caused by vibration contribute to the accumulation of damage in materials, the appearance of cracks and destruction. Most often and rather quickly, the destruction of an object occurs with vibrational influences in resonance conditions. Vibration also causes failures of machines and devices.

Industrial sources of local vibration are manual mechanized machines of percussion, shock-rotational and rotary action with pneumatic or electric drive.

Impact tools are based on the principle of vibration. These include riveting, chipping, jackhammers, pneumatic rammers.

Rotary percussion machines include pneumatic and electric rock drills. They are used in the mining industry, mainly in the drilling and blasting method of production.

Hand-held mechanized machines of rotary action include grinding, drilling machines, electric and petrol-powered saws.

Local vibration also occurs during grinding, emery, grinding, polishing work performed on stationary machines with manual feed of products; when working with hand tools without motors, for example, straightening work.

The most effective means of noise reduction is replacing noisy technological operations with low-noise or completely silent ones, but this way of struggle is not always possible, therefore, its reduction at the source is of great importance. Reducing noise at the source is achieved by improving the design or layout of that part of the equipment that produces noise, using materials with reduced acoustic properties in the design, equipment at the noise source, an additional soundproofing device or a fence located as close as possible to the source.

One of the simplest technical means of dealing with noise along the transmission paths is a soundproofing casing, which can cover a separate noisy machine unit.

A significant effect of reducing the noise from the equipment is provided by the use of acoustic screens that block the noisy mechanism from the workplace or the service area of \u200b\u200bthe machine.

The use of sound-absorbing claddings for finishing the ceiling and walls of noisy rooms leads to a change in the noise spectrum towards lower frequencies, which, even with a relatively small decrease in the level, significantly improves working conditions.

Considering that with the help of technical means it is not always possible to solve the problem of reducing the noise level, great attention should be paid to the use of personal protective equipment (antiphones, plugs, etc.). The effectiveness of personal protective equipment can be ensured by their correct selection depending on the levels and spectrum of noise, as well as by monitoring the conditions of their operation.

Noise protection equipment is subdivided into collective and individual protective equipment.

Dealing with noise at its source -the most effective way to deal with noise. Low-noise mechanical transmissions are being created, methods are being developed to reduce noise in bearing assemblies and fans.

Architectural and planning aspect of collective noise protectionassociated with the need to take into account the requirements of noise protection in planning and development projects of cities and neighborhoods. It is planned to reduce the noise level by using screens, territorial breaks, noise protection structures, zoning and zoning of sources and objects of protection, protective zones of landscaping.

Organizational and technical means of noise protectionassociated with the study of the processes of noise generation of industrial plants and units, transport machines, technological and engineering equipment, as well as with the development of more advanced low-noise design solutions, norms of maximum permissible noise levels of machine tools, units, vehicle etc.

Acoustic noise protectionare subdivided into sound insulation, sound absorption and noise mufflers.

Reducing noise by soundproofing.The essence of this method lies in the fact that a noise-emitting object or several of the most noisy objects are located separately, isolated from the main, less noisy room by a soundproof wall or partition.

Sound absorptionis achieved due to the transition of vibrational energy into heat due to friction losses in the sound absorber. Sound-absorbing materials and structures are designed to absorb sound both in rooms with a source and in adjacent rooms. Acoustic treatment of the room provides for covering the ceiling and upper part of the walls with sound-absorbing material. The effect of acoustic treatment is greater in low rooms (where the ceiling height does not exceed 6 m) with an elongated shape. Acoustic treatment reduces noise by 8 dBA.

Silencersare mainly used to reduce the noise of various aerodynamic installations and devices,

In the practice of noise control, mufflers of various designs are used, the choice of which depends on the specific conditions of each installation, the noise spectrum and the required degree of noise reduction.

Silencers are divided into absorption, reactive and combined. Absorption mufflers, containing sound-absorbing material, absorb the sound energy received into them, and reactive mufflers reflect it back to the source. Combined silencers both absorb and reflect sound.

General vibration control methods are based on the analysis of equations that describe the vibration of machines in a production environment and are classified as follows:

reduction of vibrations at the source of origin by reducing or eliminating exciting forces;

adjustment of resonance modes by rational choice reduced mass or stiffness of the system that fluctuates;

vibration damping - vibration reduction due to the frictional force of the damper device, that is, the conversion of vibrational energy into heat;

dynamic damping - the introduction of additional mass into the oscillatory system or an increase in the rigidity of the system;

vibration isolation - the introduction of an additional elastic connection into the oscillatory system in order to weaken the transmission of vibrations to an adjacent element, structure or workplace;

use of personal protective equipment.

Reducing vibration at the source of its origin is achieved by reducing the force that causes the vibration. Therefore, even at the design stage of machines and mechanical devices, one should choose kinematic schemes in which the dynamic processes caused by impacts and acceleration would be excluded or reduced.

Resonance Mode Adjustment . To attenuate vibrations, it is essential to prevent resonance modes of operation in order to eliminate resonance with the frequency of the forcing force. The natural frequencies of individual structural elements are determined by the calculation method according to the known values \u200b\u200bof mass and stiffness, or experimentally on stands.

Vibration damping . This method of vibration reduction is realized by converting the energy of mechanical vibrations of the oscillating system into thermal energy. The increase in energy consumption in the system is carried out due to the use of structural materials with high internal friction: plastics, metal rubber, manganese and copper alloys, nickel-titanium alloys, the application of a layer of elastic-viscous materials on the vibrating surfaces, which have large losses for internal friction. The greatest effect when using vibration damper coatings is achieved in the region of resonant frequencies, since at resonance the value of the influence of friction forces on a decrease in amplitude increases.

Vibration damping, For dynamic vibration damping, dynamic vibration dampers are used: spring, pendulum, eccentric hydraulic. The disadvantage of a dynamic damper is that it acts only at a certain frequency, which corresponds to its resonant vibration mode.

Dynamic vibration damping is also achieved by installing the unit on a massive foundation.

Vibration isolation consists in reducing the transmission of vibrations from the excitation source to the object that is being protected by introducing an additional elastic connection into the vibrational system. This connection prevents the transfer of energy from the vibrating unit to the base or from the vibrating base to a person or to structures that are being protected.

Means of individual protection against vibration are used in the case when the above technical means do not allow reducing the vibration level to normal. To protect hands, gloves, liners, and pads are used. For foot protection - special footwear, soles, knee pads. To protect the body - bibs, belts, special suits.

State supervision and control over compliance with labor protection legislation. Public control over labor protection.

State supervision in the field of labor protection is regulated by the ILO Convention No. 81 "On Labor Inspection in Industry and Trade", the Labor Code of the Russian Federation "and is carried out both at the federal level and at the level of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation through the relevant state labor inspectorates (regulatory documents provide for the creation of and interregional state labor inspectorates).

The general scheme for the implementation of state supervision at the federal level is shown in Figure 1.

Figure: 1. Scheme of state supervision at the federal level

State labor inspectorates in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation act on the basis of the relevant "Regulations" approved for each constituent entity of the Russian Federation by orders of the Federal Service for Labor and Employment.

The Inspectorate carries out state supervision and control over compliance with labor legislation and other regulatory legal acts containing labor law norms.

State labor inspectors have the right to:

· Freely visit for the purpose of inspecting employers and organizing all organizational and legal forms and forms of ownership;

· Investigate industrial accidents;

· Request explanations, obtain the necessary information and documents;

· Withdraw for analysis samples of used or processed materials and substances;

· Present employers of organizations with binding orders to eliminate identified violations of labor legislation, to bring the perpetrators to disciplinary responsibility or to remove them from office;

· To remove from work persons who have not been instructed and tested for knowledge of labor protection;

· To bring to administrative responsibility officials guilty of violation of legislative and other normative acts on labor protection, as well as send materials to law enforcement agencies on bringing these persons to justice, bring claims to court;

· Give explanations to legal entities and individuals.

The head of the inspectorate additionally has the right to send to the court, in the presence of a conclusion of the state examination of working conditions, demands to suspend the work of structural divisions or the organization as a whole, as well as to liquidate the organization or terminate the activities of its structural divisions due to violation of labor protection requirements.

State supervision and control is legally divided into preventive and ongoing.

Preventive supervision, in turn, is divided into two stages.

Ongoing supervision is a daily, systematic supervision of compliance with labor protection requirements related to equipment, machines in operation, to the current technological process, carried out by supervision and control bodies through surveys and inspections.

The highest state supervision over the exact implementation of labor laws, including labor protection, by ministries, enterprises and their officials is carried out by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation.

State supervision over compliance with legislative and other normative acts on labor protection is carried out by:

State Committee of the Russian Federation for the supervision of labor protection;

State Committee of the Russian Federation for Nuclear and Radiation Safety;

State fire control authorities of the fire protection department of the Ministry of the Russian Federation;

Bodies and institutions of the sanitary and epidemiological service of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation.

The highest supervision over the observance and correct application of laws on labor protection is carried out by the Prosecutor General of the Russian Federation and prosecutors subordinate to him.

State supervision bodies do not depend on any economic bodies, associations of citizens, political formations, local state administrations and Councils of People's Deputies and act in accordance with the provisions approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Russian Federation.

Public control over compliance with labor protection legislation is carried out by:

labor collectives through their elected representatives;

trade unions - represented by elected bodies and representatives.

Public control over compliance with the legislation on labor protection is carried out by:

labor collectives through their elected representatives,

trade unions represented by their elected bodies and representatives.

Employees authorized by labor collectives on labor protection issues have the right to freely check the compliance with labor protection requirements at the enterprise and make proposals, binding on the owner of the enterprise, to eliminate the identified violations of labor safety and health regulations.

To fulfill these obligations, the owner organizes training at his own expense and releases the OT commissioner from work for the period specified in the collective agreement, while maintaining his average earnings.

The authorized labor collectives act in accordance with the standard regulations approved by the State Committee of the Russian Federation for the supervision of labor protection in agreement with the trade union.

In order to create safe and harmless working conditions in production, to promptly eliminate the identified violations, those authorized for labor protection exercise control over:

a) compliance with labor protection legislation:

working conditions at workplaces, safety of technological processes, machines, mechanisms, equipment and other means of production, the state of collective and individual protective equipment used by workers, passages, escape routes and emergency exits, as well as sanitary conditions,

operating regime of work and rest,

using the labor of women, minors and disabled people,

provision of workers with special clothing, footwear, other personal protective equipment, therapeutic and prophylactic nutrition, milk or equivalent food products, detergents, organization of a drinking regime;

benefits and compensations provided to employees for work in difficult and harmful working conditions;

compensation by the owner for damage in case of damage to their health or the application of moral damage;

conducting training, briefings and testing the knowledge of workers on labor protection,

employees undergoing preliminary and periodic medical examinations;

b) providing employees with instructions, labor protection regulations in force within the enterprise, and compliance by employees in the process of work with the requirements of these regulations;

c) timely and correct investigation, documenting and accounting for accidents and occupational diseases;

d) execution of orders, orders, measures on labor protection, including measures to eliminate the causes of accidents, occupational diseases and accidents, determined in the acts of investigation;

e) use of the labor protection fund by the enterprise for its purpose,

f) the availability and condition of visual means of propaganda and information on labor protection issues at the enterprise.

Occupational safety commissioners have the right to:

freely check the state of occupational safety and health, compliance by employees with regulations on occupational safety at the facilities of the enterprise or production unit, the staff of which they are elected;

to enter into a book specially for this purpose, mandatory for consideration by the owner (head of a department, enterprise) proposals for eliminating the identified violations of regulations on labor protection, to monitor the implementation of these proposals;

demand from the foreman, foreman or other head of the production unit of the enterprise to stop working at the workplace in the event of a threat to the life or health of workers;

to make proposals on bringing to responsibility the employees who have violated the regulations on labor protection;

take part in inspections of the state of safety and working conditions, conduct by officials of state supervision and public control over labor protection, ministries, departments, associations, enterprises, local bodies of state executive power;

to be elected to the commission on labor protection of the enterprise;

to be a representative of labor collectives on labor protection issues in district (city), inter-district (district) and comrades' courts.

Trade unions exercise control over the owners' compliance with legislative and other acts on labor protection, the creation of safe and harmless working conditions, a proper production life for workers and providing them with means of collective and individual protection.

Trade unions have the right to freely check the state of working conditions and safety at work, the implementation of relevant programs and obligations of collective agreements, to pay to the owners; government bodies with submissions on labor protection issues and receive a reasoned response from them.

Timely control is the prevention of possible accidents and accidents. For example, in 1997, the RF Gosnadzorokhtrad conducted 119.5 thousand inspections of enterprises, during which 8.5 million violations of labor protection regulations were identified and eliminated. For failure to comply with the requirements of regulatory enactments on labor protection, more than 30 thousand managers and officials were fined in the amount of 1 million 121 thousand rubles.

Classification of working conditions by factors of the working environment.

In the process of life, a person constantly interacts with the environment, with all the variety of factors that characterize the environment. Many environmental factors have a negative impact on human health and life. The degree of negative impact is determined by the level of their energy, which is understood as a quantitative measure of various forms of motion of matter. At present, the list of known forms of energy has expanded significantly: electrical, potential, kinetic, internal, rest, deformed body, gas mixture, nuclear reaction, electromagnetic field, etc.

The variety of forms of energy gives rise to a variety of factors in the human environment that affect his health. All diversity production factors according to GOST 12.0.003-74, they are divided into several groups: physical, chemical, biological and psychophysiological. Physical hazardous and harmful factors include: moving machines and mechanisms, increased dust and gas pollution, increased or low temperature, increased level of noise, vibration, ultrasound, high or low barometric pressure, high or low humidity, air mobility, high level of ionizing or electromagnetic radiation, etc. Chemical hazardous and harmful factors are divided into toxic, irritating, sensitizing, carcinogenic, mutagenic. Biological factors include: bacteria, viruses, rickettsia, spirochetes, fungi and protozoa, as well as plants and animals. Psychophysiological factors are subdivided into physical and neuropsychic overload. The same dangerous and harmful factor may in its action refer to different groups.

Harmful production factor (HPF) is a production factor, the impact of which on a worker in certain conditions leads to illness or reduced disability. Diseases arising under the influence of harmful production factors are called occupational. Harmful production factors include:

unfavorable meteorological conditions;

dust and gas content of the air;

exposure to noise, infra- and ultrasound, vibration;

presence of electromagnetic fields, laser and ionizing radiation, etc.

Hazardous production factors (OPF) are such production factors, the impact of which on the worker in certain conditions leads to injury or other sudden sharp deterioration in health. Trauma is damage to body tissues and disruption of its functions by external influences. Injury is the result of an industrial accident, which is understood as a case of exposure to a hazardous production factor on a worker in the performance of his job duties or tasks of a work manager.

Hazardous production factors include:

electric current of a certain strength; »Hot bodies;

the possibility of falling from a height of the worker himself or of various parts and objects;

equipment operating under pressure higher than atmospheric, etc.

The totality of factors affecting a person in the process of activity (labor) in production and in everyday life make up the conditions of activity (labor). Moreover, the effect of factors of conditions can be favorable and unfavorable for a person. The impact of a factor that can constitute a threat to life or damage to human health is called a hazard. Practice shows that any activity is potentially dangerous. This is an axiom about the potential danger of activity.

Each production is characterized by its own complex of hazardous and harmful factors, the sources of which are equipment and technological processes. A modern machine-building enterprise, as a rule, includes foundries and forging, thermal, welding and electroplating, as well as assembly and paint shops.

The list of the main occupational diseases arising in workers in food enterprises.

According to the International Labor Organization in the world at work annually:

· About 2 million people die;

· About 270 million people are injured;

· About 160 million people suffer from diseases.

In Russia, in recent years, about 5 thousand people die annually, more than 10 thousand get occupational diseases. Despite the decline in absolute indicators, relative indicators, that is, attributed to a certain number of employees, remain very alarming.

Trauma is a violation of the anatomical integrity or physiological functions of human tissues and organs, caused by a sudden external influence.

In accordance with the type of impact, injuries are divided into mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrical, combined and others.

An occupational disease is a disease that develops as a result of exposure of a worker to harmful production factors specific for a given job and cannot arise out of contact with them.

In addition to professional in production, there is a group of so-called production-related diseases.

The procedure for investigating and recording accidents at work is established by the “Regulations on the investigation of accidents at work”. Investigation and registration of occupational poisonings and diseases are carried out in accordance with the instructions of the Ministry of Health contained in the “Regulation on the notification and registration of occupational poisonings and occupational diseases.

An occupational injury (work injury) is a consequence of the effects on the body of various external, hazardous production factors.

More often work injury - this is the result of mechanical impact from collisions, falls or contact with mechanical equipment.

Injury is possible due to effects:

· Chemical factors, for example, pesticides, in the form of poisoning or burns;

· electric current, in the form of burns, electric shocks, etc.;

High or low fever (burns or frostbite);

· Combinations of various factors.

Industrial injuries are a combination of accidents at work (enterprise, industry).

There are several reasons for occupational injuries.

1. Technical, arising from design flaws, malfunctions of machines, mechanisms, imperfection of the technological process, insufficient mechanization and automation of heavy and harmful work.

2. Sanitary and hygienic, associated with violation of the requirements of sanitary standards (for example, in terms of humidity, temperature), lack of sanitary facilities, deficiencies in the organization of the workplace, etc.

3. Organizational, associated with violation of the rules for the operation of transport and equipment, poor organization of loading and unloading operations, violation of the work and rest regime (overtime, downtime, etc.), violation of safety rules, untimely instruction, lack of warning labels, etc. ...

4. Psychophysiological, associated with violation of labor discipline by employees, drunkenness at the workplace, deliberate self-injury, overwork, poor health, etc.

An industrial accident is an accident that occurs to an employee due to exposure to a hazardous production factor.

An occupational disease is damage to the health of an employee as a result of constant or prolonged exposure to the body of harmful working conditions.

Distinguish between acute and chronic occupational diseases.

Acute occupational diseases include diseases that have arisen suddenly (within no more than one work shift) due to exposure to harmful production factors with a large excess of the maximum permissible level or, most often, the maximum permissible concentration of a harmful substance.

Chronic occupational diseases develop after repeated and prolonged exposure to harmful industrial factors, for example, vibration, industrial noise, etc.

An occupational disease (industrial accident), in which two or more workers fell ill (injured), is called a group occupational disease (a group occupational accident).

Bibliography

1. Life safety. Textbook for universities, ed.

K.Z Ushakov. M., 2001, publishing house of the Moscow Mining University.

2. Labor protection at work. BPA, No. 11. Profizdat, 2001.

3. Labor protection at the enterprise. Functions of trade union organizations. Ed. "Pravoved", Yekaterinburg, 2001

4. Fundamentals of labor protection. V.Ts. Zhidetsky and others. Lviv, "Afisha", 2000.

5. Guide to occupational diseases, ed. N.F. Izmerova, volume 2, "Medicine", Moscow, 1983, p. 113-163.

Noise - a set of sounds of different frequencies and intensities arising from the vibrational motion of particles in elastic media (solid, liquid, gaseous); perceived as an intrusive and unpleasant sound.

The process of propagation of vibrational motion in a medium is called a sound wave, and the area of \u200b\u200bthe medium in which sound waves propagate is called a sound field.

By its nature, industrial noise is divided into:

Shock

Occurs during stamping, riveting, forging, etc.

Mechanical

Most often found in chemical industries. It occurs during friction and beating of units and parts of machines and mechanisms.

Aerodynamic

Also widely used in the chemical industry. Accompanies the operation of devices, pipelines, turbines, fans.

The frequency composition of the noise is called spectrum ... If you double the frequency, then a person perceives this increase in tone by a certain amount, called an octave.

Octave - the frequency range in which the upper limit is twice the lower one.

By frequency, the noise is divided into:

- low frequency (20-350 Hz) - fan noise and motor hum.

- mid-frequency (500-100 Hz) - noise of machines, machine tools, units.

- high frequency (above 800 Hz) - all ringing, hissing, whistling noises that are characteristic of the operation of percussion units, movement of air and gas streams.

In terms of time characteristics, noise is divided into:

- Constant - noise, the sound level of which during an 8-hour working day changes by less than 5 Dc.

- Fickle - noise, the sound level of which during an 8-hour working day changes by more than 5 Dc. Intermittent noises, in turn, are:

- intermittent - the sound level of which changes stepwise by 5 dB or more. Moreover, the duration of the interval during which the sound level remains constant must be more than 1 second.

- impulse - the interval in which the sound level remains constant is less than 1 second. Impulse noise is most unfavorable.

The propagation of noise occurs with the help of a sound wave and is accompanied by a change in energy.

Sound intensity - sound energy transmitted per unit of time through a unit of surface: [I] \u003d W / m 2

Different vibration frequencies will give different sound intensities.

Pain threshold: I bp \u003d 10 2 W / m 2; hearing threshold: I word. \u003d 10 -12 W / m 2.

Sound intensity level (L i) \u003d 10lg (I / I 0), where I is the intensity of the propagating sound wave; I 0 - hearing threshold.

Sound pressure (p) - the difference between atmospheric pressure and pressure at a given point in the sound field.

Hearing threshold 2 * 10 -5 Pa; pain threshold 2 * 10 2 Pa.

Sound intensity level can be related to sound pressure by the following formula:

L P \u003d 20lg (P / P 0)

where P - sound pressure, P 0 - hearing threshold.

All these values \u200b\u200bcannot give complete information about the loudness of the sound, since at the same sound strength, but at different frequencies, the sound volume will be different. Therefore, the volume level is measured, which is measured in backgrounds.

Vibrations - these are vibrations of solids - parts of apparatus, machines, equipment, structures, perceived by the human body as a shock. Vibrations are often accompanied by audible noise.

Local Vibration is characterized by vibrations of tools and equipment that are transmitted to individual parts of the body.

When general vibrations vibrations are transmitted to the entire body from machinery in the workplace through the floor, seat, or work platform. The most dangerous frequency of general vibration lies in the range of 6-9 Hz, since it coincides with the natural frequency of vibration internal organs a person, as a result of which resonance may occur.

The main parameters characterizing vibration:

- frequency (I) (Hz);

- displacement amplitude (A) - the value of the greatest deviation of the oscillating point from the equilibrium position (m)

- oscillatory speed , (V) (m / s)

- vibrational acceleration (a) (m / s 2)

Since the range of variation of vibration parameters from the threshold values \u200b\u200bat which it is not dangerous to the actual ones is large, it is more convenient to measure not the actual values \u200b\u200bof these parameters, but the logarithm of the ratio of the actual values \u200b\u200bto the threshold values. This value is called the logarithmic level of the parameter, and the unit of its measurement is the decibel.

So the logarithmic level of vibration velocity is determined by the formula:

L V \u003d 20lg (V / V 0)

Noise reduction can be achieved by the following methods:

Reducing noise at the source of its formation

Isolation of noise sources by means of sound insulation and sound absorption;

Architectural planning solutions, providing for the rational placement of technological equipment, machines, mechanisms, acoustic treatment of premises;

The use of personal protective equipment.

Protection against aerodynamic noise arising from the operation of ventilation units, air conditioners, compressors, when blowing parts with compressed air for cleaning, drying and other technological operations requires great efforts and is often insufficient. The main noise reduction is achieved mainly by soundproofing the source or by using mufflers that are installed on the air ducts. suction lines, discharge lines and air correspondence.

Soundproofingthese are special barrier devices (in the form of walls, partitions, enclosures, screens, etc.) that prevent the spread of noise from one room to another or in the same room. The physical essence of sound insulation is that most of the sound energy is reflected from the enclosing structures.

The soundproofing ability of obstacles increases with an increase in their mass and sound frequency. In some cases, multilayer structures consisting of different materials have a higher sound insulation than single-layer structures of the same mass. An air gap between the layers increases the soundproofing ability of the barrier.

In industrial conditions, they are often used together with sound insulation sound absorption . Porous materials absorb sound most effectively. This is due to the transfer of the energy of the vibrating air particles into heat generated as a result of their friction in the pores of the material. Nylon fiber, foam rubber, mineral wool, fiberglass, porous polyvinyl chloride, asbestos, porous plaster, cotton wool, etc. are used as sound-absorbing material.

Very often, special enclosures installed on the units are used to protect against noise. They are usually made from thin sheets of aluminum, steel or plastic. The inner surface of the casing must be lined with sound-absorbing material. When installing the cover on the floor, rubber pads must be used. The shroud can provide 15-20dB noise reduction.

To protect workers from direct (direct) exposure to noise, screens installed between the noise source and the workplace are used. The acoustic effect of the screen is based on the formation of a shadow area behind it, where the sound waves only partially penetrate. The screens are lined with sound-absorbing material with a thickness of at least 50-60 mm. Reduction of noise in places protected by screens is 5-8 dB.

Correct planning of the territory and industrial premises, as well as the use of natural and artificial barriers that prevent the spread of noise, is of great importance for reducing noise and vibration.

For vibration protection, vibration-absorbing and vibration-insulating materials and structures are widely used.

Vibration isolation Is a decrease in the vibration level of the protected object, achieved by reducing the transmission of vibrations from their source. Vibration isolators are resilient elements placed between the vibrating machine and its base.

Vibration dampers are made of steel springs or rubber gaskets.

Foundations for heavy equipment that cause significant vibrations are made buried and insulated on all sides with cork, felt, slag, asbestos and other vibration-damping materials.

To reduce vibration of casings, fences and other parts made of steel sheets, a layer of rubbers, plastics, bitumen, vibration-absorbing mastic is applied to them, which dissipate the vibration energy.

In cases where technical and other measures fail to reduce the noise and vibration level to acceptable limits, personal protective equipment is used. To protect hands from the effects of local vibration, gloves or gloves of the following types are used: with special vibration-proof elastic-demorphic liners, completely made of vibration-proof material (casting, molding, etc.), as well as vibration-proof pads or plates, which are equipped with attachments to the hand ...

To protect against vibration transmitted to humans through the feet, it is recommended to wear felt or thick rubber soles.

Similar information.

Noise, vibration are vibrations of material particles of a gas, liquid or solid. Manufacturing processes are often accompanied by significant noise, vibration and shock, which adversely affect health and can cause occupational diseases.

The human hearing aid has unequal sensitivity to sounds of various frequencies, namely, the highest sensitivity at medium and high frequencies (800-4000 Hz) and the lowest at low frequencies (20-100 Hz). Therefore, for the physiological assessment of noise, curves of equal loudness are used (Fig. 30), obtained from the results of studying the properties of the hearing organ, to evaluate sounds of various frequencies by the subjective sensation of loudness, i.e. judge which one is stronger or weaker.

Loudness levels are measured in backgrounds. At a frequency of 1000 Hz, the loudness levels are taken to be equal to the sound pressure levels. By the nature of the noise spectrum, they are divided into:

tonal - one tone or several are heard.

By time, noises are subdivided into constant ones (the level changes no more than 5 dB in 8 hours of a work day).

Variable (the level changes in 8 hours. Working day at least 5 dB).

The inconsistent are divided: those that fluctuate in time - constantly change in time; intermittent - abruptly interrupted with an interval of 1 s. and more; pulse - signals with a duration of less than 1 s.

Any increase in noise above the threshold of hearing increases muscle tension, which means that increases the expenditure of muscle energy.

Under the influence of noise, visual acuity is dulled, the rhythms of respiration and cardiac activity change, a decrease in working capacity, a weakening of attention occurs. In addition, noise causes increased irritability and nervousness.

Tonal (certain tone noise prevails) and impulse (intermittent) noises are more harmful to human health than broadband noise. The duration of exposure to noise leads to deafness, especially when the level exceeds 85-90 dB and, first of all, the sensitivity at high frequencies decreases.

Oscillations of material bodies at low frequencies (3-100 Hz) with large amplitudes (0.5-0.003) mm are felt by a person as vibration and shock. Vibrations are widely used in production: concrete compaction, drilling of boreholes (wells) with perforators, loosening of soils, etc.

However, vibrations and shocks have a harmful effect on the human body, cause vibration disease - neuritis. Under the influence of vibration, a change occurs in the nervous, cardiovascular and osteoarticular systems: an increase blood pressure, vascular spasms of the limbs and heart. This disease is accompanied by headaches, dizziness, increased fatigue, numbness in the hands. Vibrations with a frequency of 6-9 Hz are especially harmful, the frequencies are close to the natural vibrations of the internal organs and lead to resonance, as a result, the internal organs (heart, lungs, stomach) move and irritate them.

Vibrations are characterized by the amplitude of displacement A - this is the value of the greatest deviation of the oscillating point from the equilibrium position in mm (m); the amplitude of the vibrational speed V m / s; the amplitude of the vibrational acceleration a m / s; period T, s; vibration frequency f Hz.

General vibration by its source is divided into 3 categories:

• 1.transport (when driving on terrain);
• 2. transport and technological (when moving indoors, at industrial construction sites);
• 3. technological (from stationary machines, workplaces).

The most harmful is vibration, the frequency of which coincides with the resonant frequency of the body, equal to 6 Hz, and its individual parts: internal organs - 8 Hz, head - 25 Hz, central nervous system - 250 Hz.

Vibration is measured with a vibrometer. The sanitary and hygienic regulation of vibration ensures optimal conditions for a person's work, and technical regulation provides optimal conditions for the operation of machines.

Noise and vibration protection methods are divided into groups. Architectural planning methods: acoustic planning of buildings and general plans; placement of equipment and workplaces; location of zones and traffic regime; creation of noise protection zones. Acoustic means: sound insulation of equipment, buildings and premises; housings on equipment; soundproof cabins, acoustic screens, partitions; sound absorption by liners and piece absorbers; vibration isolation of supports and foundations, elastic gaskets and coatings of protected communications, structural breaks. Organizational and technical methods: low-noise machines; remote control of noisy cars; improvement of repair and maintenance of machines; rationalization of work and rest regimes. Noise through the windows can be reduced by glass blocks ("bricks" made of glass) and double, triple glazing or glass of different thicknesses that do not have a common divider (for example, 1.5 and 3.2 mm). Sometimes it is uneconomical or difficult to reduce the noise to the standard (riveting, cutting, stamping, stripping, screening, grinding, etc.), then PPE is used: earbuds, headphones and helmets.

Noise and vibration exceeding the loudness and sound frequency limits are occupational hazards. Noise is a combination of sounds of varying intensity and frequency, which has an irritating and harmful effect on the human body. Under the influence of noise, a person's blood pressure can change, work gastrointestinal tract, and its prolonged action in some cases leads to partial or complete hearing loss. Noise affects the productivity of workers, weakens attention, causes hearing loss and deafness, irritates nervous system, as a result of which the susceptibility to danger signals is reduced, which can lead to an accident.

Noise is distinguished Shock (forging, riveting, stamping, etc.), Mechanical (friction and beating of units and machine parts), Gas and Hydrodynamic (noise in apparatus and pipelines at high speeds of air, gas and liquid movement).

Noises are classified by the nature of the spectrum (into broadband, with a continuous spectrum more than one octave wide; tonal, in the spectrum of which there are audible discrete tones); by time characteristics (for constant, the sound level of which over an 8-hour working day changes in time by no more than 5 dB when measured on the time characteristic of a "slow" sound level meter according to GOST 17187-71; non-constant, the sound level of which during an 8-hour working day the day changes in time by at least 5 dB when measuring on the time characteristic of the "slow" sound level meter according to GOST 17187-71).

In addition, intermittent noises are classified into:

· Oscillating in time, the sound level of which continuously changes in time; intermittent, the sound level of which drops sharply to the level of background noise;

· Pulse, consisting of one or more sound signals each with a duration of less than 1 s, while the sound levels in dB when the characteristics "slow" and "impulse" of the sound level meter are switched on according to GOST 17187-81 differ by at least 10 dB.

A characteristic of constant noise at workplaces are the sound pressure levels in octave bands (in dB) with geometric mean frequencies of 63, 125, 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 8000 Not determined by the formula

Where: P is the root-mean-square sound pressure, Pa;

Po - 2-10-5-threshold value of the root mean square sound pressure, Pa.

When measuring noise on the A scale, sound level meters in accordance with GOST 17187-81 R accept as Ra, determined from the root-mean-square value of the sound pressure, taking into account the correction AND sound level meter (in Pa).

The characteristic of intermittent noise at workplaces is the equivalent (in terms of energy) noise level (in dB), determined in accordance with GOST 20445-75.

The minimum sound intensity that is perceived by the human ear is called Threshold of audibility.The greatest sound power, exceeding which leads to a feeling of pain, is called Pain threshold. The range of sounds perceived by the human ear is within the 0 ... 130 dB scale. The lower limit of the scale corresponds to the hearing threshold, the upper one - to the pain threshold. Noise with a level of 130 ... 150 dB can cause mechanical damage to the hearing organs. The harmless (reference) level of the highest noise volume for a person is 70 dB (at an oscillation frequency of 1000 Hz).

By its physical nature, vibration, just like noise, is the vibrational motion of material bodies with frequencies in the range of 12 .-. 8000 Hz, perceived by a person during his direct contact with vibrating surfaces.

Vibration - vibrations of parts of production equipment and pipelines arising from unsatisfactory fastening, poor balancing of moving and rotating parts of machines and installations, work, shock mechanisms, etc. Vibration is characterized by the frequency (T-1) of vibrations (in Hz), amplitude ( in mm or cm), acceleration (in m / s). At a frequency of more than 25 Hz, vibration has an adverse effect on the nervous system, which can lead to the development of severe nervous disease - vibration disease.

By analogy with noise, the vibration intensity can be measured in relative quantities - decibels and characterized by:

The level of vibrational speed according to the formula

Where:V- vibrational speed, cm / s;

Vo- the threshold value of the vibrational velocity, taken as a unit of comparison and equal to 5 * 10-5 cm / s at a sound pressure P \u003d 2-10-5 Pa and a displacement amplitude of 8 * 10-10 cm;

The level of vibrational acceleration according to the formula

Where: a - vibrational acceleration, cm / s2;

a0, is the threshold value of the vibrational acceleration taken as a unit of comparison and equal to 3 * 10-2 cm / s2 at sound pressureP\u003d 2 * 10-5 Pa and a displacement amplitude of 8 * 10-10 cm.

The number of harmful works in construction that generate noise and vibration (shaking) include work associated with the use of manual pneumatic machines, vibrators, parquet planing and grinding machines, work on driving piles, loosening frozen soil, etc. Vibration is distinguished - general and local. The general includes vibration of a structure or unit on which a person is. Local vibration arises from a hand-held machine in the hands of a worker, or an element of a machine.

Extremely acceptable levels general vibration set for speed in both absolute and relative values \u200b\u200bover the frequency spectrum, including six octave frequency bands; with geometric mean values \u200b\u200bof frequencies 2; 4; 8; sixteen; 31.5 and 63 Hz with an amplitude of displacement at harmonic vibrations of 3.11 ... 0.005 mm and an rms value of the vibrational speed of 11.2 ... 2 mm / s. The maximum permissible values \u200b\u200bof local vibrations at a rotational speed of 1200-6000 min are 20-100 Hz with an oscillation amplitude of 1.5-0.005 mm.

The sound pressure level is measured by sound level meters: type Ш-63 (IRPA), Ш-ЗМ, ISHV (with a measurement interval of the sound pressure level of 30 ... 140) and noise spectrum analyzers ASh-2M, PF-1, 0-34 (with a measurement interval of 40 ... 10000). The most widespread sound level meter is the Sh-ZM type. The device is designed to measure sound pressure levels and noise levels. Local vibration is determined using low-frequency (with a vibration measurement interval of 1.4 ... 350) and vibration measuring equipment (with a measurement interval of 70 ... 130) vibrographs NVA-1, VIP-2. The general vibration, amplitude and frequency of vibration (vibration of structures on which a person is located) are measured by electronic devices VEP-4, VI6-5 MA, K.001 in conjunction with oscilloscopes N-700, N-004, etc. The main recording mechanism in the device is vibration sensor of seismic type VD-4. During the measurement, the sensor is placed on a vibrating surface.

It should be noted that the fight against noise and vibration is a complex problem that affects the interests of many specialists, builders, designers, doctors and acoustics. General and individual means are used to protect against noise and vibration.

TO General remedies These include, first of all, the improvement of construction machines and the technological process (for example, replacing riveting with electric welding), the layout of industrial premises and the isolation of noisy production processes, the use of sound-insulating and sound-absorbing materials in machines, walls, ceilings and partitions. Effective remedy protection from the propagation of noise is the cover of the machine with a casing made of sound-absorbing materials (such as noise mufflers) and the transition to remote control of vibro-pneumatic processes. Areas with sound levels above 85 dB must be marked with safety signs, and workers must be provided with personal protective equipment. No people are allowed in areas with octave sound pressure levels above 135 dB.

All kinds of protective devices, vibration-isolating, vibration-damping and vibration-absorbing devices for automatic control, alarm and remote control can be referred to the means of protection against vibration.

TO Personal protective equipment, the harmful effects of noise include anti-noise, helmets, headphones, earbuds, and from the effects of vibration - the use of vibration-damping shoes, special gloves and mittens (when using hand-held vibrators).

The impact of ultrasound (during mechanical processing of materials, welding, tinning, etc.) on the human body occurs through the air and directly when a person comes into contact with objects. The physiological effect of ultrasound causes a thermal effect (increase in temperature) and variable pressure in human tissues, as well as rapid fatigue, pain in the ears, upsets the balance and develops neurosis and hypotension.

The means of eliminating and reducing the harmful effects of ultrasound also include constructive and planning solutions aimed at its localization. These are the use of soundproof casings, half-housings, screens, placement of equipment in separate rooms and offices, the device of a blocking system that turns off the generator of the ultrasound source in case of violation of sound insulation, the use of remote control, lining of individual rooms and cabins with sound-absorbing materials.

Organizational and preventive measures to protect against harmful effects elevated levels include instructing workers on the nature of the action of ultrasound and rational modes of work and rest.